Herb
Iberis amara L.
🗒 Synonyms
synonym | Iberis affinis Jord. |
synonym | Iberis amara subsp. amara |
synonym | Iberis amara subsp. forestieri (Jord.) Heywood |
synonym | Iberis apricorum Giraudias |
synonym | Iberis arvatica Jord. |
synonym | Iberis bicolor Rchb. |
synonym | Iberis bicorymbifera Gren. & Godr. |
synonym | Iberis ceratophylla Reut. |
synonym | Iberis crenata Lam. |
synonym | Iberis decipiens Jord. |
synonym | Iberis forestieri Jord. |
synonym | Iberis latifolia Pourr. |
synonym | Iberis martinii Timb.-Lagr. |
synonym | Iberis montolivensis Timb.-Lagr. |
synonym | Iberis panduraeformis Pourr. |
synonym | Iberis pinetorum Pau |
synonym | Iberis resedifolia Pourr. |
synonym | Iberis ruficaulis Lej. |
synonym | Iberis sabauda Puget |
synonym | Iberis serotina Sennen |
synonym | Iberis vinetorum Pau |
🗒 Common Names
English |
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Other |
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📚 Overview
Summary
Iberis species are dwarf annual or perennial herbs or undershrubs, glabrous or hairy, not scapose. Rootstocks taproot. Stem erect or decumbent, leafy, simple or usually branched, angular, glabrous or pubescent. Basal leaves simple, rosulate or not, linear lanceolate to oblong, base cuneate to attenuate, margin entire to pinnatifid, apex acute to acuminate, somewhat fleshy, petiole short to sessile, cauline leaves usually similar but smaller, petiole subsessile to sessile. Inflorescence racemes, lax, few to many flowered, elongated or not in fruit, ebracteate. Flowers bisexual, white, purplish, pink, pedicel erect, divaricate, slender, ascending or descending, sepals 4, ovate-oblong, lateral pair base not saccate, apex obtuse, petals 4, obovate-oblong, outer upper pair larger than inner pair, base cuneate, margins entire, apex obtuse. Stamens 6, filaments not dilated near the base, anthers linear-oblong, nectar glands 4, lateral confluent and subtending bases of stamens. Ovary superior, linear, ellipsoid-cylindrical, bicarpellary, ovule 2 or more. Fruit silicula, ovate-suborbicular, angustiseptate, keeled, winged at the apex, bilocular, base and apex nearly rounded, subglabrous or slightly covered with bipartite appressed hairs, midrib prominent, torulose, valves not veined, glabrous, replum rounded, septum complete, style distinct, stigma capitates sometimes bilobed. Seeds uniseriate or biseriate, flattened or compressed, brown, ovate-ovoid, winged, minutely reticulate, mucilaginous or not when soaked, cotyledons accumbent.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Description
Habit: Erect Herb
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
References
Sp. Pl. 2: 649. 1753
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Natural History
Reproduction
Iberis species flowers are complete, bisexual, i.e., with functional male (androecium) and female (gynoecium), including stamens, carpels and ovary. Pollination is entomophilous i.e., by insects, or cleistogamy i.e., by self or allogamy i.e., by cross pollination. Flowering/Fruiting: May—July.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Dispersal
Seeds may be dispersed by autochory i.e., self dispersal, anemochory i.e., wind dispersal, zoochory i.e., dispersal by birds or animals, anthropochory i.e., dispersal by humans.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Morphology
Annual, perennial herbs or undershrubs, not scapose, glabrous or hairy, about 10-30 cm tall. Rootstocks slender, taproot. Stem erect or decumbent, leafy, simple or usually branched, angular, glabrous or pubescent. Basal leaves simple, rosulate or not, linear oblanceolate-elliptic to oblong, about 3-8 x 0.4-1.2 cm across, base cuneate, margin entire or towards apex few dentate, apex acute to obtuse, somewhat fleshy, petiole short to sessile, cauline leaves usually similar but smaller, margin entire to pinnatifid, petiole subsessile to sessile. Inflorescence raceme corymbs, lax, 10-30 flowered, up to 10 cm long in fruit, ebracteate. Flowers bisexual, white, purplish, pink, fragrant, forming globular clusters, pedicel erect, filiform, divaricate, slender, ascending or spreading, up to 2.5 cm long in fruit, sepals 4, ovate-oblong, lateral pair base not saccate, apex obtuse, about 2.5 mm long, petals 4, obovate-oblong, outer upper pair larger than inner pair, base cuneate, margins entire, apex obtuse, about 5-8 mm long, claw distinct. Stamens 6, filaments not dilated near the base, anthers ovate-oblong, nectar glands 4, lateral confluent and subtending bases of stamens. Ovary superior, linear, ellipsoid-cylindrical, bicarpellary, ovules 2 or more. Fruit silicula, sessile, ovate-suborbicular, angustiseptate, keeled, winged at the apex, about 5-7 mm in diameter, bilocular, base and apex nearly rounded, subglabrous or slightly covered with bipartite appressed hairs, midrib prominent, torulose, valves not veined, glabrous, replum rounded, septum complete, style distinct, stigma capitates sometimes bilobed. Seeds flattened or compressed, brown, broadly ovate, orbicular to reniform, winged, about 3 mm across, minutely reticulate, mucilaginous or not when soaked, cotyledons accumbent.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Diseases
Iberis species are susceptible to various insect pests, virus, mildews and moulds.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Miscellaneous Details
Notes: Western Ghats, Native of Western Europe
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Dry and open areas, cultivated
Cultivated in gardens as ornamental, native of Europe.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Description
Global Distribution
India: Assam, Central India, Peninsular India; Europe, Nepal, China
Indian Distribution
Assam
Global Distribution
Asia: India, Africa; Australasia; Europe; North America; South America.
Local Distribution
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Maharashtra: Pune, Satara
Karnataka: Mysore
Tamil Nadu: Dindigul, Nilgiri
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Conservation Status
Not evaluated (IUCN).
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
System of Medicines Used In
Homoeopathy
System Of Medicines Used In
Homoeopathy
FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=3036
Attributions | FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=3036 |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Cultivated as ornamental in gardens, used in Homeopathic medicine.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Information Listing
References
- D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=3036
- Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121.
- Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.
- Flora of North America, 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 April 2014]*' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200009565
- ENVIS Centre for Medicinal Plants. URL: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=3036&parname=0
- Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 140.
- Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127.
- Plant sexual morphology. (2013, February 20). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10:31, February 21, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400
- Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 2: 196.
- Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/4101312
- IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. . Downloaded on 24 January 2015.
- The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=770895586F5EFEABC14003AC9F613FAA?find_wholeName=Hornungia+procumbens&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html
- Seed dispersal. (2013, September 11). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:42, February 11, 2013, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927
- The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2859697
- Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project. URL: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/linnaean-typification/database/detail.dsml?ID=461000&listPageURL=list%2edsml%3fVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CGenusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSpeciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26sort%3dGenus%252cSpecies%26Speciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26Genus%3dIberis%26Genusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSspqtype%3dstarts%2bwith
- Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. I, 1983, Flora of Karnataka, Sharma B. D, 1984, Flora of Maharastra State Dicotyledones, Vol I, Lakshminarasimhan P. & Prasanna P. V, 2000
Information Listing > References
- D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=3036
- Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121.
- Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.
- Flora of North America, 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 April 2014]*' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200009565
- ENVIS Centre for Medicinal Plants. URL: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=3036&parname=0
- Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 140.
- Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127.
- Plant sexual morphology. (2013, February 20). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10:31, February 21, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400
- Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 2: 196.
- Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/4101312
- IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. . Downloaded on 24 January 2015.
- The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=770895586F5EFEABC14003AC9F613FAA?find_wholeName=Hornungia+procumbens&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html
- Seed dispersal. (2013, September 11). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:42, February 11, 2013, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927
- The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2859697
- Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project. URL: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/linnaean-typification/database/detail.dsml?ID=461000&listPageURL=list%2edsml%3fVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CGenusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSpeciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26sort%3dGenus%252cSpecies%26Speciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26Genus%3dIberis%26Genusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSspqtype%3dstarts%2bwith
- Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. I, 1983, Flora of Karnataka, Sharma B. D, 1984, Flora of Maharastra State Dicotyledones, Vol I, Lakshminarasimhan P. & Prasanna P. V, 2000
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Plantae |
Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Equisetopsida C. Agardh |
Order | Brassicales |
Family | Brassicaceae |
Genus | Iberis |
Species | Iberis amara L. |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
👥 Groups