US3741031A - Single lever control - Google Patents

Single lever control Download PDF

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Publication number
US3741031A
US3741031A US00201869A US3741031DA US3741031A US 3741031 A US3741031 A US 3741031A US 00201869 A US00201869 A US 00201869A US 3741031D A US3741031D A US 3741031DA US 3741031 A US3741031 A US 3741031A
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United States
Prior art keywords
lever
elbow
bellcrank
bushings
control
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00201869A
Inventor
W Schwerdtfeger
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Komatsu America International Co
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International Harverster Corp
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Publication date
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Assigned to DRESSER INDUSTRIES, INC., A CORP. OF DEL. reassignment DRESSER INDUSTRIES, INC., A CORP. OF DEL. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY
Assigned to KOMATSU DRESSER COMPANY, E. SUNNYSIDE 7TH ST., LIBERTYVILLE, IL., A GENERAL PARTNERSHIP UNDER THE UNIFORM PARTNERSHIP ACT OF THE STATE OF DE reassignment KOMATSU DRESSER COMPANY, E. SUNNYSIDE 7TH ST., LIBERTYVILLE, IL., A GENERAL PARTNERSHIP UNDER THE UNIFORM PARTNERSHIP ACT OF THE STATE OF DE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: DRESSER FINANCE CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.
Assigned to DRESSER FINANCE CORPORATION, DALLAS, TX., A DE CORP. reassignment DRESSER FINANCE CORPORATION, DALLAS, TX., A DE CORP. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: DRESSER INDUSTRIES, INC.
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05G—CONTROL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS INSOFAR AS CHARACTERISED BY MECHANICAL FEATURES ONLY
    • G05G9/00—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously
    • G05G9/02—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only
    • G05G9/04—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously
    • G05G9/047—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously the controlling member being movable by hand about orthogonal axes, e.g. joysticks
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05G—CONTROL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS INSOFAR AS CHARACTERISED BY MECHANICAL FEATURES ONLY
    • G05G9/00—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously
    • G05G9/02—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only
    • G05G9/04—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously
    • G05G9/047—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously the controlling member being movable by hand about orthogonal axes, e.g. joysticks
    • G05G2009/04703—Mounting of controlling member
    • G05G2009/04714—Mounting of controlling member with orthogonal axes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05G—CONTROL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS INSOFAR AS CHARACTERISED BY MECHANICAL FEATURES ONLY
    • G05G9/00—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously
    • G05G9/02—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only
    • G05G9/04—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously
    • G05G9/047—Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously the controlling member being movable by hand about orthogonal axes, e.g. joysticks
    • G05G2009/04703—Mounting of controlling member
    • G05G2009/04714—Mounting of controlling member with orthogonal axes
    • G05G2009/04718—Mounting of controlling member with orthogonal axes with cardan or gimbal type joint
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T74/00—Machine element or mechanism
    • Y10T74/20—Control lever and linkage systems
    • Y10T74/20012—Multiple controlled elements
    • Y10T74/20201—Control moves in two planes

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT 52 us. c1. 74/471 xv A ever with first ever 51 1m. (:1 I G05g 9/04 Pivmauy carried 3 bencank which [58] Field of sm th 74/471 xv 471 491 in Pivmally in a frame A single handle serves as a common input means for both levers, 56] References Cited and since the axes of the levers are perpendicular, upon actuation the bellcrank levers simultaneously function UNITED STATES PATENTS as both a bearing and a lever.
  • the present invention relates to a single lever twocycle control mechanism and more particularly to a single lever control wherein a series of bellcranks work together as bearings and levers to give moment to lever arms in opposed, coordinated or individual control.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to provide a single lever two-cycle control having few bearing points and little dead motion
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a single lever two-cycle control which can be augmented with additional levers and means to provide forces in a series of directions;
  • Still another object of this invention is to provide 'a single lever two-cycle control lever having bearing mounts located to give balanced loading through all movements.
  • FIG. 1 is a generally front view in partial section of one form of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a side sectionalview of FIG. 1;.and
  • FIG. 3 is a top sectional view taken of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 1 is a single lever two-cycle control of the type ofapparatus to which the present invention applies. Shown is a mount or cover top secured on a suitable support member 12, both of which may be termed as the base.
  • the single'lever two-cycle control is designated generally by the number 14.
  • a first bracket 16 is secured to the wall 18 of cover top 10 by any suitable means, such as by threaded engagement with bolts 20 and 22.
  • the bracket member 16 comprises an apertured seating means or bushing means 24.
  • the bushing means 24 comprises part of an aperture 28 in wall 18.
  • a second spaced apart bracket 32 is secured to the top means 10 at 30 and carries a second apertured seating means or bushing means 34.
  • the bushing means 34 comprises a sleeve 35 which journals in aperture 36in the bracket wall 37, the outer surface 40 of sleeve 35 comprising the bearing surface.
  • bracket memkers l6 and 32 are bushing carrying means and as such, could be secured to the top cover 10 or to the support base 12, without deviating from the invention. Further, it is not necessary that the circumferential inner surfaces 38 and 40 comprise the inner race of the bushing surface, rather the bushing means can comprise independent grooves in the respective brackets, having center sections thereof removed to provide apertures.
  • a first bellcrank lever ,means 42 having an input means or means 44, an elbow means 46 and an output means or means 48 is pivotally secured to and extends between brackets 16 and 36.
  • input means 44 is the single lever two-cycle control shaft means as well as the input means of a second bellcrank means 62 to be later discussed.
  • the elbow means 46 comprises generally-two parallel spaced apart elongated members 50 and 52 fixed to each other and 54a, and 56a by a combination bridging/pivoting means 58 and .60. As shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 the bridging/pivoting means 58 and 60 of the rectangular open ended hollow frame elbow 46 comprise the outer race of a bushing and journal the corresponding inner race bushing part.
  • output means 48 can be fixed to a hydraulic control M49 or it could be supplied with a ball and socket type means to redirect the force.
  • the output means 48 extends from end 54a, however, it is apparent that means 48 could be extended at any attitude such to control valve.
  • the input means 44 also functions as the single lever two-cycle control shaft'means actuating first bellcrank lever means 42 and a second bellcrank lever means 62.
  • Second bellcrank lever means 62 is comprised of an input lever means 44, an elbow means 64 and an output lever means 67.
  • the elbow pivots on a shaft-66.
  • Shaft 66 also pivotally journals the parallel spaced apart elongated members 50 and 52 such that if the control handle 44, shown in FIG. 1, is moved within the plane of the paper, the second bellcrank lever means 62 is actuated pivoting on shaft 66. If the control handle, shown in FIG.
  • the output lever means 67 is cone-shaped, being fixed to the base of the control shaft 44, and extending through the apertured bushing 36.
  • the end 72 of output lever means 67 can be provided with a ball and socket means 74 or bellcrank levers, tension means, etc. to redirect the force generated in control handle 44 prior to connection to a hydraulic valve.
  • the same variations can be made provided on output means 48.
  • a single lever two-cycle control which consists of two bellcrank lever means having their pivot swings lying in perpendicular planes.
  • the pivot point of the first bellcrank being bushings mounted in a frame means, while the pivot point of the a particular hydraulic second bellcrank is carried by the frame of the first thereby avoiding dead time associated with pivot points.
  • a single lever control device comprising:
  • first and second bushings having apertured cylindrical seating surfaces for circular edges;
  • a bellcrank lever with an elbow having cylindrical ends seating in said surfaces of said bushings and extending therebetween, and having an output arm means extending from said elbow radially and longitudinally beyond one said bushings, said control shaft comprising an input means thereof;
  • a single lever control device comprising:
  • first and second frame members spaced apart and fixed to said base, each having an aperture comprising the inner race of a cylindrical bushing
  • elbow and output means said output means extending from said elbow radially and longitudinally beyond one of said frame members,'said elbow being pivotally mounted in said cylindrical bushings and a second bellcrank lever having an input means, an
  • elbow and an output means, said elbow being pivotally mounted on said elbow of said first bellcrank, the major axes of said elbows being perpendicular, said output means of said second bellcrank lever extending through the aperture of one of said spaced apart frame members.

Abstract

A two-cycle control lever with a first bell-crank lever pivotally carried on a second bellcrank lever which is, in turn, pivotally mounted in a frame. A single control handle serves as a common input means for both levers, and since the axes of the levers are perpendicular, upon actuation the bellcrank levers simultaneously function as both a bearing and a lever.

Description

United States Patent 1191 Schwerdtfeger June 26, 1973 [54] SINGLE LEVER CONTROL 3,541,877 11/1970 Honk 74/471 XY [75] Inventor: Wilbur E. Schwerdtfeger, Western FOREIGN PATENTS QR APPLICATIONS 644,255 4/1937 Germany 74/471 xv [731 Assignee: International Harvester Company,
Chicago, Ill. Primary Examiner-Milton Kaufman Nov- 24, Attorney-Floyd Harman 21 A l. N 201 869 l 1 PP 1 57] ABSTRACT 52 us. c1. 74/471 xv A ever with first ever 51 1m. (:1 I G05g 9/04 Pivmauy carried 3 bencank which [58] Field of sm th 74/471 xv 471 491 in Pivmally in a frame A single handle serves as a common input means for both levers, 56] References Cited and since the axes of the levers are perpendicular, upon actuation the bellcrank levers simultaneously function UNITED STATES PATENTS as both a bearing and a lever. 3,550,466 12/1970 Ham 74/471 XY 3,537,246 11/1970 Pool et a1 74/471 XY X 2 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a single lever twocycle control mechanism and more particularly to a single lever control wherein a series of bellcranks work together as bearings and levers to give moment to lever arms in opposed, coordinated or individual control.
Single lever control devices of many kinds are used for a considerable variety of coordinated actions in the prior art such as, flight control sequential hydraulic valves, hot and cold mixing valves, etc. These control levers present different problems in varying degrees, such as complexed gear relationships, jamming of the driving gears, involved servomechanical systems, and substantial dead time during activation or deactivation. Thus, there is a need for a simple rugged control assembly having few parts and a minimum number of bearing points to cut downon dead time.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a single lever two-cycle control aving parts working to- .gether as levers and bearings;
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a single lever two-cycle control having few bearing points and little dead motion;
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a single lever two-cycle control which can be augmented with additional levers and means to provide forces in a series of directions;
Still another object of this invention is to provide 'a single lever two-cycle control lever having bearing mounts located to give balanced loading through all movements.
Further objects and advantages will be apparent in the combination and arrangements of the constituent parts and in the details of constructionthereof by reference to the following specification taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a generally front view in partial section of one form of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a side sectionalview of FIG. 1;.and
FIG. 3 is a top sectional view taken of FIG. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT FIG. 1 is a single lever two-cycle control of the type ofapparatus to which the present invention applies. Shown is a mount or cover top secured on a suitable support member 12, both of which may be termed as the base. The single'lever two-cycle control is designated generally by the number 14.
A first bracket 16 is secured to the wall 18 of cover top 10 by any suitable means, such as by threaded engagement with bolts 20 and 22. The bracket member 16 comprises an apertured seating means or bushing means 24. In the preferred embodiment, the bushing means 24 comprises part of an aperture 28 in wall 18.
A second spaced apart bracket 32 is secured to the top means 10 at 30 and carries a second apertured seating means or bushing means 34. The bushing means 34 comprises a sleeve 35 which journals in aperture 36in the bracket wall 37, the outer surface 40 of sleeve 35 comprising the bearing surface.
It should be understood that bracket memkers l6 and 32 are bushing carrying means and as such, could be secured to the top cover 10 or to the support base 12, without deviating from the invention. Further, it is not necessary that the circumferential inner surfaces 38 and 40 comprise the inner race of the bushing surface, rather the bushing means can comprise independent grooves in the respective brackets, having center sections thereof removed to provide apertures.
A first bellcrank lever ,means 42 having an input means or means 44, an elbow means 46 and an output means or means 48 is pivotally secured to and extends between brackets 16 and 36. It should be noted that input means 44 is the single lever two-cycle control shaft means as well as the input means of a second bellcrank means 62 to be later discussed. The elbow means 46 comprises generally-two parallel spaced apart elongated members 50 and 52 fixed to each other and 54a, and 56a by a combination bridging/pivoting means 58 and .60. As shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 the bridging/pivoting means 58 and 60 of the rectangular open ended hollow frame elbow 46 comprise the outer race of a bushing and journal the corresponding inner race bushing part. It is apparent that output means 48 can be fixed to a hydraulic control M49 or it could be supplied with a ball and socket type means to redirect the force.
The output means 48 extends from end 54a, however, it is apparent that means 48 could be extended at any attitude such to control valve.
The input means 44 also functions as the single lever two-cycle control shaft'means actuating first bellcrank lever means 42 and a second bellcrank lever means 62. Second bellcrank lever means 62 is comprised of an input lever means 44, an elbow means 64 and an output lever means 67. The elbow pivots on a shaft-66. Shaft 66 also pivotally journals the parallel spaced apart elongated members 50 and 52 such that if the control handle 44, shown in FIG. 1, is moved within the plane of the paper, the second bellcrank lever means 62 is actuated pivoting on shaft 66. If the control handle, shown in FIG. I, is pivoted in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the paper, the second bellcrank lever is actuated pivoting in bushings 24 and 34. Thus, it is apparent that the two bellcrank levers 42 and 62 work together as bearings and levers to give movement to the lever arms in opposed coordinated or individual control. It should further be apparent that the apparatus will have very little dead time because of the avoidance of pivot points.
The output lever means 67 is cone-shaped, being fixed to the base of the control shaft 44, and extending through the apertured bushing 36. The end 72 of output lever means 67 can be provided with a ball and socket means 74 or bellcrank levers, tension means, etc. to redirect the force generated in control handle 44 prior to connection to a hydraulic valve. The same variations can be made provided on output means 48.
Thus a single lever two-cycle control is provided which consists of two bellcrank lever means having their pivot swings lying in perpendicular planes. The pivot point of the first bellcrank being bushings mounted in a frame means, while the pivot point of the a particular hydraulic second bellcrank is carried by the frame of the first thereby avoiding dead time associated with pivot points.
It is to be understood that the above-described arrangements are but illustrative of the application of the principles of the invention. Numerous other arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
What is claimed is:
1. A single lever control device comprising:
a control shaft;
first and second bushings having apertured cylindrical seating surfaces for circular edges;
a bellcrank lever with an elbow having cylindrical ends seating in said surfaces of said bushings and extending therebetween, and having an output arm means extending from said elbow radially and longitudinally beyond one said bushings, said control shaft comprising an input means thereof; and
a second bellcrank lever carried by the elbow of said first bellcrank, said control shaft being the input means thereof, and having an output means extending through said one of said'apertured bushings. 1
2. A single lever control device comprising:
a base;
a control lever;
first and second frame members spaced apart and fixed to said base, each having an aperture comprising the inner race of a cylindrical bushing;
a first bellcrank lever having an input means, an
elbow and output means, said output means extending from said elbow radially and longitudinally beyond one of said frame members,'said elbow being pivotally mounted in said cylindrical bushings and a second bellcrank lever having an input means, an
elbow and an output means, said elbow being pivotally mounted on said elbow of said first bellcrank, the major axes of said elbows being perpendicular, said output means of said second bellcrank lever extending through the aperture of one of said spaced apart frame members.
i i i

Claims (2)

1. A single lever control device comprising: a control shaft; first and second bushings having apertured cylindrical seating surfaces for circular edges; a bellcrank lever with an elbow having cylindrical ends seating in said surfaces of said bushings and extending therebetween, anD having an output arm means extending from said elbow radially and longitudinally beyond one said bushings, said control shaft comprising an input means thereof; and a second bellcrank lever carried by the elbow of said first bellcrank, said control shaft being the input means thereof, and having an output means extending through said one of said apertured bushings.
2. A single lever control device comprising: a base; a control lever; first and second frame members spaced apart and fixed to said base, each having an aperture comprising the inner race of a cylindrical bushing; a first bellcrank lever having an input means, an elbow and output means, said output means extending from said elbow radially and longitudinally beyond one of said frame members, said elbow being pivotally mounted in said cylindrical bushings and a second bellcrank lever having an input means, an elbow and an output means, said elbow being pivotally mounted on said elbow of said first bellcrank, the major axes of said elbows being perpendicular, said output means of said second bellcrank lever extending through the aperture of one of said spaced apart frame members.
US00201869A 1971-11-24 1971-11-24 Single lever control Expired - Lifetime US3741031A (en)

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US20186971A 1971-11-24 1971-11-24

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GB (1) GB1369385A (en)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4090411A (en) * 1975-11-26 1978-05-23 Clark Equipment Company Skid-steered tractor vehicle combined steering lever and auxiliary control with self-centering mechanism
US4169443A (en) * 1976-10-14 1979-10-02 Massey-Ferguson Service, N.V. Control devices
US4523488A (en) * 1982-11-05 1985-06-18 Allis-Chalmers Corp. Single lever control device for multiple functions
DE3534321A1 (en) * 1985-09-26 1987-04-02 Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag MECHANICAL SWITCHING DEVICE FOR EXTERNAL GEARBOXES OF VEHICLES
US5288198A (en) * 1992-07-29 1994-02-22 Case Corporation Control mechanism for an off-highway implement
US5316435A (en) * 1992-07-29 1994-05-31 Case Corporation Three function control system
US5360312A (en) * 1992-07-29 1994-11-01 Case Corporation Three function control mechanism
WO2003060621A1 (en) * 2002-01-07 2003-07-24 Husco International, Inc. Dual axis joystick for operating hydraulic valves
US20090230252A1 (en) * 2008-03-13 2009-09-17 Eurocopter Aircraft flight control

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU570464B2 (en) * 1983-05-19 1988-03-17 Geoff Williames (Aust.) Pty Ltd Control mechanism

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4090411A (en) * 1975-11-26 1978-05-23 Clark Equipment Company Skid-steered tractor vehicle combined steering lever and auxiliary control with self-centering mechanism
US4169443A (en) * 1976-10-14 1979-10-02 Massey-Ferguson Service, N.V. Control devices
US4523488A (en) * 1982-11-05 1985-06-18 Allis-Chalmers Corp. Single lever control device for multiple functions
DE3534321A1 (en) * 1985-09-26 1987-04-02 Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag MECHANICAL SWITCHING DEVICE FOR EXTERNAL GEARBOXES OF VEHICLES
US5288198A (en) * 1992-07-29 1994-02-22 Case Corporation Control mechanism for an off-highway implement
US5316435A (en) * 1992-07-29 1994-05-31 Case Corporation Three function control system
US5360312A (en) * 1992-07-29 1994-11-01 Case Corporation Three function control mechanism
WO2003060621A1 (en) * 2002-01-07 2003-07-24 Husco International, Inc. Dual axis joystick for operating hydraulic valves
US6722224B2 (en) 2002-01-07 2004-04-20 Husco International, Inc. Dual axis joystick for operating hydraulic valves
US20090230252A1 (en) * 2008-03-13 2009-09-17 Eurocopter Aircraft flight control

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Publication number Publication date
AU451677B2 (en) 1974-08-15
AU4848872A (en) 1974-05-02
CA971463A (en) 1975-07-22
GB1369385A (en) 1974-10-09

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Owner name: DRESSER INDUSTRIES, INC., A CORP. OF DEL., STATELE

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:004130/0646

Effective date: 19821101

Owner name: DRESSER INDUSTRIES, INC., A CORP. OF DEL.

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:004130/0646

Effective date: 19821101

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Owner name: KOMATSU DRESSER COMPANY, E. SUNNYSIDE 7TH ST., LIB

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:DRESSER FINANCE CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004994/0077

Effective date: 19880901

Owner name: DRESSER FINANCE CORPORATION, DALLAS, TX., A DE COR

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:DRESSER INDUSTRIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004994/0061

Effective date: 19880831