Pearl Cichlid - Geophagus brasiliensis : Complete Fish Profile & Care Guide
Table of contents
Introduction
The Pearl Cichlid (Geophagus brasiliensis) is a prominent species within the aquarist community and is renowned for its striking appearance and fascinating behaviour. Native to the diverse freshwater habitats of eastern and southern Brazil, Uruguay, and parts of Argentina, this species thrives in various environmental conditions. Characterized by its robust body, a vibrant colouration that changes with mood and mating rituals, and distinctive substrate-sifting feeding behaviour, Geophagus brasiliensis adds a dynamic element to any aquarium. The Pearl Cichlid is an engaging species for aquarists seeking to recreate a slice of South American riverine ecosystems in their home aquariums.
Pearl Cichlids are characterized by their semi-aggressive nature, necessitating careful consideration in their housing, preferably alone or as a harmonious pair. Territorial aggression is particularly pronounced among males, especially during breeding periods, underscoring the need for thoughtful selection of tank mates. Suitable companions may include other South American Cichlids of comparable size and disposition, as well as medium to large Characins, Suckermouth Catfish, and sizable Brochis Catfish. At the same time, smaller species should be avoided to prevent aggression.
For their habitat, a spacious aquarium equipped with a soft sand substrate is recommended to accommodate their occasional sifting behaviour. The environment should be enriched with ample hiding spaces, created using driftwood, rocky caves, and sturdy plants attached to decor, as plants rooted in the substrate are likely to be uprooted. Efficient filtration, coupled with areas of moderate water flow and tranquil spots shielded from currents, is essential. Regular partial water changes are crucial for maintaining low nitrate levels, given the species' sensitivity to declining water quality.
In terms of appearance, Pearl Cichlids display a wide colour range from pale light brown to deep shades of blue or almost purple, with their colouration dynamically changing in response to mood and mating behaviour. A distinct dark spot near the tail and potential black vertical bands add to their visual appeal, while the body is adorned with bright blue speckles. Their fins, red with bluish hues and tipped in black, further enhance their striking appearance with colours that may intensify, diminish, or shift based on the fish's emotional state.
Pearl Cichlid Photos
Sexual Dimorphism
Distinguishing between male and female Pearl Cichlids is a relatively uncomplicated process. Mature males exhibit several distinct characteristics, including larger size, more vivid colouration, and fins that are longer and more pointed than those of their female counterparts. Additionally, dominant males may develop a nuchal hump, further aiding in gender identification. These sexual dimorphisms facilitate the identification process, allowing for easier management and breeding practices within aquaculture and aquarium settings.
Quick Facts
| Scientific Name | Geophagus brasiliensis |
|---|---|
| Year Described | 1824 |
| Other Names | Pearlscale Cichlid, Mother-of-pearl Cichlid, Pearl Eartheater |
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Classification | Actinopterygii |
| Order | Cichliformes |
| Family | Cichlidae |
| Genus | Geophagus |
| Origins | Brazil , Uruguay |
| Max Size | 25 cm |
| Temperament | Semi-Aggressive |
| Aquarium Level | All Levels |
| Difficulty | Intermediate - Advanced |
| Shoaling | No |
| Best kept as | Loners |
| Diet & Feeding | Omnivore |
| Reproduction | Egg Depositor |
| Average Lifespan | Up to 10 Years |
Water Parameters
| Water Type | Freshwater |
|---|---|
| pH | 6.0 - 8.0 |
| GH | 5 - 15 |
| TDS | 18 - 268 |
| ℉ | 64 - 82 |
|---|---|
| ℃ | 18 - 28 |
Natural Habitat
Pearl Cichlids, native to the river ecosystems of eastern and southern Brazil and Uruguay that flow into the Atlantic Ocean, boast a type locality within Rio de Janeiro Bay, Brazil. Their presence has been documented across various Brazilian states, including Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul, as well as within the Río Uruguay and Río de la Plata drainage systems in Uruguay.
The habitats of these Cichlids exhibit a diverse array of water movement and clarity, ranging from dynamic, fast-flowing waters to serene, stagnant conditions and from crystal clear to densely turbid environments. They are found in various substrate types, predominantly inhabiting coastal drainages and the lower sections of rivers. Notably, some populations reside in coastal lagoons that maintain permanent or seasonal ocean connections, indicating an evolved tolerance to saline conditions.
Additionally, Pearl Cichlids have been introduced to numerous countries outside their indigenous range, including the United States, Australia, the Philippines, and Taiwan, showcasing their adaptability to a broad spectrum of environmental conditions.
Breeding
Pearl Cichlids exhibit bi-parental, substrate-spawning behaviours and successfully reproduce within domestic aquarium settings. Prior to spawning, a breeding pair meticulously prepares a nesting site, typically selecting a flat rock surface or an interior cave space. The female then deposits and fertilizes several hundred eggs at the chosen location. These eggs are expected to hatch within 3 to 4 days. Post-spawning, the female assumes responsibility for the direct care of the eggs and the resultant fry, while the male is tasked with defending the surrounding territory.
Approximately 5 to 6 days after hatching, the offspring transition to a free-swimming stage; at this point, they can be introduced to baby brine shrimp as a nutritional food source. This collaborative reproductive strategy not only underscores the species' complex social behaviours but also highlights the intricacies involved in nurturing the next generation within the confined environment of a home aquarium.
Diet & Feeding
In their natural habitats, Pearl Cichlids consume plant matter, detritus, small invertebrates, and various aquatic organisms, collectively ensuring a balanced intake of nutrients essential for their growth and health. In captivity, replicating this varied diet is crucial for maintaining their health and vitality. Aquarists are advised to provide a mixture of high-quality commercial cichlid pellets or flakes, supplemented with live or frozen foods such as brine shrimp, bloodworms, and vegetables, to mimic the natural feeding patterns and nutritional diversity these cichlids encounter in the wild.
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