Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Of
GARDENIN
rrn
.WISANDERS^ELS.
:
THE
ENCYCLOP/EDIA
OF
GARDENING.
A DICTIONARY OF CULTIVATED PLANTS, ETC.,,
GIVING IN ALPHABETICAL SEQUENCE THE
CULTURE AND PROPAGATION OF HARDY
AND HALF-HARDY PLANTS, TREES ANI>
SHRUBS, ORCHIDS, FERNS, FRUIT, VEGE-
TABLES, HOTHOUSE AND GREENHOUSE
PLANTS, INCLUDING THEIR SPECIFIC
Etc.,
•AND COMMON NAMES.
BY
THIRTEENTH EDITION.
LONDON
W. H. & L. COLLINGRIDGE,
148 & 149/ AUersgate St.. E.G.
W. H. & L. COLLINGBIDGE,
Printers,
Aldersgate Street.
London, E.C.
FOREWORDS
Ix issuing this, a thoroughly revised edition of a work
which has previously passed through twelve editions, and
thus abundantly testified its value as a work of reference
on the culture of all the genera of trees, shrubs, orchids,
ferns, hardy plants, hothouse and greenhouse plants, and
vegetables worthy of a place in British gardens, the
Author desires to express his gratitude to the many
persons who have written to him from time to time tc
point out errors or omissions in past editions, and to saj-
that he trusts every purchaser of this volume will find it
an acceptable, useful and valued guide to the successful
cultivation of plants grown in their gardens and green-
houses.
The Author begs to refer the Reader to the latter
portion of his introductory remarks for information as
to the general features of the work and the improve-
ments made therein. It is only needful to add here that
the Reader wiU find the Anithor's " Alphabet of Garden-
ing " an excellent companion to the present volume.
Therein he will find the subjects of plant life, soils,
manures, propagation, pruning, planting, training, and
rotation of crops fully dealt with, and in all cases freely
illustratedwith diagrams. Furnished with these two
volumes, the reader will, indeed, possess a concise library
on all that pertains to the growth of vegetation adapted
for the adornment of garden and greenhouse and for use
as food, at a comparatively small cost.
T. W. S.
®^ ®^ ^ ®8® «#*> ®^
INTRODUCTION.
MEDIEVAL GARDENING.
The Grecians also were famous gardeners. They seem to-
have taken special delight in having fine expanses of beautiful
greensward, studded with statuary and pavilions, and fur-
nished with shady groves. Fruit trees were lavishly culti-
vated, and lilies, narcissi, and roses grown in profusion Id
these gardens. Not less magnificent and less regal in splen-
dour were the Roman gardens. The Romans, indeed, were-
keen gardeners, and grew many of the popular vegetables of
the present day with great success. Moreover, they fully
understood the art of manuring and forcing, and may be said
to have brought the arts of horticulture and agriculture to-
their highest perfection at that period of the world's history.
In China, Mexico, and in India, too, gardening was a popular
pastime with rich and poor long before the Christian era.
So far as our own country is concerned, there is little doubt
that we owe the early introduction of horticulture, and its
sister art agriculture, to the Romans. When they had finally
subjugated the ancient Britons, and peace prevailed, history
tells us that the Roman settlers planted vineyards and
orchards of apples, pears, figs, mulberries, etc., as well a?
grew corn, not only for home use, but also for exportation.
INTRODUCTION,.
4^
In the twelfth century it is recorded that vineyards flourished
in the vale of Gloucester, apple orclyftrds were plentiful in,
the fertile county of "Worcester, marfcet gardens existed at
Fulham, and that gardens attached to the homes of th©
.
TASTE IN GARDENING.
As regards taste in gardening, a wonderful change has
taken place in this respect during the last half century.
Our own memories carry us back to forty years ago, and
since that time we have witnessed a remarkable revolution,
not only in the fashioning of gardens, but in the manner
of planting, and the kinds of plants grown. For example,
our earliest experience of flower gardening was the strictly
geometrical in design, and the planting of beds in a similarly
rigid fashion — ^known as carpet bedding. In those days the
flaring zonal, and the tricolored, bronze, golden, and silver-
leaved pelargonium, the gaudy yellow calceolaria, and pyre-
thrum, and the brilliant blue lobelia, were the favoured
plants for bedding, and hardy herbaceous plants and annuals
were regarded as but of secondary importance. Every young
gardener in those days regarded a knowledge of geometry
as one of the essential accomplishments of his training, and
many an hour was spent in devising intricate designs of a
mosaic character for planting the beds the next season. Plants
with beautiful or richly-coloured foliage were much in demand
for filling in the designs, and no amount of labour and expense
was incurred in endeavouring to produce elaborate and ornate
designs in the way of carpet or mosaic bedding. This style
soon satiated the palate of the wealthy, and then followed the
even more costly rage of subtropical bedding, plants of noble
stature, richly-ooloured foliage, or exquisite blossoms from
tropical climes, being used extensively for decorating the
flower garden. Eventually an apostle of Nature came upon
the scene, in the person of Mr. William Robinson, a true
INTRODUCTION.
200 ft., N. California; Mariesi, 90 to 100 ft., Japan; nobilis, 200 ft., California;
nordmanniana (Nordman's Fir), 80 to 100 ft., Caucasus; pectinata, 80 to 100 ft.,
S. Europe; Finsapo, 60 to 80ft., Spain; religiosa, 60 to 70 ft., Mexico; sachalin-
ense, 130 ft., Isle of Saohalin; Teitchi, 120 to 140 ft., Japan; webbiana, SO to
90 ft., Himalayas. See also Picea.
Abobra (Scarlet-fruited). —
Ord. Cucurbitaceae. Half-hardy climb-
ing, tuberous-rooted perennial. Deciduous. Fruit, egg-shaped, scar-
let; Sept. & Oct.
CULTURE : Soil, sandy. Position, south wall. Plant, June ; lift
tubers Oct. & store in frost-proof place. Propagate by seeds sown in
leaf-mould, loam & sand, temp. 65°, March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : A. viridiflora, green, fragrant, summer, 6 ft., S. America,
Abroma. — Ord. Sterculiacese. Stove-flowering plants. Ever-
green. First introduced 1770.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, sand. Pot & prune,
1 B
—
enoyclopjEdia of oabdening.
March. Water freely in summer, moderately in winter. Temp., March
to Sept. 70° to 80°; Sept. to March 60° to 65°. Propagate by seeds
sown 1-16 in. deep, or cuttings of firm shoots, in fine sandy soil, March,
temp. 65° to 75°. , .
warm border. Plant, June. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in
sandy soil, temp. 55° to 65°, March; perennials by cuttings of young
shoots in similar soil & temp. A. umbellata, good greenhouse plant.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. arenaria, lomon-yellow, July, 9 to IS ins.; fragrans,
white, July, I to 2 It.; umbellata, rosy-pink, June and July, 6 to 18 in. Katiyes
of California,
Abrus (Paternoster; Eosary Pea; Crab's Eyes; Weather Plant).
Ord. Leguminosse. Stove climber. Orn. foliage. Deciduous. First
introduced 16S0.
CULTUEE Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand. Pot &
:
red, Asia; insigne, white and carmine, Jan., 5ft., Kew Granada; megapotamicum
(Syn. vexiilarium), yellow and scarlet, 4 to 8 ft., summer, Brazil po^oniflorum, pink,
;
Jan., 5 ft., Brazil; pulchellum, white, May, 3 to 4 ft., N.S.Wales; striatum, orange-
red, all year round, 6 to 10 ft., Brazil sellovianum marmoratum, mottled foliage,
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OAEDENING.
Australia; pubescens, yellow, April, 6 to 12 ft., Australia; pulchella, yellow,
Marcli, 3 to 6 ft., Australia; riceana, yellow. May, 20 ft., Tasmania; verticillata,
yellow, March, 6 to 20 ft., Australia. £e« also the genud Albizzia and Bobinia.
Acaena, (New —
Zealand Bur). Ord. Eosacese. Hardy herbaceous
trailing perennials. Evergreen. First introduced 1828.
CULTUKE Soil, sandy loam. Position, moist, open, or shady
:
rockery. Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep
in March, temp. Go"; cuttings in cold frame in Aug. ; division of roots
in April all in sandy soil.
;
phylla, orimson spines. New Zealand; puloliella, bronzy foliage. New Zealand;
sericea, greenish,- Ohili ; splendens, hairy foliage. Chili.
Acalygsha (Three-sided Mercury; Copper-leaf}.— Ord. Euphor-
biaceae. Stove plants. Orn. foliage. Evergreen. First introduced
1866. Leaves, orange, red, green, crimson.
CTJLTUEE Compost, equal parts leaf-mould, peat, loam, sand. Pot
:
ENOrCLOFMDIA OF GABDENING.
CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, warm sheltered border.
Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by seed sown ^ in. deep in light soil
division of roots in Oct. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. longifolius, rosy-purple, June, 3 to i ft., Dalmatia;
candelabrum, purple, July, 3 ft.; hirsutus, rose, July, 2 to 3 ft.. Orient; mollis,
white, rose, lilac, 3 to 4 ft., S. Europe; mollis latifolius, a superior Tariety;
spinosus, purplish, July, 2 to 4 ft., Levant; spinosus spinosissimum, rosy-flesh, July,
3 ft., Dalmatia.
Acer (Maple). — Ord. Sapindacese. Hardy trees. Orn. foliage. De-
ciduous.
OULTUKE SoO, well-drained loam. Position, shrubberies or open
:
(Scarlet Maple), 20 ft., Canada, scarlet flowered; sacchariuum (Bird's Eye or Sugar
Maple), 40 ft., N. America.
Aceras (Green-man Orchis). — Ord. Orchidacese. Hardy terres-
trial tuberous-rooted orchid. Deciduous. Nat. Britain.
CULTURE Soil, chalky loam.
: Position, open and dry. Plant,
Oct. to March. Propagate bv division of tubers Oct. or March
SPECIES CULTIVATED A. An'throphora, green, June, 6 to 10 ins.
:
ENOYCLOPJEVIA OF GARDENING.
\ in. deep in warm position outdoors April ; cuttings under handlights
or in cold frame Sept. ; division of roots Nov. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED A. segjptioa, yellow,* summer, 13 to 18 ins., Greece;
:
Ageratum (Sweet Maudlin), white, summer, 6 ins., Greece; atrata, white, Aug.,
6 ins., Austria; Olavennse, white, summer, 6 ins., Austria; Eupatorium, yellow,
summer, 4 to S ft., Caucasus; millefolium roseum, rose, summer, 1 to 3 ft., Britain;
mongolioa, white, July, 18 ins., Mongolia ptarmica, " The Pearl," white, double,
;
2 ft., summer, Britain; rupestris, white. May, 3 in., Italy; scrrata, white, summei-,
1 ft., Switzerland; tanacetifolia, yellpw, summer, 2 ft., Europe; tomentosa, yellow,
summer, 8 to 12 ins., Europe; umbellata, white, June, i ins., Greece.
Achimencs. — Ord. Gesneraceae. Stove tuberous-rooted peren-
nials. Deciduous. First introduced 1778.
CULTtJEE: Compost, two parts peat & loam, one part leaf -mould,
sheep manure, & sand. Pot tubers in Feb., 1 in. apart, 2 in. deep, in
potSj pans, or baskets. Water moderately at first, freely when in
growth. After flowering gradually withhold water from roots, & when
foliage dies place pots on their sides in greenhouse, letting them remain
till Feb. Temp., Feb. to Sept. 70° to 75°; Sept. to Feb. 50° to 55°
Propagate by seeds sown J in. deep in light soil, temp. 70° to 80°,
March ; cuttings of young shoots & leaves April division of tubers Feb.
;
violet, longiflora alba, white, and longiflora major, violet, Aug., 1 ft., Mesico
patens, violet, June, 1 ft., Mexico. A number of still prettier hybrids and varieties
will be^'found in trade lists.
Acinetcl.— Ord. Orchidacese. Stove epiphytal or sub-terestrial
orchids. Evergreen. First introduced 1837. Flowers fragrant.
CULTTJEE Compost, equal parts sphagnum moss & peat. Position,
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
wards. Syi'inge daily, April to Sept. Shade from sun. A^ply weak
stimulants occasionally; May to Sept. Prune, Feb., shortening strag-
gling shoots only. Temp., April to Oct., 60° to 70°; Oct. to April 50°
to 55°. Propagate by cuttings inserted in light peaty soil under bell-
glass in temp. 55°, spring or summer.
SPECIES OtrLTIVATED : A. speotabilis (Syn. ToxioopWrea speotabilis), white,
fragrant, winter, 4 to 6 ft., S. Africa.
Aconite (Aconitum Napelhis). —See Aconitum.
Aconitum —
(Wolf's-bane; Monk's-hood). Ord. Eanunculacese.
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Deciduous.
CULTUEE: Soil, ordinary. Position, partially shaded borders.
Plant, Oct. to March. Propagate by seeds sown J in. deep in warm
position outdoors April, or in boxes of light soil in cold frame in
March; division of flesh roots Nov. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. album, white, Aug., 4 to 5 ft., LeTant; augusti-
folium, blue, June, 2 to 3ft., Siberia; Anthora, yellow, July, 1 to 2 ft., Pyrenees;
barbatum, yellow, July, 2 to 4 ft., Siberia ; biflorum, blue, June, 6 in., Siberia
Fortunel (Syn. obinense), blue, July to Sept., 4 to 6 ft., China; eminens, blue, June,
2 to 4 ft., Europe; Fisoheri (Syn. antumnale), purple, July to Oct., Europe and
N. America; Halleri, violet, June, 4 to 6 ft., Switzerland; japonicum, flesh, July
to Sept., 3 to 6 ft., Japan; lycootonum, creamy yellow, July and Aug., 4 to 6 ft..
Europe; Napellus, blue, July to Sept., 3 to 4 ft., England; variegatum, blue and
white, July and Aug., 3 to 5 ft., Europe.
Acorus (Sweet Flag; Myrtle Grass). Ord. Araceae.— Hardy
aquatics. Evergreen. First introduced 1796. Leaves and roots
fragrant.
CULTUEE: Soil, muddy. Position, margins of ponds. Plant,
March. Propagate by division of roots March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Calamus, 3 ft., N. Hemisphere; Calamus variegatus,
leaves striped, golden yellow; gramineus, 2 ft., Japan; gramineus yariegatus,
leaves variegated.
Acroclineum. — See Helipterum.
Acrophyllum. — Ord. Saxifragacese. Greenhouse flowering
shrub. Evergreen. First introduced, 1838.
OULTUEE: Compost, equal parts peat & loam, little sand. Pot
und prune, Feb. Water freely spring & summer, moderately other
times. Temp., March to Sept. 55"" to 60°; Sept to March 45" to 50°.
Propagate by cuttings of Arm shoots in sandy peat under bell-glass
in a cool house in summer.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. venosum, pink. May, 6 ft., Australia.
AcrostiChum (Elephant's Ear). Ord. Filices.— Stove and
greenhouse fern. Evergreen. First introduced 1793.
CULTUEE Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & leaf-mould, sand &
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: A. blumeanum, 4 to 6 in., Assam; oanalioulatum,
3 to 4 ft., olimbing, Venezuela; Csenopteris, 2 to 3 ft. climbing, Mexico.
Actaea (Toad-root; Bane-berry; Herb Christopher). —Ord. Eanun-
culacese. Hardy herbaceous perennials. Berries, red, white, or black,
poisonous.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shady border. Plant, Oct.
to March. Propagate by seeds sown in garden April; division of
roots March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. alba, wUte, May, 12 to 18 in., N. America;
spioata, white, May, 1 ft., Britain spicata rubra, red, N. America.
Actinella, (Pigmy or Dwarf
;
Sunflower). —
. Ord. Composita).
Hardy herbaceous perennial.
CULTURE Soil, light sandy. Position, rockery or open sunny
:
pots in shade. Repot when new growth begins. Water freely during
season of growth, moderately afterwards. Renting period, none.
7
ENOYOLOPMDIA OF GAEDENING.
Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 60°; Sept to March 45° to 50°. Propa-
gate by dividing plant at potting time.
SPECilES CULTIVATED: A. aurantiaoa, orange, Jan., 1 ft., Colombia;
Lelinianni, red, 1 ft., Colombia.
Adam's Apple (Tabemaemontana coronaria). —See Tabernae-
montana.
Adam's Laburnum (Laburnum Adamii).—See Laburnum.
Adam's Needle (Yucca gloriosa).— See Yucca.
Adder's Fern (Polypodium vul^are).— See Polypodium.
Adder's-tong^ue Fern (Ophioglossum vulgatum). — See
Ophioglossum.
Adder's Violet (Goodyera pubescens). See Goodyera. —
Adenandra.—Ord. Kutaceae. Greenhouse flowering shrubs.
Evergreen. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1720.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, & sand. Pot, March.
Water moderately Sept. to April, freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to
March 50° to 55"'; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings
of young shoots in sandy peat under bell-glass, March; also by seeds
sown in similar soil at any time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. amcena, red, June, 2 ft., fragrana, pink, June,
2 ft.; coriacoa, pink, Juno, 18 in. marginata, flesh, June, 18 in. ; umbellata,
;
Tropioal Amerioa, and its varieties deSozum, dissectum, elegans, graoUlimum, gran-
8
;;;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OABDENING.
dicops, lawsoniaaum, luddemannianum, muudulum; ourvatum, 12 to 18 in., Brazil;
cyolosorum, Brazil ; f arleyeuse (see tenerum) Fergusoni, 2 to 3 ft., Ceylon
; f rag- ;
lumulatum, 12 in.. Tropics maorophyllum, 12 in., W. Indies ; Moorei, 12 in., Peru pal-
; ;
matum, 10 in., Peru; peruvianum, 16 in.. Pern; rboaophyllum. 6 in., hybrid rubellum, ;
(Ked Chamomile), scarlet. May to Sept., 1 ft., Britain (annual) distorta, yellow.
;
May, 12 in., Alps (perennial) ; pyrenaica, yellow, July, 1 ft., Pyrenees (perennial)
vemalis (Ox-eye), yellow, March to May, 18 in., S. Europe (perennial).
Adonis Flower (Adonis autumnalis). —See Adonis.
/Ecliniea,. —Ord. Bromeliacese. Evergreen stove-flowering plants.
First introduced 1824.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts of fibrous loam, rough peat, leaf-
:
crispum, white and rose, June and July, 4 ft., S. India; expanfaUm, white and
purple, June, 2 ft., Burma; faloatum, white and rose, June, 3 ft., India; Feildmgii,
white, brown and rose. May and June, 3 ft., Sikkim; houlletianum. Luff and
maffenta, May, 2 ft., Cochin China; japonicum, green, white, and purple, July,
o to 6 ft., Japan; Lawrenoea;, green, yellow, and purple, Sept., 3 ft., Philippines;
Lawrence£e sanderianum, yellow and purple ; multiflorum Lohbii, white and purple,
July, 18 in., India; odoratum, white and lilao, July, 2 ft., Trop. Asia; quin-
quevulnerum, pink, July, 3 ft., Philippines; suavissimum, white and lilac, Aug.,
2 ft., Malacca.
—
.^schynanthus (Blush-wort). Ord. Gesneriaceae. Stove trail-
ing and flowering plants. Evergreen. First introduced 1838.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts fibrous peat, sphagnum moss, char-
:
May, 20 ft., Georgia; glabra, yellow, May, 12 ft.. United States; Hippocastanum
(Horse Obestnut), white. May, 30 to 40 ft., S.E. Europe, and its varieties, crispum,
flore pleno, foliis aureis variegatis, laciniata and pyramidalis parviflora (Syn.
;
Pavia alba), white, May, 8 ft.. United States; Pavia (Red Buok-eye) (Syn. Pavia
rubra), red, June, 10 to 20 ft., United States.
.^thlonema (Candy Mustard;
Hardy
—
Lebanon Candytuft.) Ord. Cruci-
ferae. perennials, biennials, and annuals. Perennials ever-
green. First introduced 1778.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, light. Position, sunny rockery, well
drained. Plant, Oct. or March. Propagate annuals and biennials by
seed sown 1-16 in. deep in boxes, temp. 65°, March, or in open border.
May; perennials by cuttings of shoots inserted in pots of sandy soil in
cold frame, Julv or Aug.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. oappadocicum (Syn. .35. Bnibaumii) red Jnne
6 in.. Orient (afinual) ooridifolium (Lebanon candytuft); rose, June 3 in
;
Orient
(perennial);graoile, red, ,Tuno, 6 in., Caruiola (annual); grandifloru'm
rose Mav
1 Persia (perennial); heterooarpum, purple, July, 6 in., Armenia
ft., "
(perennial]
mouospermum, purple, July, 6 in., Spain (biennial); saxatile, flesh. June 6 in
*
S. Europe (annual). * *
IBNGYGLOPMDIA OF GABDENINC.
African Cypress (Widdringtonia Wliytei). — Sec Widdring-
tonia.
African Hare-bell (Eoella ciliata).— See Eoella.
African Hemp (Sparmannia —
africana).^ See Sparmannia.
African Lily.—See Agapanthus.
African Marig^old (Tagetes erecta).—See Tagetes.
African Steel Bush (Diosma ericoides). —See Diosroa.
African Tulip.— See the genus Hsemanthus.
African Violet (Saintpaulia ionauthe). —See SaintpauUa.
Agl'almyla (Scarlet Eoot-blossom). —
Ord. Gesneriacese. Stove
trailing plant. Evergreen. Mrst introduced 1846.
OULTUEE : & char-
Compost, equal parts peat, sphagnum moss,
coal. Position, hanging baskets. Plant, March. Water freely March
to Sept., moderately Sept. to March. Temp., Sept. to March 60" to
70'-"; March to Sept 70° to 80°. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots
under bell-glass, in temp. 80°, July or Aug.
SPECIES CXJLTITATED: A. longistyla, crimson, July, 1 ft., Ja-pa; staminea,
scarlet, June, 6 in., Java.
—
Ag;anlsia. Ord. Orchidacese. Stove epiphytal orchids. Pirst
introduced 1S36.
CtJLTUEE Compost, fibry peat, charcoal.
: Position, pots well
drained, blocks of wood. Eequire exposure to sun. Water freely
when growing, moderately when at rest. Eesting period, winter.
Flowers appear at base of new pseudo-bulb. Temp., Sept. to March
65° to 70° ; March to Sept. 75° to 85°. Propagate by division of pseudo-
bulbs when new growth begins.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. graminea, yellow and red, Jan., 6 in., Guiana;
ionoptera, white and purple, July, 1 ft., Peru; pulchella, cream, June, 6 in., Deme-
rara; tricolor, blue and orange, 1 ft., Amazon.
—
Ag'apanthus (African Lily). Ord. Liliaceae. Cool greenhouse
herbaceous plant. Hardy S. England, Ireland. Evergreen. Nat.
Cape of Good Hope. First introdticed 1692.
OULTUEE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould, dried
cow manure, river sand, pots or tubs, greenhouse; sunny. Position,
well-drained border or rockery out-doors. Pot or plant, March.
Water freely March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp., green-
house, Sept. to March 32° to 40° March to Sept.
; 45° to 55° Propa-
gate by division of plant in March.
&PEOIH9 OULTITATED A. vumbellatus, blue, April, 3 ft., and its varieties, alba,
:
white, Aug., 2 ft. ; flore pleno, double giganteus, blue eummer, 3 ft.
;
Leitchlinii,
;
blue, June, 1 ft. maximus, white, 3 ft. ; minor, blue, 2 ft. ; mooreanus, blue,
;
Sept., 18 in., hardy ; variegatus, leaves variegated, blue, April, 2 f t. ; eloboeus, dwarf.
Ag^ariCUS —
(Mushroom). Ord. Fungi. Hardy esculent vegetable.
OULTUEE Suitable manures (1) Two-thirds fresh horse droppings,
: :
one- third short, stained straw; remove long unstained straw. Place this
in a heap outdoors & turn over six days afterwards. Turn again on
four alternate days, then use. (2) Peat-moss litter, after use as bed-
ding for horses. Prepare as advised for horse manure. Suitable soil
Well-decayed turfy top-spit loam. (2) Old chrysanthemum mould.
g)
) Ordinary garden soil enriched with IJlb. of bone meal or 1 oz. of
superphosphate of lime to every bushel. (4) Light sandy soil with \ lb.
of common salt added to every bushel. Position for beds: In the open
or against walls facing south, sheltered from N. & E. winds;
sheds, cellars, stables, cupboards, greenhouses. Period for forming
11
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GABDENING.
beds: Outdoors, July, Aug., Oct., Dec, or Jan.; sheds, etc., July to
Feb. Temp, for indoor culture Sept. to May, 55° to 65". Dimensions of
:
beds: Outdoors, 2i ft. wide at base, ajft. high, 6 in. wide at apex;
indoors, 3 to 4 ft. wide, 9 in. deep, no limit as to length. Tread or beat
manure quite firm in beds. Spawning Insert portions of spawn nearly
:
level with surface, smooth side outwards and 9 in. apart. Temp, for
insertion of spawn :
80° 1 in. below surface. Quantities of spawn
Divide each brick into eight portions. Size of bricks: 9 in. long, 6 in.
wide, 2 in. deep. Bushel of spawn consists of 16 bricks. Period for
covering -beds with soil Three days after insertion of spawn. Depth
:
cucumber or melon bed in July. Keep frame closed after cucumbers &
melons have ceased growth. Water occasionally. Apply one of above
stimulants when mushrooms appear.
Culture on Sides op Hotbeds Insert spawn 2 in. deep & 9 in. apart
:
rill 10 in. pots or boxes (9 in. deep, 2 to 3 ft. wide & long) to within
1 in. of top with manure. Beat this quite firm. Spawn & cover with
soil & litter as advised for beds. Place pots, etc., in cool cellar, cup-
board, or greenhouse protect from light. Keep soil moderately moist
;
ENOYOLOP^DIA OF GAliDBNING.
yellowish green or red, borne on spikes 1 to 40 ft. high when plants
attain 10 to 60 years of age plant dies after flowering.
;
CULTURE Comjiost, two parts loam, one part old mortar & river
:
13 ft. ; Soolymus, 14 ft. ; Shawii, 12 ft. ; Sartorii, 8 ft. striata, 8 ft. ; utahensis,
;
5 ft., Utah; vivipara, 20 ft.; Viotoriffi-Eeginse, 10 ft.; yuootefolia, 20 ft. There are
many more species. We only give the most attractive ones.
Ascratum (Bastard Agrimony; Floss-flower). — Ord. Compositae.
Half-hardy annuals. First introduced 1822.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny beds or borders. Plant
G to 8 in. apart in June. Propagate by seeds sown in light soil in temp.
65° to 70° m
March, or by cuttings of young shoots from plants stored
in temp. 55° during winter. Plants to produce cuttings keep in pots all
the year, and do not allow them to flower.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: Mexioanum, blue, summer, 18 in. to 2 ft.. Tropics.
Numerous dwarf forms of this species will be found in seed lists.
—
Ag'la.onema. (Poison-dart). Ord. Aroideae. Stove perennials.
First introduced 1863. Flowers, arum-shaped. Leaves, variegated,
green, blotched with grey.
CULTURE: Compost, two-thirds loam, one-third leaf-mould, river
sand. Position, well-drained pots, shady. Water freely when growing,
little afterwards. Syringe foliage daily. Pot, March. Temp., Sept.
to March 60° to 70°; March to Sept. 70° to 80°- Propagate by division
of roots in March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. aneustifolium, greenish white, ,Tuly, 18 in., Straits
Settlements; commutatum, white, July, 1 ft., Manila; costatum, white, July, 6 in.,
Perak; Mannii, greenish white, July, 18 ins.. Tropical Africa; oblongifolium,
crimson, July, 4 ft., and its variety Curtisii, greenish white, Malaya; pictum,
white, Aug., 18 in., Malaya; pumilum, greenish white, Aug., 6 in., Malaya; simplex,
white, .July, 18 in., Java.
Ag:rostemma..^See Lychnis.
Ag^rostis (Cloud-grass; Spear-grass). Ord. Gramineas. Hardy —
annual-flowering grasses. Inflorescence light and graceful and valu-
able for cutting for mixing with flowers in summer; or drying for
winter decoration.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny border. Propagate by
seed sown 1-16 in. deep April in open borders where plants are to grow.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. alba (Fine-top Grass), July, 2 ft., Europe;
nebulosa (Cloud Grass), July, 18 in,, Spain; pulchella, July, 1 ft., Sicily.
Ailanthus (Tree of Heaven; Tree of the Gods). — Ord. Simaru-
baceae. A handsome hardy deciduous tree. Ornamental foliage. First
introduced 1751.
CULTURE: Soil, light, rich. Position, sheltered, moist. Plant,
Nov. Propagate by inserting portions. of roots in pots of light soil
in warm greenhouse or window in March, planting them out following
Nov.
SPECIES CULTIVATED A. glandulosa, flowers white, leaves pinnate, 30 to
:
60 ft., China. Pendula is a variety with weeping branches. A grand tree for
town gardens.
Air-pla,nt (.S)rides odorata). —See iErides.
Ajuga (Bugle; Gout Ivy). — Ord. Labiatae. Hardy perennials.
13
ENOYOLOPJEDIA OF GARDENING.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, margins of shady beds or
borders. Propagate by seeds sown outdoors in April; divisio.i of roots
Oct. or March.
SPECIES CULTITATED A. geneveneis, bine, rose, and white, June, 6 to 13 ins.,
:
Europe, and its variety pyramidalis, with denser spikes orientalis, blue, June,
;
12 to 18 ins., B. Europe; reptans, blue, white, or rose, June, 6 in., Britain. Atro-
purpurea is a variety with purplish leaves.
Akebia.— Ord. Berberidaceae. Half-hardy climbing flowering
shrub. Evergreen. First introduced 1845.
CULTURE Soil, loam, peat, & sand in equal parts.
:
Position, south
wall in S. England & Ireland; cool greenhouse other parts. Plant,
Oct., Nov., in border. Prune straggling shoots after flowering. Pro-
pagate by division of roots in Oct.; cuttings, inserted in sandy soil
in cold frame in Sept.
SPECIES CULTITATED; A. quinata, violet or purple, fragrant. May and June,
8 to 10 ft., China and Japan.
Alabama Snovw Wreath (Neviusa albamiensis). See —
Neviusa.
Albizzia. —Ord. Leguminosse. Greenhouse evergreen flowering
shrub. IHrst introduced 1803. Formerly included in the genus
Acacia.
CULTURE Compost equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould & sand.
:
one part leaf-mould, and a little silver sand. Plant six bulbs in a
4i in. pot in Oct. Cover pots with cocoanut-fibre refuse or ashes in
a cold frame till growth begins, then remove to a cool greenhouse. May
be flowered in a cold house, or forced into flower in a temp, of 55° to 65 .
sunny part of garden. Manures, fowl, pig, cow, or horse dung, well
decayed, and applied liberally in autumn; also lib. kainit and 71b.
of basic slag per square rod, applied at same time; or, where above
manures cannot be liberally given, 31b. superphosphate IJlb. soda
per square rod, applied ten days before sowing and IJ lb. of nitrate
of soda per square rod when plants are 3 in. high; or, lib. nitrate
of soda, J lb. of guano, 3 oz. kainit, and 3 oz. of sulphate of iron,
half the above to be applied to a square rod when plants are 3 in. high,
and remainder a month afterwards. Sow spring onions in March or
April; autumn ones end of Aug. or early in Sept. Depth to sow, about
Jin. Distances apart for drills, 8 in. Spring onions may also be sown
in heat in Feb., hardening off seedlings cold frames in April, and
planting out in May. Rows best to run from N. to S. Firm soil
essential. Transplant autumn-sown onions into rich soil following
March. Thin seedlings out early to 8 in. apart. Bend over the stems
early in Aug. to promote ripening of the bulbs. Lift, dry thoroughly,
& store away in cool, airy place in Au^. or Sept. Crop takes 24 weeks
to reach maturity. Seeds retain their germinating powers for two
15
ENCTOLOPJEDIA OF OAEDENING.
years only. Seeds germinate in 7 to 10 days. Quantity of seed re-
quired to sow a row 50 ft. long, i oz. for a bed 9 square yards, 1 oz.
;
in March. Lift, divide, & replant every third year. Used for salads
& seasoning.
CULTUEE OP WELSH
ONION OE
CIBOULE Soil, ordinary. Sow :
seeds in March or April in drills i in. deep & 1 ft. apart. Thin seed-
lings to 6 or Sin. apart. May also be increased by division of plants
in March, but best grown from seed. Leaves used for seasoning. Eeady
to use three months after sowing.
CULTUEE OP POTATO ONION Soil, ordinary. Plant bulbs half :
their depth 10 in. apart in rows 15 in. asunder in March. Lift & store
bulbs in Aug. Used like ordinary onions. Increased by offsets at
planting time.
OULTUEE OF TEEE
ONION: Soil, ordinary. Plant bulbs borne
on top of stems 1 in. deep and 4 in. apart, in rows 8 in. asunder in
March; or root bulbs 1 in. deep and 12 in. apart each way. Support
stems by stakes. Gather stem bulbs when fully grown & store in cool,
dry place. Used for pickling.
CULTUEE OP EOCAMBOLE Soil as for garlic.
: Plant cloves 6 in.
apart each way, & similar depth to shallots, in Feb., March, or April.
Lift & store in Aug. Bulbs m
soil & on stem used for similar purpofse
to garlic, but milder in flavour. Use soil bulbs only for planting.
HAK.DT ELOWBaiNG SPECIES: A. aouminatuin, rose, July, 9 in., N. America;
ojeruleum, blue, June, 3 ft., Siberia; Moly, yellow, May, 2 ft., Europe; oatrow-
skianum, rose, July, 1 ft., Turkestan; roseum, rose, June, 1 ft., S. Europe;
triquetrum, white, June, 15 in.,Europe; Sohubertii, lilao, June, Orient.
GEEENHOtJSB SPECIES: A. neapolitanum (Daffodil Garlic), white and green,
June, 1 ft., S. Europe.
EDIBLE BULBOTJS-ROOTED SPECIES A. asoalonioum (Shallot), Native habitat
:
not known; Cepa (Onion), Central or Western Asia; Cepa aggregatum (Potato
Onion) ; Cepa proliferum ^Tree or Egyptian Onion) fistulosum (Welsh or Ciboul
;
pendula nova and pinnatiflda. There are others, but they are of no special
with a little silver sand & charcoal. Pot, March, keeping base of plant
above rim of pot; good drainage essential. Position, pots, shady.
17
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Water freely March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp., Sept. to
March 60° to 70°; March to Sept. 70° to 80°. Propagate by division
of rhizomes in March. .
Peru; linifolia, scarlet, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Mexico; myrtifolia, scarlet, and its
variety, alba, white, 2 to 3 ft., Mexico; Warscewiczi, soarlet, summer, 18 in. to
2 ft.. Chili.
Aloysia. —See Lippia.
Alpine Azalea. (Loisftleuria procumbens). — See Loisleuria.
Alpine Bell-flower (Campanula alpina). — See Campanula.
Alpine Bladder Fern (Cystopteris alpina).— See Cystopteris.
Alpine Catch-fly (Silene alpestris).—See Silene.
Alpine EryngfO (Eryngium alpinum). —See Eryngium.
Alpine Forg^et-me-not (Myosotis alpestris).— See Myosotis.
Alpine Pink (Dianthus alpinus).— See Dianthus.
Alpine Poppy (Papaver alpinum). — See Papaver.
Alpine Rose (Ehododendron ferrugineum & R. hirsutura).—See
Rhododendron.
Alpine Toad-flax (Linaria alpina). —See Linaria.
Alpine Violet (Tiola montana\—See Viola.
Alpine Wallflower.—See Erysimum.
Alpine Wind-flower (Anemone alpina).—See Anemone.
Alpinia (Indian Shell-flower).—Ord. Scitaminacese. Stove herba-
ceous perennials. First introduced 1792.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould & loam. Posi-
tion, large pots, tubs, or beds. Plant, March. Temp., March to Sept
55° to 65°; Sept. to March 70° to 80°. Water freely March to Aug.,
moderately other times. Propa^-ate by division of roots in March
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Allughas, reel, Feb., 2 ft., India; mutioa, whiiu
rod, and yellow, July and Aug., 6 Malaya; nutans, pink and yoUow
ft., May^'
4 tp 6 ft., India.
18
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GAllDENINO.
Alsophila (Grove Fern; Norfolk Island Fern).— Ord. Filiccs.
Stove and greenliouse tree ferns. First introduced 1833.
CULTUKS Compost, two parts peat, one part loam, silver sand &
:
Sfay, 1 ft., E. Europe, and its varieties compactum, variegatum, sulphureum, flore
pleno (double), serpyllifolium, yellow, ,Tune, 3 in., S. Europe; spinosum, white,
.lune, 4 to 6 in., S. Europe; Wiersbeokii, yellow, summer, 18 in., Asia Minor;
wulfeniana, golden yellow, summer, 3 in., E. Europe.
Amaranth Feathers (Humea elegans). See Humea. —
AmaranthUS (Love-lies-Bleeding Prince's Feather; Velvet-
;
flower). —
Ord. Amarantacea!. Half-hardy annuals. First introduced
1596. Foliage, ovange-red, crimson, green.
CULTUEE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny bed. Plant, June.
Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep, in temp. 65° to 75°, March; seed-
lings to be placed in cool greenhouse a few weeks before planting out.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. oaudatus (Love-lies-Bleeding), orimson-purple, sum-
mer, 2 to 3 ft., Tropics; hypochondriacus (Prince's Feather), crimson, summer,
4 to 5 ft., N. America; salicifolia, leaves, orange, crimson and pui-ple and willow
shaped, 2 to 3 ft., Philippines Henderi, leaves tinted with rosy-carmine, orange-
;
Cape Colony. Blanda, pale rose, and pallida, flesh, are varieties of it. The' flowers
appear before the new loaves.
Amasonia.^Ord. Verbenaceae. Stove evergreen flowering peren-
nial. Inflorescence, red bracts, red calyx, & yellow corolla; autumn.
CULTUEE: Compost, equal parts loam & leaf -mould, little silver
sand. Pot, March. Position, in small pots near glass, well exposed
to light; shade in summer. Water freely in spring and summer,
2(1
—
ENCYCLOPJEDIA OF GARDENING.
moderately other times. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept. to
March 58°^ to 65°. Propagate by division of the plants in March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. oalyoiua (Syn. A. punieea), yellow and red, Sept.,
12 to 18 ins., British Guiana; erecta, whiteand pmk, July, 18 in., S. America.
Amazon Lily (Eucharis —
grandiflora). See Eucharis.
Ambyolepis.—See Helenium.
Amelanchier (Grape-pear; Snowy Mespilus; June-berry).
Ord. Eosaceae. Hardy spring-flowering trees & shrubs. Deciduous.
First introduced 1596.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open shrubbery. Plant, Nov.
Prune after flowering. Propagate by grafting in March on the quince
or hawthorn; also by seeds, layers, & cuttings.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. alnifolia, white, April. 8 ft., N.W. America; cana-
densis (June-berry), white, April, 10 to 20 ft., N. America; vulgaris, white, April,
6 ft., Europe. The loaves of A. canadensis are prettily tinted in autumn.
American Aloe —
(Agave americana). -See Agave.
American Bell-bind (Ipomsea pandurata). — See Ipomsea.
American Blaclcberry (Bubus laciniatus). —See Eubus.
American Black Larcll (Larix pendula).— See Larix.
American Carnation.—See Diauthus.
American Centaury (Sabbatia campestris). —See Sabbatia.
American Covtrslip (Dodecatheon Meadia). — See Dodeca-
theou.
American Cranberry (Oxycoous macrocarpus). — See Oxy-
oocus.
American Cress (Barbarea praecox). — See Barbarea.
American Cud-weed (Anaphalis margaritacea).^See Ana-
phalis.
American False Heath (Hudsonia ericoides). — See Hud-
sonia.
American Fox-grape (Vitis Labrusca). — See Vitis.
American Gooseberry (Pereskia aculeata). —See Pereskia.
American Ground Laurel (Epigaea repens).— See Epigaea.
American Laurel (Kalmia latifolia). — See Kalmia.
American Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum pedatum). —See
Adiantum.
American May Apple. —The genus Podophyllum.
American Meadow Sweet (Spiraea salicifolia). — See
Spiraea.
American Plane Tree (Platanus occidentalis). — See
PlatanuB.
American Star Grass.— See Hypoxis.
American Swamp Laurel (Kalmia glauca^.— See Kalmia.
American Witch Elder (Fothergilla Gardeni).—See Fother-
gilla.
American Wood Lily (Trillium grandiflorum). —See Trillium.
American Wych Hazel (Hamamelis virginica). — See
Hamamelis.
Amethyst Hyacinth (Hyacinthus amethystinus).—See Hya-
cinthus. „
Amethyst Speedwell (Veronica amethystinus). — bee
. c , , . .
s
"Veronica.
Amethyst Squill (Scilla amethyatina). —See Scilla.
Ammobium Half-hardy annual.
(Everlasting Sand-flovrer).—
Ord. Composite. First introduced 1822. Flowers valuable for cutting
21
;
ENGYGLOP^DIA OF GARDENING.
& drying for winter decoration. Gather wlieu fully grown & hang
heads downwards to dry in a cool place.
CULTURE Soil, light, rich.
: Position, warm border. Plant, May.
6 in. apart. Propagate by seeds sown I in. deep in light soil, lemp. 65",
March; or outdoors early in May.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. alatum, white, summer, 2 ft., Australia. Grandi-
florum is a variety witli larger flowers.
Amorpha (Bastard Indigo). Ord. Leguminosae. Hardy decidu- —
ous-flowering shrubs. First introduced 1724.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, in the mixed shrubbery. Plant,
:
Oct. to Feb. Prune after flowering, thinning shoots that have borne
blossoms. Propagate by cuttings in autumn; layering in summer;
suckers in winter seeds sown in cold frame.
;
portions of old mortar, small brick rubble & sand. Position, in not
too large pots on shelves near the glass;' no shade. Water moderately
in spring & summer; keep nearly dry in autumn & winter. Dry atmo-
sphere needed. Repot in March, temp., 45 to 50° in winter; 50° to
60° in summer. Propagate by seeds sown in a mixture of fine rubble
& sandy loam, in heat, in spring; by cuttings, exposed to the air for
a few days after removal from the plant, then inserted in fine sand in
a gentle heat.
SPECIES CULTIVATED A. araohnoides, pink, July, 12 to 18 ins.
: ; fllamentosa,
pink, Sept., 1 ft. j telephiastrum, pink, summer, 1 ft,
AnagalliS (Pimpernel).— Ord. Primulacese. Hardy annuals &
perennials. Trailing.
CULTURE Soil, light, rich.
: Position, sunny, well-drained borders
for annuals ; moist & boggy places for perennials. Propagate annuals by
seeds sown J in. deep in temp. 65° March, transplanting seedlings out-
doors in June; perennials by division of roots in March, or by seeds
sown outdoors in April.
ANNUAL SPECIES A. :
fruticosa, -vermilion, May to Aug., 2 ft Morocco •
grandiflora, blue and red, May to Sept., 4 to C in.; indioa blue July 1 ft'
India. ' •"
PEEENNIAL SPECIES A. oollina alba, white and yellow, April to June 6 in
:
Europe; linitolia, blue, July, 1 ft., Europe, and it.'! varieties, Breweri'
(redi'
lilaoina (lilao), Parksi (red), and sanguinea (blood-red); tonella, rosy July and
Aug., Britain ; wobbiana, blue, July, i in., Portugal.
22
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF GAMDENIXG.
Ananas (Pme-apple).— Ord. Bromeliaceaj. Stove pUiuts, bearing
the well-kuowu fruit—piue apples. Orn. foliage. Evergreen. First
introduced 1690.
CULTUKE: Compost, two parts decomposed fibry loam, one part
well-decayed manure, another part Jiu. bones & pounded oyster shells.
Position, pots plunged in a tan hotbed in stove facing south. Temp.,
Sept. to March 65° to 75°; March to Sept. 75° to 90". Full exposure
to sun essential. Water moderately m
winter, freely in summer.
Moist atmosphere most essential in spring and summer, and a slightly
dry one in winter. When fruit begins to ripen withhold water. Supply
freely with liquid manure plants in fruiting pots. Plants come into
bearing when two years old. Propagate by suckers, or crowns of fruit
inserted in small pots in temp. 80°, spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED A. sativus, 3 ft., Trop. America A. sativus variegatus,
: ;
dies, & store away in cool place till planting time. Increased by seeds
sown in prepared beds of above soil in Jan. or Feb. or in July
HERBACEOUS SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. alpina, white. May, 1 ft Europe-
angulosa (Syn. Hepatioa angulosa), blue, March, 1 ft., E. Europe; apennina blue'
rose, and white, 6m., March, Europe; blanda, blue, Jau. to
March, 6 in., Asia
°*',*'"°^,^^^ a"<J, March, 6 in., N. Hemisphere, and its varieties
^{.""^'v?/^* ??»™lea.(bluo) oserulea plena (double blue), rubra (red), rubra plena
?i vl"""!?'
(double red), Barlowii (blue) and rosea (rose); japonioa (Japanese Wind-flower),
red, Sept., 2 ft., Japan, and numerous varieties described in trade
lists; nemerosa
(Wood Anemone), white, March, G in., Britain nemerosa robinsoniana, blue
;
pagate by seeds sown |in. deep in March where plants are to remain.
When seedlings are 3 in. high thin them to 6 in. apart.
SPECIES CULTITATBD : A. officinalis, green, July, i to 5 ft., Europe.
Angelica. Tree (Aralia spinosa).- See Aralia. —
—
Angelonia. Ord. Scrophularineae. Stove & greenhouse her-
baceous perennials. First introduced 1818.
CTJLTTIEE: Compost, equal parts of loam, peat, leaf-mould & a
little sand. Position, pots in sunny parts of stove or greenhouse. Pot,
March. Water freely March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp.,
March to Oct., 65° to 75°, afterwards 55°. to 60° for stove species;
March to Oct. 55° to 65°, Oct. to March 45° to 55° for greenhouse kinds.
Propagate by division of roots in March; cuttings of young shoots
inserted in sand under bell-p-lass, in temp. 75° in April.
STOVE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. oornigera, purple, Aug., 1 ft., Brazil;
floribunda, purple, Aug., 1 Brazil; salicarisefolia, blue, Aug., 2 ft., S. America.
ft.,
GREENHOUbB S'PEOIES CULTIVATED:A. angustafolia, violet, .lur.e, 1 Jt.,
Mexico; Gardneri, purplisb-white, May, 1 ft., Pernambuco; grandiflora, purple,
Sept., July, 1 ft., Pernambuco.
Angiopteris (Turnip-fern). — Ord. Filices. Stove tree fern.
Evergreen.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, sand &
charcoal. Pot, Feb., March. Position, pots or tubs, standing in 3 in.
of water in ."hade. Water freely in spring & summer, moderately other
times. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 60°; Sept to March 45° to 50°.
Propagate by offsets only.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : A. eyecta, 10 to 16 ft.. Tropics.
Angola Hemp. —See Sanseviera.
Angrsecum. — Stove epiphytal orchids. Ord. Orchidaceae.
Flowers fragrant. First introduced 1815.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts broken potsherds, charcoal, &
sphagnum moss. Position, shady in suspended baskets or well-drained
pots. Pot, March. Water freely March to Oct., moderately after-
wards. Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 65°; March to Sept. 70° to 80°.
Resting period, winter. Flower spikes appear in axils of top leaves
when growth is finished. Propagate by division of plant in March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. artioulatum, white. May and June, 8 to 13 in.,
Madagascar; eaudatum, white, Aug., 12 to 15 in., Trop. Africa; oitratum, lemon-
yellow spring, 6 to 8 in., Madagascar; eburnum, white, spring, 1 to 2 ft., Mae-
carene' Islands EUisii, white. May, 1ft., Madagascar; falcatum, white, spring,
;
part of house. Pot when new growth begins. Water freely May to
Sept., very little afterwards. Temp., April to Sept. 60° to 65°; Sept.
to March 55° to G0°. Besting period, winter. Flowers appear at base
of new growth. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs when repotting.
SPEOIES CULTIVATED: A. dowesii, yellow, May, 13 to 18 in., Colombia;
Ruckeri, yellow and crimson. May, 18 in., Colombia; uniflora, cream. May, 2 to 3 ft.,
Colombia. Seyeral varieties of each species will be found in trade lists.
Anhaloniuin. — Ord. Cactaceae. Greenhouse succulent-stemmed
perennials. Grown for the beauty of globose stems. Allied to Mam-
milarias.
CULTURE : Compost, equal parts sandy loam, rough old mortar, &
pounded bricks. Position, sunny, airy greenhouse or window. Pot,
March or April, in well-drained pots just large enough to accommodate
roots. Eepot every third or fourth year only. Water moderately
March to Sept., once a fortnight Sept. to Doc, none afterwards.
Syringe on evenings of warm days, June to Sept. Apply soot water to
healthy plants, June to Sept. Ventilate freely in summer. Temp.,
March to Sept. 60° to 70°; Sept. to March 50° to 55°. Propagate by
seeds sown \ m. deep in well-drained pans or pots of sandy soil in temp.
75° in March, keeping soil moderately moist; by cuttings of the tops
of tlie plants inserted in small pots of sandy, gritty compost in spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Engelmanni, 4 to 6 in., Mexico; prismaticum, 6 in.,
Mexico; Williamsii, 3 to 4 in.,Mexico.
Anig^OZEinthOSi — Ord. Haemodoraceae. Greenhouse herbaceous
perennials. Nat. Australia. First introduced 1802.
CULTURE: Compost, one part loam, two parts peat, & one part
silver sand. Pot in March. Position, pots in cool greenhouse fully
exposed to light. Water freely in spring & summer, moderately in
autumn & winter. Temp., 40° to 50° in winter; no heat at other times.
Propagate Wdivision of the roots in spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. bicolor, scarlet and green. May, 3 ft.; Manglesii,
green and red, July, 3 ft. pulcherrima, yellow and white. May, 2 ft.
; rufa, ;
purple, June, 2 ft.
Animated Oat (Avena sterilis). — See Avena.
Anise. —See Pimpiuella.
Aniseed Tree (lUicium floridanum).—See lUicium.
AncectOChilUS (King-plant).— Ord. Orchidaceae. Stove terres-
trial orchids. Orn. foliage. Ht. 3 to Bin. Leaves, bronze, olive,
golden, green.
CULTURE Compost, peat, sand, & sphagnum moss in equal parts.
:
BNOYCLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
Anona (Alligator Apple; Custard Apple; Sweet Sop).— Ord. Ano-
naceae. Stove evergreen sliruba. First introduced 1690. Leaves fra-
grant. Fruit of A. muricata, A. reticulata, & A. squamosa edible.
CULTURE Compost, two parts loam, one part peat, & a little silver
:
sand. Pot, March or April. Position, light & sunny. Water freely
March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Syringe daily April to Sept.
Shade from bright sunshine. Temp., March to Oct. 65^ to 85°; Oct. to
March 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds in spring, or by cuttings of
firm shoots in moist sand under bell-glass in temp. 75° in summer.
SPECIES OULTITATED: A. Cherimolia (Cherimoyer), brown, Aug., 12 to 18 ft.,
Trop. America; murioata (Sonr Sop), yellow, summer, 10 ft., Trop. America;
palustria (Alligator Apple), yellow, summer, 10ft., Trop. America; reticulata
^Custard Apple), yellow and brown, summer, 15 to 18 ft., Trop. America; squamosa
(Sweet Sop), white, summer, 15 to 20 ft., W. Indies.
—
Anopterus (Tasmanian Laurel). Ord. Saxifragacae. Green-
house flowering shrub. Evergreen. First introduced 1823.
CULTURE Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand. Pot &
:
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Liliago (St. Bernard's Lily), white, July and Aug.,
12 to 18 in., S. Europe; Liliago major, a superior form; ramosum, white. June to
Aug., 2 ft., S. Europe. See the genus Paradisea, Pulyinella, and Chlorophytum for
other species formerly included in this genus.
AnthOlyza (African Corn-flag). — Ord. Iridaceae. Hardy bulbous
perennials. First introduced. 1756.
CULTURE: Soil, light, sandy. Position, sunny border, well
drained; pots in cool greenhouse. Plant bulbs 6 in. deep. Bin. apart
in border, or six in a G in. pot, Oct. Bulbs to be lifted in Aug., dried,
27
EnCYOLOP^DIA OP GARDENING.
<kstored till Oct. in cool place. Propagate by offsets at planting time;
seeds in slight heat in spring.
SPECIES OULTITATED: A. »thiopioa, red and yellow, .Tune, 3 to 4ft.; A.
paniculata, yellow and red, July, 3 to 4 ft. Natives of S. Africa.
Anthony-nut (Staphylea pinnata). See Staphylea.—
Anthoxanthum (Sweet Vernal-grass;. Ord. Gramineae. —
Hardy perennial flowering grass. Inflorescence has the odour of newly
mown hay, and is useful for drying for winter bouquets.
OULTtJEE: Soil, ordinary. Plant, Oct. or March. Position, open
border. Propagate by seeds sown Jin. deep where plants are to grow
in April; division of roots, Oct. or March.
SPECIES OULTITATED: A. odoratum, 1ft., Europe; Pnelii, Bin., Europe.
AnthriSCUS —
Ord. TJmbelliferse. Hardy annual herb
(Chervil).
used for garnishing &
flavouring. First introduced 1656.
CULTURE : Position, shady in summer, south bor-
Soil, ordinary.
der in winter. Sow seeds broadcast J in. deep, or similar depth in drills
6 in. apart in March or Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED A. cerefolium (Chervil), 6 in., Europe, Asia, et«.
:
Position, pots, well drained, shady. Pot, March. Water freely March
to Nov., moderately afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 60° to 65°;
March to Sept. 70° to 8lJ°. Propagate by division of roots in March;
seeds sown in a mixture of chopped sphagnum moss, charcoal, & sand
in temp, of 80° in spring.
SPBOIBS CULTIVATED, Flowering; A. andreanum, ecarkt and white,
Colombia ornatum, white and purple, -Venezuela scherzeriannm, scarlet, Guate-
; ;
CULTUEE: ordinary.
Soil, Position, open or partially shaded
border. Plant, Oct. Propagate shrubby kinds by cuttings of young
shoots under bell-glass in cold frame in March herbaceous species by
;
BNOYCLOP^DIA OF GARDMNINO.
March. Propagate by seeds sown J in. deep in sandy soil in cold frame
in Aug., or in open border in April; diyision of the roots in Oct. or
April.
SPEOIES CULTIVATED: A. alpina, blue and white, May to July, 13 to 18 in.,
Alps; canadensis, scarlet and yellow, April to June, 1 to 2ft., N. America;
cierulea, blue and wbite. May, 12 to 18in., N.W. America; ohrysantha, primrose-
yellow and purple. May to Aug., 3ft., New Mexico; formosa, red and yellow,
summer, 3 ft., N. America; glandulosa, blue and white, April to June, 8 to 12 in.,
Siberia; olympica, blue and white, April and May, 18 in.. Orient; pyrenaica, lilao
blue, April to June, 9 to 13 in., Pyrenees; sibirica, lilao and white, June and
.luly, Siberia; Skinneri, yellow and red, June to Aug., 2 to 3 ft., Mexico;
Stuartii, blue and white, June, 9 in., hybrid; TUlgaris (Common Columbine),
various colours, single and double, 3 ft., Britain. A number of lovely hybrids
exist, which will be found in lists.
Arabian —
vlaSEnane (Jasminum Sambac). See Jasminum.
Arabis (Wall Cress; Hock Cress;.— Ord. Cruciferie. Hardy an-
nual, perennial Alpine trailing plants.
OUETUEE: Soil, ordinary. Position, edgings to well-drained bor-
ders or massing on sunny rockeries ; carpeting beds of Spring-flowering
bulbs, etc. Plant, Oct. &. Nov. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep
outdoors in Aprilj cuttings inserted in shady border in Aug. ; division
of roots in Oct.
SPEOIES CULTIVATED: A. albida, white, spring, 6 to 9 in., Tauria, etc.;
albida flore-pleno ; double-flowered ; alLida variegata, leaves edged with white
alpina, white, March, (i in., Europe ; arenosa, rose. May; 6 in., Europe ; -blepharo-
phylla, purple, Feb., 6 in., California; lucida, or berbidifolia, variegata, yellow-
edged leaves, 6 in., Europe; verna, purple. May, 4 in., S. Europe, an annua]
species.
Arachis (Monkey Nut; Earth Nut; Ground Nut).— Ord. Legu-
Diinosae. Stove annual. Flowers, yellow; May. After flowering the
seed pod is gradually forced into the soil to ripen its seeds, which are
edible.
OULTUEE : Compost, loam, leaf-mould & sand. Sow seeds in temp,
of 75° to 85° in spring; plant seedlings in small pots and grow in a
light position. Water moderately. Temp. 75° to 8S°-
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. hypogKa, 1 ft.. West Indies.
—
Aralia (Angelica Tree). Ord. Araliaceae. Stove hardy plants &
shrubs. Orn. foliage. Evergreen & deciduous. First introduced
1658.
CULTUllE OF STOVE SPEOIES Compost, equal parts loam, peaty
:
& sheltered outdoors away from smoky districts. Plant, Sept. to Nov.
Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in light soil, temp. 65°, Peb., March,
April. , ,
CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES Compost, two parts loam,
:
one part leaf-mould, and one part silver sand. Position, pots or tubs
well drained in sunny house. Repot in March. Water freely during
spring and summer, moderately at other seasons. Avoid overcrowd-
ing; give plenty of room. Temp., March to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to
March 45° to 55°. Requires plenty of air in summer. Propagate by
means of cuttings of ends of young shoots inserted in sandy loam in a
warm greenhouse in autumn; tali, overgrown plants by stem-rooting
in spring.
HARDY SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. imbrioata (CHli Pine), 50 to 100ft., Chili;
imbricata aurea, golden-tinted foliage.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Bidwillii (Bunya-Bunya Tree), 100
to 150 ft., Queensland; Cookii, ISO to 200 ft.. New Caledonia; Cnnninghamii
(Moreton Bay Pine), 70 to 100ft., Queensland; excelsa (Norfolk Island Pine),
100 to 120 ft., Norfolk Island; and its varieties glauoa (goldieana and robusta);
Uulei, 60 ft., New Caledonia.
Araujia.—Ord. Asclepiadaceae. Stove flowering evergreen climbers.
Nat. Brazil. First introduced 1837.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam & sand. Position,
pots or beds; shoots trained up roof or round wire trellis. Pot, Feb.
or March. Water freely March to Sept., moderately afterwards.
Syringe twice daily March to Aug. Prunj shoots moderately annually
in Jan. Apply liquid manure occasionally during May, June, & July.
Temp., March to Oct. 65° to 75° ; Oct to March 55° to 65°. Propagate
by cuttings of young shoots 4 in. long inserted in sandy soil under
propagating- Bflass in temp. 75° to 80° in spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED A. grandiflora (Syn. A. grayeolens and Sobubertia gran-
:
diflora), white, fragrant, Oct.; sericifera (Syn. Physianthus albens), white, Aug.
—
Arbor-vitse (Thuya occidentalis). See Thuya.
Arbutus —
(Strawberry-tree). Ord. Ericaceas.' Hardy orn. foliage
& fruit-bearing trees. Evergreen. Fruit, globular, scarlet, straw-
berry-like; ripe in Oct., year after flowering.
CULTURS: Soil, sandy peat. Position, sunny, sheltered. Plant,
Sept. to Dec. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in well-drained pans
of sandy peat in cold frame in March ; budding in July or Aug. or
;
inarching in April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Andraohne, greenish white, April, 12 to 14 ft..
Levant; hybrida, white. Sept.. 8 to 10ft., hybrid; Uenziesii, white, Sept., 10ft,
N. America Unedo, white, Sept., 10 to 20 ft., S. Europe, including Ireland.
;
Archansei —
(Angelica officinalis). See Angelica.
Arctic Bramble (Eubus arcticus).—See Rubus.
ArctotiS.— Ord. Compositaa. Half-hardy herbaceous perennials,
adapted for cool greenhouse and outdoor culture.
OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, loamy, enriched with leaf-mould.
Position, preferably sunny, but will do in shade. Plant in April or
May. Protect by handlights or frames in winter. Best raised from
seed or cuttings annually, & grown outside in summer only.
INDOOR CULTURE: Compost, equal parts of loam & leaf-mould
with a little sand. Position, well-drained pots in sunny part of green-
house. Water liberally from March to Oct., moderately at other
33
ENCYCLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
seasons. Propagate by seeds sown in a temp, of 55° to 65° in March.
Avoid a too damp atmospliere. Also by cuttings of side shoots inserted
in pots of sandy soil in a cold frame in early summer.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. aoaulis, red and yellow, summer, 18 in., 8. Africa;
aspera, yellow, July, 2 to 3 ft., S. Africa.
ArdiSia, (Spear-flower). Ord. —
Myrsinaceae. Stove-flowering &
berry-bearing plants. Evergreen. First introduced 1809.
CULTURE: Oompost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, & sand.
Pot, Feb. to March. Position, pots, in light, sunuy part of stove.
Water freely in summer, little in winter. Prune straggly shoots back
closely in March. Temp., March to Sept. 70" to 80°; Sept. to March
55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown \ in. deep in above compost in
temp. 75° in spring; cuttings of side shoots in similar soil & temp.,
March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. crenata, flowers white, borne in June, followed by
ft., China
pretty red berries, 3 to 4 crenata alba, a white-berried variety.
;
Areca —
(Betel-nut Palm). Ord. Palmaceae. Stove palms. Orn.
foliage. First introduced 1690.
CULTUEE Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, & sand.
:
Position, shady, moist. Water freely at all times. Pot, Feb., March.
Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 85° ; Sept. to March 60° to 65°. Propagate
by seeds.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Catechu ^Betel.nut Palm), 20 to 30 ft., Trop. Asia.
is now included in tl^e genus Chrysalidocarpus, which
A. lutescens see.
Arenaria —
(Sand-wort). Ord. Caryophyllaceae. Hardy herbaceous
perennials or rockery plants. First introduced 1731.
CULTUEE Soil, ordinary, moist. Position, partially shaded
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDSNINO.
CULTUEE OF STOVE AND GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost,
equal parts peat, leaf-mould, loam & sand. Position, pots stove or m
greenhouse. Pot, March. Water freely March to Oct., keep dry after-
wards. Temp. 70° to 80° March to Oct. & 60° to 65°. Oct. to March
for stove species; 40° to 50° Oct. to March & 55 to 60° March to Oct.
for greenhouse species. Propagate by division of tubers.
STOVE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. coaoinnum, white. June, 1 to 2ft., Himar
layas; galeatum, white, July, 1 ft., Himalayas; tortuosum, white, April, 4 ft.,
Himalayas.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. speoiosum, white, March, 1 to 2ft.,
Himalayas; triphyllum or atrorubens, green and purple, Juife, 1 to 2 ft., N.
America.
HARDY SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Grifithii, brown, violet, and green. May,
12 to 18 in.,Himalayas; riugens, white and green, April, 2 ft., Japan.
—
Aristea. Ord. Iridaceae. Greenhouse evergreen flowering shrub.
First introduced 1803.
CULTURE: Compost, two parts good peat, one part sandy loam <Sc
little sand. Position, well-drained pots in light, airy greenhouse.
Pot, Feb. or March. Water copiously, April to Oct., moderately after-
wards. Temp., Oct. to March 4X)° to 50^; March to Oct. 50° to 60°.
An abundance of air required in summer, moderate amount other times.
Propagate by seeds sown in sandy loam & peat in temp. 55° to 65° in
spring; by offsets removed from parent plant March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. corymbosa (Syn. Witsenia corymbosa), purple,
summer, 3 ft., S. Africa.
AristOlochia, (Birth-wort; Dutchman's Pipe). Ord. Aristolo- —
chiaceaa. Stove & hardy climbing or herbaceous plants. Evergreen &
deciduous. First introduced 1727.
CULTURE OF STOVE AND GREENHOUSE SPECIES : Compost,
two-thirds loam, one-third leaf-mould & sand. Position, pots or bor-
ders; shoots trained close to roof of stove. Pot in March. Water
freely in summer, little in winter. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 80°,
Sept. to March 60° to 65°. Prune straggly shoots only. Propagate by
seeds sown in light, rich soil in temp. 75 in March ; cuttings in similar
soil & temp., Feb.
CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, good ordinary, well
drained. Position, sunny borders for herbaceous species south, west, ;
ENOYOLOPMDIA
« —
~ OF GARDENING. . . —
ArnattO —
(Bixia orellano). See Bixia.
—
Arnebia. Ord. Boragiuaceae. Hardy annuals & perennials
OULTUEE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny rockery, well drained.
Sow seeds of annual species in light soil in gentle heat in March, &
plant out seedlings in May. Plant perennial species in Oct. or March
& increase by cuttings or seeds.
ANNUAL SPECIES: A. oornuta, yellow, spotted with pnrple, BOmmer, 18 in.
to 2 ft., Tnrkestan; Grifatliii, yellow, Jnly, 9 in., N.W. India.
PBBENNIAL SPECIES: A. maorothyrsa, yellow, summer, 1 ft., N. Kurdistan.
A. eohioides (Prophet Flower) now included in genus Macrotomia, whioh see.
Arpopnyllum. — Ord. Orchidacese. Warm greenhouse terrestrial
orchids. Evergreen. First introduced 1838.
CULTURE Compost, good fibry peat & charcoal. Pot, Feb. or
:
and Guatemala.
Arrow Arum —
(Peltandra virginica). See Peltandra.
Arrow-head —
(Sagittaria sagittifolia). See Sagittaria.
Arrow-root Plant (Marauta arundinacea). See Maranta. —
Artemisia (Old Man; Old Woman; Lad's Love; Wormwood;
—
Tarragon; Southernwood). Ord. Compositse. Hardy shrubs, herba^
ceous perennials and annuals, with hoary and fragrant foliage. Ever-
green & deciduous.
CULTURE OP SHRUBBY AND HERBACEOUS SPECIES: Soil,
ordinary. Position, sunny borders or rookeries. Plant, Oct. or March.
Increased by cuttings inserted in open ground in summer for shrubby
kinds; division in Oct. or March for herbaceous species; seeds sown
outdoors in April for annual & other species.
CULTURE OF TARRAGON: Soil, light, dryish, ordinary. Posi-
tion, sunny border. Plant roots 2 to 3 in. deep, 8 in. apart in rows
18 in. asunder, March or April. Replant annually. Cut foliage off
in Sept., & dry it for use in winter. Place a few roots in ordinary soil
in box or large pot, & put this in warm greenhouse in Oct. to supply
young shoots during winter. Propagate by cuttings of shoots inserted
in ordinary soil in temp. 55° in March or April, or under hand-light
outdoors in July ; division of the roots in March or April.
SHEUBBT SPECIES A. Abrotannm (Southernwood, Lad's Love, or Old Man),
:
yellow, Aug., leaves fragrant, 2 to 4 ft., Europe ; oserulesoens, blue, Aug., leaves
silky white, 2 ft., S. Europe.
HAUDT PERENNIAL SPECIES CULTIVATED : A. alpina, yellow, summer, 6 in.,
Caucasus; argentea, yellow, July, IS in.; Madeira; cana, yellow, Aug., 2 to 3 ft.,
N. America; lanata, silvery leaved, prettj., 6 in., Europe; dranunouloides (Tarra-
gon), 2ft., N. America; pontica, grey foliage, 2ft,, Austria; Ahsinthum (Worm*
wood), yellow, Aug., 18 in., Europe.
ANNUAL SPECIES: A. annua, yellow, summer, 5 to 6ft., E. Europe.
ArthropOdium. —Ord. Liliacese. Greenhouse herbaceous peren-
nials. First introduced 1800.
CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part peat, & a
liberal quantity of silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in sunny
part of greenhouse. Pot, March or April. Water freely spring &
summer, moderately autumn & winter. Temp., Oct. to March 40° to
45° ; March to Oct. 55° to 65°- Propagate by seeds sown in a mixture
35 c2
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENINO.
temp, of 55°
of equal parts sandy loam, peat, leaf-mould & sand, in a
spring.
to 65"' in spring; also by off-sets or suckers removed in Zea^nd, neo-
SPECIES tjULU'IFATED A. oirrhatum, white, May, 3 ft., New
:
May, dii.,
oaledonioum, white. May, 18 in., Kew Caledonia; paniottlatum, white,
New South Wales.
Artichoke.—See Cynara, Helianthus, & Stachys.
Artillery Plant (Pilea muscosa).— See Pilea.
Artocarpus (Bread-fruit or Jack-tree).— Ord. Urticaceae. htove
evergreen trees. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1793. Leaves, large,
crimson or green.
CULTURE Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould & sand.
:
Pot, Feb., March. Position, shady & moist. Prune into shape, Feb.
Water freely in summer, moderately in winter. Temp., March to
Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to March 55= to 60°. Propagate by stem-
rooting firm shoots in Feb., March suckers at any time.
;
one part decayed manure, & one part sand. Position, well-drained
border at base of south wall, or pots in a cool greenhouse. Plant or
pot in autumn. Water freely whilst growing in pots; keep dry when
foliage dies. Protect those outdoors with a covering of leaves in winter.
HAIIDT SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. italioum (Italian Arum), creamy white,
spring, 12 to 18 in,, S, Europe; italicum marmoralum, leaves marbled with yellow;
maculatum (Cuckoo-pint), yellowish green, spotted purple, 6 in,, Britain.
HALF-HARDT SPECIES CULTIVATED; A, palarstinum (Syn. A. sanctnm),
yellow and purple. May, 2 ft,, Syria, For other species formerly known as
Arums see Arisaema, Helicodiceros, Dracunculus. and lliehardia.
Arum Lily (Richardia africana), — See Richardia.
Arundinaria (Bamboo). — Ord. Graminese. Hardy
Japanese
shrubby plants with slender stems furnished with graceful grassy
foliage.
CliLTURE; Soil, loam, leaf-mould & sand. Position, sheltered, in
isolated groups or masses on lawns or shrubberies; not hardy N. of
England, Plant, April. Propagate by division of roots in April,
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A, anoeps, 6 to 8 ft,, .Tapan aristata, 6 to 10 ft.,
;
Fortunei variegata, leaves striped with white 12 to 18 in. ; Fortunei aurea, leaves
;
striped yellow; Hindsii (Syn. Bambusa ereota), 6 to 13ft,, Japan; japonioa (Syn.
Bambusa Metake), 10 to 15 ft., Japan; Laydeokeri (Syn. Bambusa Laydeokeri),
3 ft,, Japan; nitida, 6 to 12 ft,, China; nobilis, 12 to 24 ft,, China; palmata (Syn.
Bambusa palmata), 6 to 10 ft,, Japan; pumila (Syn, Bambusa pumila), 12 to 18 in
Japan; pygmsea (Syn, Bambusa pygmaja), 3 to 4 in,, Japan; Simoni (Syn. Bambusa
Simoni), 20 to 25ft., China; Toitchii, 2 to 3ft., Japan,
ArundO (Heed-grass), Ord. —
Graminese. Hardy perennial
grasses. Flowering & orn. foliage.
CULTURE: Soil, well-drained sandy loam. Position, moist & shel-
tered in isolated groups on lawns margins of water for A. Phragmites.
:
nnOYOLOTMBIA OP GARDUINING.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. Donax, reddish white, Aug., ]3 ft., S. Europe;
Bonax versicolor or variegata, leaves striped with white, 3 ft.; Phragmites conir
munis (Syn. Phragmites communis), purplish, Aug., 6 to 10 ft., Britain. The
species formerly known as A. conspicua is now placed in the genus Cortadeira,
which see.
Asclepias —
(Swallow-wort). Ord. Asclepiadiaceae. Hardy her-
baceous perennials. First introduced 1690.
CULTCEE: Soil, rich, light peat. Position, sunny & moist borders.
Plantj Oct. or April. Propagate by division of roots in Oct. or April;
algo by seeds sown in cold frames in spring. All require protection
in severe weather.
Si-JSOIES CULTIYATED A. acuminata, red and white, July, 2 ft.. New .Jersey
:
amcena, purple, July, 2 to 3ft., Sew England; incarnata, red, 2ft., N. America;
phytolacooides, purple and white, July, 3 to 4 ft., Virginia;- obtusa (Syn. A. purpur-
asoens), purple, July, 2 to 3 ft., Virginia; quadrifolia, lilac-white, .luly, fragrant,
1 ft., America speciosa (Syn. A. Douglasii), purple-lilac, fragrant, July, 2 to 3 ft., N.W.
;
America; rubra, purple-red, .luly, 1 to 2 ft., Virginia; syi-iaca, purple, fragrant, .luly,
3 to 5 ft., N. America; tuberosa, orange, ,Tuly to Sept., 1 to 2 ft., N. America;
variegata, white and purple, July, 3 to 4 ft., Carolina; verticillata, yellow and
white, July, 1 to 2 ft.. New Jersey.
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior).—See Fraxinus.
Ash-leaf Fern.—See Marattia & Anemia.
Asparagrus. —Ord. Liliaceae. Greenhouse & hardy climbers,
including the popular edible Asparagus. Foliage of the greenhouse
species, feru-like, green, and extensively used as a substitute for fern
frond? in floral decorations.
CULTURE OF GKEENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts
loam, one part of equal proportions of leaf-mould, peat & silver sand.
Position, pots, tubs, or beds, for climbers, shoots trained up roof or
back walls of greenliouse; dwarf kinds in pots suspended from roof.
Pot or plant in March. Water and syringe freely during the summer,
moderately at other seasons. Apply weak liquid manure occasionally
to established plants. Increased by seeds sown in above compost in
temp. 70° in spring; cuttings of shoots in propagating frame in March;
division of roots in March. Temp., Sept to March 50° to 55°; March to
Sept. 55° to 60°.
CULTURE OF HARDY
SPECIES: Soil, sandy loam. Position,
sunny walls or arbours. Plant Oct. or March. Propagate by seeds
sown in cold frame in spring; division of roots in Oct. or March.
CULTURE OF EDIBLE ASPARAGUS Soil, deep rich sandy loam.
:
third spit with fork. Put a thick layer of manure over third spit If,
work in a liberal quantity of old mortar, decayed vegetable matter,
& rotten manure among upper spots. In March, double dig the soil,
again and add layer of decayed manure between first and second spits.
In case of heavy wet soils put a thick layer of brick rubble under second
spit in Oct. Plant in April. Mark out two rows on each bed, each
row being 9 in. from alley. Open a trench 12 in. deep on each side of
row thus A, and spread out roots on each side; plants to be 15 in.
apart. Fill up trenches with soil & make level. "Crowns" or points
or each plant to be 5 in. below surface. Mulch with decayed manure.
Three-year-old plants best for planting. Cutting; No shoots to be
removed first year, moderate quantity second year, freely afterwards.
Shoots should not be less than 6 in. long when cut. Cease cutting
end of June. General treatment: Apply manures as advised below.
37
ENOYCLOPJEDIA OF GARDENING.
Keep beds free of weeds. Cut down stems early in Nov. Top-dress
with decayed manure in Nov.. previously lightly forking up surface,
& cover with sprinkling of soil. In March, lightly fork over surface,
rake off rough particles into alley, & leave smooth & neat. Solid
manures: Decayed horse manure for heavy soils; cow or pig manures
for light soils; seaweed mixed with above manures & applied as a
top-dressing in Nov. ; common salt, 1 oz. to a square yard, applied
once a month, May to Sept. Peruvian guano 1 oz. to a square yard,
;
applied once a month, April to Sept. 3 lb. common salt, 1^ lb. super-
;
with 3 in. of light soil. Place roots on this and cover to depth of 5 in.
Keep soil moist & frame closed until shoots appear, when admit a little
air. Temp., 60° to 75°- Boots of no use after forcing.
Peopagation op Edible Asparagus. —
Propagate by seeds
sown in groups of three or four in holes 1 in. deep & 15 in. apart
in rows formed as advised for planting; or in drills 1 in. deep & 12 in.
—
apart in ordinary soil both in March or April. Thin seedlings raised
by the first method to one in each group in May; those by the second
method to a foot apart when 3 in. high. Transplant latter into per-
manent beds when two or three years old. Seedlings ready to cut
fourth year after sowing. Seeds take 20 days to germinate. A quarter-
pint of seed will sow a row 50 ft. long. Five pounds of seed required
to sow an acre, or yield 14,000 plants.
Maeket Culture or Edible Asparagus Soil, rich loam or
: sandy
loam, deeply ploughed or trenched. Manures: 40 tons of farm-
yard manure and 3 cwt. of kainit per acre applied in autumn. Apply
annually in April 2 cwt. of nitrate of soda or 1 cwt. Peruvian guano
per acre to established beds; or 40 bushels of soot per acre applied in
March. Nitrate of soda preferable to salt. Sow seeds in drills 2 in.
deep and 12 in. apart in March. Following March or April dig out
trenches 10 in. deep and 4 ft. apart, plant seedling crowns 2 ft. apart
in these, and cover with 2 in. of soil. Leave remainder of trench
unfilled. Horse-hoe land between frequently; the trenches will
gradually fill up. Mow off foliage in autumn. In autumn of second
year apply 20 tons of manure per acre. Third year commence to
gather the shoots. Break, not cut, them off just beneath surface.
Gather when 6 to 7 in. long. Grade into -sizes, & marl-et in bundles
4 in. in diameter and 7 in. long. Average yield per acre, 3 to 10 cwt.,
or 200 to 600 bundles of 100 shoots. Quantity of seed to sow an acre,
6 lb. plants or crowns, 14,000. Prices for forced, 2s. 6d. to 10s. ; out-
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
GREENHOTJSE SPECIES: A. tethiopious, 10 ft., S. Africa; medeolioideB (Syn.
Myrsiphyllam or Medoola asparagoides), commonly called " Smilax," 6 to 10 ft.,
S. Africa; plumosua, 4 to 10 ft., S. Africa, and its varieties, nanus and tennissimns;
soandens, S. Africa; Sprengeri, 1 to 3 ft.. Natal; verticillatus, 10 ft., S. Africa.
HAEDT SPECIES: A. Bronssonettii, 10 ft., red berried, Canary Islands;
of&oinalis (Edible Asparagus), Europe.
Aspen —
(Populus tremula). See Populus.
Asperula (Woodruff; Squinanoy-wort). Ord. KubiaceaB. Hardy
herbaceous perennials & annuals. Foliage fragrant when dry.
—
OTJLTUllE: Soil, light, rich. Position under the shade of trees or
rockeries or in open borders. Plant, Oct., Nov. Propagate perennial
species by division of roots in March perennials & annuals by seeds
;
enoyolopjEdia of oardening.
STOVE SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. amabile, India and Japan; anomalnm,
Ceylon ; auriculatum, India ; muoronatum, Jamaica ; trif oliatnra, West Indies
Tiviparum, West Indies.
GUEBNHOUSE SPECIES CULTIVATED A. oapense, Cape of Good Hope, Tropical
:
America, etc. falcatum (Syn. Cyrtomium falcatum), Japan, Cliina, etc. falcatum
; ;
^tjlystichum Lonchitis), the Holly Fern, Britain, etc. munitum (Syn. Polystichum
;
munitum), N. America. See hardy fern opccialists' lists for names of varieties.
Asplenium (Spleenwort; Lady Fern; Bird's-nest Fern; Wall-
—
rue Fern; Scale Fern, etc.) Ord. Filices. Stove greenhouse & hardy
ferns. Ht. 6 in. to 4 ft.
CULTTJEE OF STOVE AND GREENHOUSE SPECIES Compost, :
equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould & sand. Pot, March. Water freely
in summer, moderately in winter. Temp., Stove species, Sept. to March
60° to 70°, March to Sept. 70° to 80°; greenhouse, Sept. to March 50°
to 55°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°- Propagate by spores sown in sandy
peat at any time.
CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES.—Compost, equal parts peat, loam,
leaf-mould, sand & old mortar rubbish. Position, old walls for Scale,
Wallrue & Maidenhair Spleenworts; moist, shady borders for Ljidy
Fern rockeries for other kinds. Plant in April. Increased by spores
;
MNGYCLOFMBIA OF GARDENING.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. aoris, lilao-purple, Aug., 3 ft., S. Europe; alpinuff,
pnrpie, July. 6 in., Europe; Amellue (Italian Starwort), purple, Aug., 2 ft.. Europe,
and its variety bossarabious ; BolUdiastrum, white, July, 1 ft., Europe; cordifolius,
mauve, July, 2 ft., N. America; dllflsbus, white, Oct., 2 ft., jN. America, and its
variety horizontalis ; dumosas, mauve, Oct., 18 in., N. America; erfboides, white,
Oct., 2 to 3 ft., N. America; grandiflorus, violet, Nov. 2 to 3 ft., 'Vfrginia; Isevis,
blue, .Sept., 2 ft., N. America; Linosyris (Syn. Glirysocoma Linosyrra), the Cioldi-
locks, yellow, Aug., 1 ft., Europe; Kovse-AngliK, purple, Sept., 5 to 6 ft., N.
America, and its numerous varieties; ^ovi-Belgii, blue, Sept., 4 ft,. North America,
and its numerous forms; ptarmicoides, white, Aug., 18 in., W. America; puniceus,
blue, Sept.. 6 ft., N. America; Shortii, blush, 3 ft., Sept., United States; Trades-
cantea, white, Oct., 4 ft. (True Michaelmas Daisy), N. America; turbinellus,
mauve, Aug., 3 ft., N. America; versicolor, pink and white, Sept., 3 ft., N.
America; vimineus, white, Sept., 3 ft., N. America. Scores of varieties of many
of the foregoing species will be found in trade lists.
—
Astiibe (False Goat's-beard). Ord. Saxifragaceae. Hardy herba-
ceous and shrubby perennials. Used also for forcing for flowering
early in greenhouses.
CULTURE OUTDOORS; Soil, loamy. Position, moist, shady bor-
ders, or margins of lakes or ponds. Plant in Oct. or spring. Require
plenty of water in dry weather .
BNOtCLOPMDIA OF OABDMNINO.
Athyrium. —See Aspidium.
—
Atriplex ^Orache). Ord. Chenopodiaceje. Hardy annuals. A.
hortensis (Oracne, or Mountain Spinach) occasionally grown as a sub-
stitute for Spinach. A. hortensis rubra (Eed Orache) used for border
decoration.
CULTURE OF ORACHE Soil, ordinary. Sow seeds at intervals of a
:
few weeks from March onwards in drills an inch deep & 2 ft. apart.
When seedlings are 3 in. high, thin them to 18 in. apart. Gather
youngest and most succulent leaves for cooking as required.
CULTURE OF EED ORACHE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
borders in wild garden. Sow seeds broadcast where required to grow
in March or April. Usually reproduces itself freely from seeds.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. hortensis, green, summer, 3 to 5 ft., Tartary;
liortensis rubra, foliage red.
Auberg^ine (Solauum melongana). —See Solanum.
Aubrietia (Purple Rock-cress). —Ord. Cruciferae. Hardy trail-
ing perennial. Evergreen.
First introduced 1710.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary.
: Position, sunny rockery or border.
Plant, Oct. or spring. Propagate by slips dibbled in shady border in
June, transplanting them in Nov. ; seeds sown in shady border in April.
This plant may be grown on old walls if seeds are sown in mossy
chinks in March; useful for edgings to borders & for spring bedding.
Straggly plants best trimmed in closely after flowering.
SPBCIBS CULTIVATED; A. deltoidea, purple, spring, 3 to 3 ins., 8. Europe.
The" following are varieties of the foregoing species : Bougainvillea, Tiolet-purpfe
Campbellii, violet; grseca, purple; Eyroi, violet-purple; grandiflora, purple; Leitch-
linii, red ; Leitchlinii rosea, rose ; purpurea, purple ; and violaoea, violet- purple.
Aucuba fSpotted Laurel; Variegated Laurel) .—Ord. Cornaceae.
Hardy everfrreeu shrub. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1783.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open or in shade; grand town
shrub. Plant, Oct., Nov., April. Propagate by seeds sown J in. deep
in cold frame in Oct. cuttings inserted in sandy soil in sheltered
;
border or cold frame in Sept., Oct., Nov. Female aucubus bear red
berries freely iu winter if a male plant be planted close to them, or
if a, branch of male blossom be placed on female plant when in bloom.
Aucubas useful forpot culture in cool greenhouses or windows in winter
SPECIES CULTIVATED: A. japonioa, 6 to 10 ft., Japan; and its varieties, albo-
variegata, aurea, fruoto-alba, limbata, maculata, vera nana, viridis etc
Auricula (Primula auricula). — See Primula.
Australian Bee-flower (Kenuedya coccinea).
nedya.
— See Ken-
Australian Blue-bell Creeper (Sollya heterophylla).—See
SoUya.
Australian Currant (Leucopogon Reichi).— See Leucopogou.
Australian Everlasting:.—See Helipterum.
Australian Feather-palm (Ptychosperma elegans). — See
Ptychosperma.
Australian
Erigpron.
Flea-bane (Erigeron mucronatus). — See
seeds,
SPECIES CULTIYATED: B. oaryotasfolia, Brazil; Maraja, Brazil; pallidispina,
Guiana.
Bseria. —Ord. Compositae. Hardy annual. First introduced 1835.
CULTURE :Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny border. Propagate by
seeds sown ^ in. deep in April where plants are to flower.
SPECIES OULTITATED B. ohrysostoma, yellow. May, 8 to 12 in., California.
:
panula
Barren Strawberry (Waldsteinia fragarioides).— See Wa,ld-
steinia.
Barren-vwort. —See Epimedium.
Bart on a. —See Mentzelia.
J
Guiana.
Bat WIIIOVNf (Salix alba caerulea). See Salix. —
Bauhinia. — Ord. Legumin'osae. Stove flowering shrubs. Ever-
green. Shy bloomers of no great v-alue. First introduced 1690.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts peat & loam, one-sixth sand. Pot
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OV GARDENING.
plants. Evergreen. First introduced, 1845. Leaves, long, narrow,
green.
CTJLTUEE Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part silver sand.
:
sixth sand. Pot & prune, March; make soil quite firm & drain pots
well. Water freely May to Aug., moderately at other times. Temp.,
Sept. to March 45'^ to 50° March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by
;
rel''Smi,'2^f'i"c\1na'=.°= ^^
""""*"*'' <«^- ^"''-«>- ---) fellow and
Belladonna Lily (Amaryllis belladonna),_See Amaryllis
'uiiyms.
Bellflower.—See Campanula.
Bell Heather (Erica tetralix),— See Erica.
43
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Bellidastruni See Aster.
Bel lis (Daisy; Hen & Chickens
herbaceous perennials.
—
Daisy). Ord. Compositae. Hardy
Double-flowered varieties only cultivated
Neat & pretty spring-flowering plants.
CULTCJEE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny or shady. Plant, Oct.
or March. Propagate by division of old plant in June^ inserting divi-
sions 3 in. apart in shady border seeds sown
J in. deep
; boxes of light m
soil in cold frame in March, transplanting seedlings in open border
in July.
SPECIES CULTIVATED ; B. perennis flore-pleno, and its numerous yarietitib.
Native of Britain, etc.
Belljsle Cress
(Barbarea praecox). See Barbarea. —
—
Belllum (False Daisy). Ord. Compositae. Hardy annuals &
perennials. First introduced 1772.
CULTUKE Soil, sandy loam. ]?osition, rockery or border sheltered
:
mould & silver sand. Pot, March. Water freely always. Good
drainage essential. Temp., Sept. to March 65° to 75° March to Sept. ;
Bleeding' Heart —
(Dicentra canadensis). See Dicentra.
Bleeding' Nun —
(Cyclamen europaeum). See Cyclamen.
Blessed Thistle.— See Carbema & Silybum.
—
Bletia. Ord. Orchidaceze. Stove, hardy, terrestial, and epiphy-
tal orchids. Deciduous. First introduced 1733.
CULTURE OF STOTE SPECIES Compost, equal parts loam & leaf-
:
54
ENCYCLOPJSDIA OF OAItDBNING.
Blush Wort.—See ^schynanthus.
Bobartia; (Bobart's
Iris). —
Ord. Iridaceae. Half-hardy bulbous
plants. Nat. C^e
of Good Hope. Krst introduced 1810. Mt. 1 ft.
CULTUEE Position, south bed or border well drained, or on
:
rookery. Plant bulbs 3 in. deep & 3 in. apart in Oct. Lift bulbs after
flowering, dry & store away till planting time in cool place. Propagate
by offsets planted & treated as large bulbs.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. aphylla, wliite and purple, summer; flllformis,
purple, summer; gladiata, yellow, summer; spathaoea, yellow, summer.
Bocconia. (Plume Poppy; Tree CalandineJ.
Ord. Papaveracese. —
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Orn. foliage. I'irst introduced 1795.
Leaves, finely cut, greyish.
CULTUEE Soil, rich loamy, well manured.
: Position, open, sunny,
sheltered from cold winds. Plant, April. Cut down flower stems after
blooming. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots growing out of
axils of leaves, inserted in small pots of sandy soil, temp. 55° under
bell-glass, June to Aug. ; by suckers removed from root, placed in pots
in cold frame in July. Good plant for pot culture in cool greenhouse
or window. Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould & sand.
Pot, March. Water freely spring & summer, moderately other times.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : B. ocrdata, buff or whitish, July, 6 to 8 ft., China.
Bog; Arum — See Calla.
(Calla palustris).
Bog; Bean (Menyanthes —See Menyanthes.
trifoliata).-
Bog; Berry (Vaccinium oxycoccus). —See Vaccinium.
Bog; Myrtle (Myrica Gale). —See Myrica.
Bog; Pimpernel (Anagallis tenella). — See Anagallis.
Bog; Trefoil (Menyanthes trifoliata). —See Menyanthes.
Bog; Violet (Pinguicula vulgaris). —See Pinguicula.
—
Boltonia (False Clhamomile). Ord. Compositae. Kardy herba-
ceous perennials. Nat. N. America. First introduced 1758.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary moist loam. Position, sunny or shady
:
Pot or plant, March. Position, large pots, tubs, or beds, well drained.
Water freely April to Sept., moderately other times. Temp., Sept.
to March 45° to 50° ; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds
sown Jin. deep in pots of light sandy soil in temp. 65° in March; divi-
sion of roots in March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : B. aoutifolia, red, yellow, and green, autumn, 5 to
6 ft., Mexico; Carderi, rose, autumn, 6 to 8 ft., Colombia; edulis, crimson, July,
6 to 6 ft., Trop. America; patacoen«i£ (Syn. B. oonferta) carmine-rose, Aug.
6 to 8 ft., Colombia.
Bona-Nox (Ipomaea Bona-nox). See Ipomaea. —
Bong;ardia. —
Ord. Berberidaceas. Hardy tuberous-rooted
perennial. Flowering. Nat. Persia, Syria. First introduced 1740.
CULTUEE Soil, light, sandy. Position, south bed or border, well
:
—
Borag;e. See Borago.
55
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OABDENING.
Boragro (Borage). —Ord. Boraginaceso. Hardy annual & peren-
nial plants. Common species (B. officinalis) used for flavouring claret-
cup and as a bee food.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary.
: Position, sunny rockeries, dry banks.
Sow seeds of common borage annually in March where required to
grow, afterwards thinning seedlings to 8 in. apart. Propagate annuals
& biennials by seed sown as above; perennials by division of roots in
April.
SPEOIES CULTIVATED: B. laxifloriv, blue, Aug., 6 in., Corsica, perennial;
(Common Borag-e),
officinalis blue, summer, 1 to 3 ft., Britain, annual.
Borecole. —See Brassica.
—
Boronia. (Australian Native Rose;. Ord. Rutacese. Greenhouse
flowering shrubs. Evergreen. Nat. W. Australia. First introduced
1794. Flowers fragrant.
CULTURE Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part silver sand &
:
pounded charcoal. Pot directly after flowering. Drain the pots well
& make compost quite firm. Cut off points of young shoots when 3 in.
long to promote bushy growth. Water freely April to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Place nlauts in semi-shady position outdoors June
to Aug. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 50°; March to Sept. 50° to 60°.
Propagate by cuttings of firm young shoots inserted in sandy soil, in
temp. 55°, June to Aug., under bell-glass.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. elatior, rosy carmine. May, 3 to 4 ft., hcterophylla,
rose. May, 2 to 3 ft. megastigma, maroon and yellow, April, 18 in.
; serrulata, ;
trained round wire trellis; B. speciosa in bed 3 ft. wide & 18 in. deep,
.branches & shoots being trained up roof. Prune shoots of previous
year's growth to within 1 in. of base annually in Feb. Water abun-
dantly March to Sept., moderately Sept. to Nov., none afterwards.
Temp., Feb. to May 55° to 60°; May to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to Feb.
50° to 55°. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots 3 in. long, removed
with small portion of branch attached, inserted in 2 in. pots of sandy
soil, under bell-glass in temp. 70° to 80°, March, April or May
SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. frlabra, rose, summer, 5 to 8 ft., BraEil elabra •
ENGYOLOPJEDIA OF GARDENING.
Boussingraultia (Madeira Vine).— Ord Chenopodiacese. Half-
hardy tuberous-rooted climber. First introduced 1835. Flowers
fragrant.
CULTUEE: Soil, light, sandy. Position, back wall of greenhouse
or south wall or fence outdoors during summer. Plant tubers in small
pots in temp. 55° in March, for transplanting outdoors in June, or in
bed in Feb. for greenhouse culture. Lift outdoor tubers in Oct. and
store in sand during winter; those in greenhouse bed leave undis-
turbed. Water freely in summer, none in winter. Propagate by in-
serting tubercles removed from the stems in sandy soil in temp. 55°
in spring or autumn.
SPECIES CULTIVATED B. basoUoides, white, autumn, 6 to 8 ft., Ecuador.
:
roof & fully exposed to sun. Water freely April to Aug., moderately
other times. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 50°; March tp Sept. 55° to
65°- Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in temp. 55°
57
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
iu March; cuttings of shoots inserted in similar soil & temp, under bell-
glass in June, July, or Aug. layering shoots in Sept.
;
lanoeolatum, scarlet, yellow and white, spring, 3 ft.; nndulatum, violet, March,
3 to 6 ft.
Bracken (Pteris aquilina). —See Pteris.
Brahea. — Ord. Falmacese. Greenhouse palm. Orn. foliage.
Krst introduced 1865.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & sand. Pot, Feb.
Water freely in summer, moderately other times. Temp., Sept to
March 55° to 60°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown
Jin. deep in light soil in temp. 85° in March.
SPECIES CULTITATED: B. dulcis, 3 ft., Mexico.
Brake Fern (Pteris aquilina). —See Pteris.
Bramble (Rubus fruticosus).— See Eubus.
Bramble-leaved Rose (Rosa rubifolia). —See Rosa.
Bramble Rose (Rosa polyantha). —See Rosa.
Brassavola. — Ord. Orchidacese. Stove, epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1837. Flowers, fragrant.
CULTURE Compost, sphagnum moss. Position, blocks of wood,
:
America; cacullata, cream and red, spring, S. America; lineata, white, spring,
fragrant, S. America; venosa, white, spring, Honduras.
Brassia. — Ord. Orchidacese. Stove epiphytal orchids. Ever-
green. First introduced, 1806.
CULTURE Compost, rough fibrous peat & charcoal. Pot, Feb.
:
& at the end of April for maincrop. Treat seedlings as advised for
cabbage. Plant dwarf varieties 12 in. apart in rows 15 in. asunder;
tall kinds 18 in. apart in rows 2 ft. asunder. Gather for use after
autumn frost.
CULTURE OP TURNIP: Sow seeds in Feb., March, April, May,
June, & July to furnish a continuous supply. Make drills ^ in. deep
& 1 ft. apart. Dust seedlings occasionally with lime or soot to keep
off Turnip Flea. Thin when rough leaf forms to 6 in. apart. Turnips
may be easily forced on hotbed in Feb. or March. Sow seeds broadcast
& lightly cover with fine soil. Keep moist. Turnips ready to gather
eight weeks after sowing.
CULTURE OF MUSTARD : Soil, ordinary. Position, open borders.
Sow seeds on surface of soil, water, & cover with mats or boards till
they germinate; or in drills Jin. deep, and 6 in. apart. Make first
sowing end of March, follow with successional sowings every five days
until Sept.. then cease. _ Gather for salading when 1 in. high. Two
crops sufficient off one piece of ground.
Indooe Cultuee : Sow seed on surface of light soil in shallow boxes,
moisten with tepid water, cover with sheet of paper, slate or board, &
place in warm position in greenhouse or room. Sow for succession
59
;
staging under glass Place 2 in. of rough decayed manure on base, 2 in.
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
ones; Cauliflower, 3 ft. by 3 ft. Colewort, 1 ft. apart each way; Savoy,
;
returns (gross) per acre for Cabbage tribe, MSO to ^640 Turnips, ^630.
;
drained, in Oct. Cover with ashes in cold frame until Jan., then
remove to greenhouse. Water moderately until foliage turns yellow,
then keep soil dry. Propagate by offsets treated as advised for bulbs.
SPECIES CULTIVATED B. geminiflora, orange red, July, 2 ft., Mexico.
:
calif ornioa, rosy-purple, June, li ft., California; congesta, blue, June, 1 ft., N.W.
America; congesta alba, ^bite; capitata, blue, May, 2 ft., N.W. America; capitata
alba, white; grandifiora, blue and purple, June, 1\ ft., N.W. America; ixioides,
yellow, June, 9 in., California; Howellii, blue, July, 2 ft., Oregon; Howellii
lilaoina, lilac; byaointhina lactea, wbite, July, 2 ft., California; laza, blue, June,
Ik ft., California (Syn. Milla laxa) ; uniflora (Syn. Tritelia uuiflora violaoea, pale
blue. See Brevoortia for B. ooocinea.) There are others, but above are the best.
Brodie's Lily (Brevoortia Ida-Maia). —See Bretoortia.
Brome Grass.—See Bromus.
Bromelia.—Ord. Bromeliaceae. Stove herbaceous perennials.
Flowering and ornamental leaved plants.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, rough peat, leaf-
:
mould, & silver sand. Pot, Mlarch. Water freely always. Good
drainage essential. Temp., Sept. to March 65° to 75 , March to Sept.
70° to 80°. Propagate by large-sized offshoots inserted singly in small
pots of sandy peat in temp. 85° in April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. fastnosa, purple, Aug., i ft., Bratil; Pinguin, red,
March, 3 ft., Trop. America; sylvestris, crimson, July, 3 ft., Trop. America.
Brompton Stock (Matthiola incana).—See Matthiola.
Bromus (Black Grass; Brome Grass). —Ord. Gramineae. Hardy
ornamental grasses. Biennial. Inflorescence suitable for mixing with
cut flowers or drying for winter decoration.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, open borders. Propagate by
:
seeds sown -J in. deep in Sept or April where plants are required to
grow. Flowers useful for drying for winter decoration; cut them
when fully developed.
SPECIES CULTIVATED B. brizffiformis, 2 ft., Caucasus.
Broom. — See Cytisus.
:
part loam & sand. Position, pots in plant stove. Pot immediately
after flowering; good drainage & firm potting essential. Prune mode-
rately after flowering. Pinch off points of young shoots when latter
are 6 in. long. Water moderately Oct. to March, freely afterwards.
Syringe freely March to Aug. Apply liquid manure to healthy plants
in summer. Temp., Oct. to March 50° to 55°; March to Oct. 60° to
70°. Propagate by cuttings 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in sand under bell-
glass in temp. 60° to 70°, Feb. to Au?.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. oalyoina (Syn. Francisoea calyoina), purple, frag-
rant, summer, 2 ft., Brazil.
Brunsvigria (Candelabra-flower') Ord. Amaryllidaceaj. Green-
.
—
house bulbous plants. Deciduous. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First
introduced 1752.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & sand. Pot., Sept.
:
Water only when new growth begins, then give moderate quantity;
cease to give any after leaves turn vellow. Temp., Sept. to Nov. 50°
to 55° Nov to March, 55° to 65° ; March to Sept. 65° to 75°- Plants
•
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
must have full exposure to sun. Propagate by offsets inserted in small
pots & grown similar to large bulbs,
SPECIES CULTIVATED B. gigantea, red, July, 1 ft. Josephinse, scarlet, July,
: ;
•
18 in. miaor, pink, July, 9 in. liadula, red, June, 6 in.
Brussels Sprcuts. —See Brassica.
: ;
rubble, & sand. Position, well-drained pits in sunny, fairly dry green-
house. Pot in March. Water moderately in summer, keep rather dry
at other seasons. Temp., 45° to 55° in winter; 55° to 65° afterwards.
Propagate by leaves simply laid on the surface of moist sand.
SPECIES CULTIVATED B. oalycinum, green and purple, summer, 3 ft., Trop.
:
UNOYGLOP^DlA OP OARDMNING.
CULTITEE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny or shady beds or
borders. Plant bulbs 3 in. deep & 3 in. apart in Sept. Lift & replant
bulbs every second year. Propagate by offsets obtained when lifting
the bulbs.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. vernum, purple, March, 6 in., Alps; vemum yer-
aioolor, prettily tinted.
Bullace (Prunus institia).— See Prunus.
Bullrush (Typha latifolia).—See Typha.
Bull's Head Orchid (Anguloa Clowesi).—See Anguloa.
Bunch Berry (Cornus canadensis). —^See Cornus.
Bunya-Bunya Pine-tree (Araucaria Bidwelli).—See Arau-
caiia.
Buphane. —Ord. Amaryllidaceae. Half-hardy or greenhouse
bulbous-rooted plants. First introduced 1795.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & sand. Pot, Sept.
:
Water only when new growth begins, then give moderate quantity;
cease to give any after leaves turn yellow. Temp., Sept. to Nov. 50°
to 55°; Nov. to March 55" to 65"; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Plants
must have full exposure to sun. Propagate by offsets inserted in small
pots & grown similar to large bulbs.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. oiliaris, purple, summer, 1 ft.; diatioha, purple,
summer, 1 ft., S. Africa.
Bupleurum (Hare's-ear). —Ord. Umbelliferae. Hardy evergreen,
shrub and perennials. Pirst introduced 1596.
CULTURE OP SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,,
warm border.Plant, Oct. or April. Propagate by cuttings inserted,
in sandy peat in cold frame in Oct. or March also by seeds. ;
tion, large pots, tubs, or beds. Plant, March. Water freely March
to August, moderately other times. Propagate by division of roots in
April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED B. nitida, orange red, summer, 3 ft., Borneo.
—
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
and its numorous varieties, argentea (silver-leaTed) ; aurea (goldeu-leavedl hands-
;
one part leaf-mould, half a part silver sand. Position, pots in light
part of stove or outdoors during July & Aug. Pot, Feb. or March.
Water freely, March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp., March
to Oct. 70° to 80°; Oct to March 55 to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown
in light sandy soil in temp, of 75° to 85° in spring; cuttings of short
young shoots inserted singly in small pots filled with pure sand under
bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85° in summer.
HARDT SPECIES 0. sepiara (Syn. 0. japonioa), yellow, spring, 6 to 8 ft.,
:
seedssown 1-16 in. deep where plants are to flower in March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED O. maritima, lilao, June, 1 ft., Britain.
—
:
decayed manure, & silver sand. Position, well drained pots in shade.
Pot moderately firm in pots just large enough to take tubers in Feb.
or March; transfer to larger pots in April or May. Water mode-
rately Feb. to April & Sept. to Nov. ; freely April to Sept.; keep quite
dry Nov. to Feb. Temp.. Feb. to Sept. 70° to 80° Sept. to Nov. 65° ;
ENOYGLOP^DIA OF GARDENING.
Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep outdoors
in April; cuttings of side shoots in cold frame in spring; division of
roots in Oct. or April.
ANNUAL SPECIES: 0. Aoinos (Basil Thyme), pnrple, July, 6 in., England.
PERENNIAL SPECIES : 0. grandiflora, purple, June, 1 ft., Europe.
Calamus.—Ord. Palmaceae. Stove palms. Evergreen. Orn.
foliage. First introduced 1819. Ht. 5 to 15 ft. Leaves, large, finely-
divided.
CULTURE: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part leaf-mould &
coarse sand. Position, well drained pots in shade. Pot firmly in
March. Water moderately Sept. to March, freely afterwards. Temp.,
Sept. to Mar. 60° to 65° March to Sept. 70° to 85°.
; Propagate by
seeds sown 1 in. deep in light soil, in temp. 80° in March; by suckers
growing from roots, inserted in small pots of light soil under bell-glass
in temp 80°.
SPECIES CULTIVATED 0. asperrimus, Java
: australis, Australia
; caryo- ;
mould, & sand. Position, well drained pots in shade. Pot, March,
moderately firm. Water freely April to Sept., moderately afterwards!
68
UN CYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 80°; Sept. to March 65° to 70°- Pro-
pagate by division of roots in March.
SPECIES OTJLTIVATED: 0. angastifolia, 2 to 3 ft., Trop. America; baohemiana,
9 in., Brazil; oyolophora, 2 ft., Guiana; eximia, 2i ft., Trop. America; fla\eBoens,
18 in., Brazil; illustris, 1 ft., Brazil; lindeniana, 1 ft., Pern; leopardina, 2 ft.,
Brazil ; ornata, 1 ft., Brazil ; sandeiiana, 2i f t., Brazil ; veltohiana, 3 ft., Boliyia.
Calathian Violet (Gentiana pneumonanthe). —See Gentiana.
Calceolaria, (Slipper-flower; —
Ord. Scrophu-
Slipper- wort).
lariacesB. Half-hardy or greenhouse shrubs & herbaceous perennials.
First introduced 1733.
CULTURE OP HEEBACEOUS KINDS: Sow seeds on surface of
fine soil in well-drained pans or shallow boxes in July. Cover box or
pan with sheet of glass, & stand them under bell-glass or in cold frame.
Shade from sun, & keep moderately moist. Transplant seedlings 1 in.
apart in fine soil in Aug., transfer them singly into 2 in. pots in Sept.,
into 5 in. in Oct., & 6 or 7 in. in March. Compost, two parts sandy
loam, one part leaf -mould, decayed manure & sand. Water mode-
rately until April, then apply freely. Apply liquid manure from April
till plants are in flower. l%mp., Aug. to March 45° to 50°; March to
May 50° to 55°. Discard plants after flowering.
CULTURE OP SHRUBBY KINDS Compost, same as for herbaceous
:
MNCYOLOPJEDIA OF OAEDENINO.
Californian Lace Fern (Cheilanthea gracillima). — See
Cheilautlies.
Californian Lilac (Ceanothus integerrimua).—See Ceanothus.
Californian May-bush (Photinia arbutifoha).—See Photinia.
Californian Mock Orange (Carpentaria Californica).—See
Carpenteria.
Californian Nutmeg: (Torreya Californica). —See Torreya.
Californian Orang^e Poppy (Eschacholtzia californica
crocea). —See Eschscholtzia.
Californian Pink Poppy (Eschacholtzia californica rosea).
See Eschacholtzia.
Californian Pitcher-plant (Darlingtonia californica).—
See Darlingtonia.
Californian Poppy (Platystemon calif omicus).— See Platy-
stemon.
Californian Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens).—See Sequoia.
Californian Silver Fir (Abies concolor).— See Abies.
Californian Soapwrort (Leucocrinum montanum).—See Leu-
cocrinum.
Californian Vine (Vitis californica).—See Vitis.
Californian White Poppy (Eschscholtzia californica alba).
^See Eschacholtzia.
Calla (Bog Arum; Water Dragon; Marsh Calla). Ord. Aroideae. —
Hardy floating water perennial.
CULTURE Soil, rich, boggy, or muddy.
: Position, moist bog or
shallow pond. Plant, March or April. Propagate by inserting por-
tions of stems in boggy or muddy soil where plants are required to
grow.
SPECIES OULTITATED : C. paioatris, white, eummer, 6 in., N. Hemisphere. See
also Riohardia.
Calla Lily (Bichardia africana). — See Bichardia.
Callicarpa (French Mulberry; Purple Mulberry).— Ord. Ver-
benacese. Stove plant. Orn. fruit. First introduced 1822. Berries,
deep borne abundantly in axils of leaves Nov. to May.
violet, ;
CULTUEE Compost, equal parts peat & loam, with little sand.
;
Position, pots, sunny. Pot, March. Prune atraggly shoots into shape
before potting. Water moderately Sept. to March, freely afterwards.
Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 70° to 80° Propa-
gate by cuttings of young shoots inserted in 2 in. pots of sandy soil
in March in temp. 80 To ensure plenty of berries, keep the points of
.
shoots frequently pinched off & all flowers removed until the end of
July.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. purpurea, 6 ft., China.
CalliChroa.—See Layia.
— —
CalliopsiS. See Coreopsis.
Calliphruria. Ord. Amaryllidacese. Greenhouse, bulbous
rooted perennial. First introduced 1876.
CULTUEE Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould,
:
nials Oct. or March. Propagate annual species by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep in pans of light soil m
temp. 55° to 65° in March, transplanting
seedlings out-doors in May, or where plants are to flower in April;
perennials by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep outdoors in April, or cuttings of
young shoots inserted in sandy soil in cold frame in spring.
ANNUAL SPEOIBS: 0. pedata, cherry-red, summer, 2 ft., Texas; pedata oom-
paota, orimson, white eye.
PERENNIAL SPEOIBS: 0. inyolocrata, orimson, Jnly, 6 in., N. America;
lineariloba, striped, 6 in., N. America;
July, aloseoides (Syn. 0. macrorhiza),
white and rose, 2 summer.
ft.,
CalliStemon (Bottle Brush Tree).— Ord. Myrtaceae. Green-
house evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced 1788.
CULTUEE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & silver sand. Posi-
tion, in pots, or in well-drained beds at base of wall. Pot or plant
March or April. Prune shoots slightly after flowering. Water freely
April to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp. March to Sept. 55° to
65° ; Sept. to March 40° to 50°. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots,
3 in. long, inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass, in temp. 55° to 65°
during summer.
SPEOIBS OtJLTIVATED: 0. lanoeolatns, orimson, June, 8 to 10 ft.; salingnns,
yellow, June, 6 ft. ; speoiosus (Syn. Metrosideros speciosa), orimson, spring, 8 to
10 ft. Natives of Australia.
—
CalliStephus (China Aster). Ord. Compositse. Hardy annuals.
First introduced 1731.
CULTUEE Soil, rich liberally manured. Position, open, sunny,
:
well drained. Sow seeds i in. deep in light soil in temp. 55° to 65° m
March, transplant seedlings in April 2 in. apart in shallow boxes or in
bed of light soil in cold frame, plant out 6 to 12 in. apart in outdoor
beds in May; or sow seeds same depth & soil in cold frame, or in pots
in window in April & plant outdoors in May. Apply weak liquid
manure twice a week during July & Aug. To secure exhibition blooms
pinch off all flower buds, except three or four on each plant directly
they form.
POT CULTUEE: Sow seeds as advised above. Transplant three
seedlings into a 3 in. pot in April, into Sin. in May, & Bin. in June.
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, decayed manure, & sand.
Water freely, & apply liquid manure once a week when flower buds are
formed. Thin out latter to three on each plant. Plants may be lifted
from open ground in Aug. & placed in pots to flower if desired.
SPEOIES OXTLTITATBD: 0. hortensis, various colours, summer, 6 in. to 2 ft.,
Ohina. Numerous varieties.
—
Calluna; (Ling; Heather). Ord. Ericaceae. Hardy evergreen
flowering shrubs.
CULTUEE Soil,
: bog, or peat. Position, moist, open beds, borders,
or shrubbery margins. Plant, Sept., Oct., March, or April. Propa-
gate by division of plant in Oct. or April.
SPECIES CTTLTITATBD: 0. vulgaris, purple, spring, 1 ft., Europe (Britain);
vulgaris alba, white; vulgaris Alporti, orimson; vulgaris argentea, silvery leaved;
vulgaris aurea, golden-leaved.
CalOChortMS (Butterfly Tulip; Butterfly-weed; Star Tulip;
Mariposa Lily). —Ord.
Liliaceae. Half-hardy bulbous plants. Nat.
California & N.W.
America. First introduced 1826.
FEAME OULTUEE Prepare bed 12 in. deep with compost of equal
:
parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, & sand. Plant bulbs 3 in. deep & 4 in.
71
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
apart in Nov. Keep lights on in frosty weather; ofE night & day in
fair weather. Water in dry weather. Lift & replant every three years.
POT CULTTJEE: Use same compost as advised for frame culture.
Place a dozen bulbs 2 in. deep in a 5 in. pot in Nov. Cover pots with
ashes in cold frame, & give no water. Belnove pots from ashes in Jan.
& place in cool greenhouse near glass. Water moderately till after
flowering, then gradually withhold it. Eepot annually in Nov.
OUTDOOR CULTURE Plant bulbs in similar soil & manner to that
:
tion, pots or tubs, sunny. Pot & prune, March. Water moderately
Sept. to March, freely afterwards. Temp., Seijt. to March 50° to 55°;
March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings of shoots 3 in. long
inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 60° in June or July.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. capense, pink, summer, 10 ft., S. Africa.
Calophaca. — Ord. Leguminosae. Hardy deciduous flowering
shrubs. First introduced 1786.
CULTUEE Soil, ordinary. Position, open shrubbery. Plant, Oct.
:
March or April. May also be grown in equal parts peat & loam in pots
in cold frames or greenhouses. Propagate by offsets treated as old
plants.
SPECIES OULTITATED: 0. multiflorus, purple, summer, 1 ft.; pnlohellus,
purple, July, 18 in., N. America.
CalOStemma.—^rd. Amaryllidaceae. Greenhouse flowering
bulbous perennials. First introduced 1819.
CULTUEE Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand. Pot, Aug.
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GAEDENING.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. biflora, wliite, May, 1 ft., N. America; leptosepala,
yellow. May, 1 ft., palustria (Marsh Marigold), yellow, April,
N.W. America;
1 ft., Britain; and its Tarieties, alba (white). Acre pleno (double yellow), monstroea
plena (yellow, double); and nana flore-pleno (dwarf).
Calvary Clover (Medicago echinus). —See Medicago.
Calycanthus (Carolina Allspice).—Ord. Calycanthaceae. Hardy
deciduous flowering shrubs.
CTJLTUE.E Compost, two parts peat, one part loam & leaf-mould.
:
roots can be confined and prevented spreading over the garden. Plant,
Oct. to March. Propagate by seeds sown Jin. deep in pots of sandy
soil in temp. 55° in March, or similar depth in Apru where plants are
to flower ; by division of roots in Oct. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED 0. hederaoea (Syn. C. pubesoens fl. pi.). Double Chinese
:
Bindweed, rose, summer, 6 ft., China and J'apan; sepium incarnata (American
Bindweed), rose, July, 6 ft.; sepium dahurica, rosy purple, July, 6 ft., Siberia;
sylvatica, white, July, 6 ft., Europe; Soldanella (Syn. ConTolvulus Soldanella), red,
June, 3 ft., Temperate Zone.
Camassla (Bear Grass; Wild Hyacinth; Californiau Quamash).
—Ord. Hardy bulbous plants. First introduced 1837.
liiliaceae.
CULTUEE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, & coarse sand.
Position, sheltered beds or borders. Plant bulbs 4 in. deep & 4 in.
apart in Oct. or Feb. Top-dress annually with decayed manure. Lift
& replant every four years. Propagate by seeds sown Jin. deep in
sunny position outdoors in March, or Jin. deep in boxes of light soil
in temp. 55° in Nov.; by offsets in Oct. or Feb.
SPBOIBS CULTIVATED C. eaoulentea (Quamash), blue, July, 3 ft., N.W. America
:
Cusickii, blue, July, SJft., California; Eraser! (Wild Hyacinth), blue, June, 2 ft.,
N. America.
Camellia Tea-plant).— Ord. Ternstroemiaceae.
(Japan Eose;
Greenhouse flowering shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1739.
CULTUEE Compost, equal parts turfy loam, peat, & sand. Posi-
:
spring, 8 to 10 ft., China; rosffiflora, rose, spring, 3 ft., China; Sasanqna, vrhite,
Feb., 6 ft., China; theitera (China Tea Plant), white. Ma;, S to 6 ft., China;
theifera assamioa (Assam or Indian Tea plant).
Campanula (Bellflower; Harebell; Canterbury Bell; Garden
Bampion). —Ord. Oampanulaceae. Hardy annuals, biennials, & peren-
nials.
CULTURE OP PERENNIAL SPECIES : Soil, ordinary rich. Posi-
tion, trailing species on sunny rockeries; tall species beds & borders,
sunny or shady. Plant, Oct. to April.
POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts leaf-mould, loam, & sand.
Trailing kinds grow in small pots in hanging baskets. Repot them in
March. Water moderately in winter, freely other times. Tall kinds
grow singly in 5 in. pots or three in a 7 in. pot. Sow seeds of these in
cold frame in Aug. ; transplant seedlings singly in 3 in. pots in Oct.,
into 5 in. in April, 7 in. in May. Water moderately in winter, freely
in summer.
CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES; Sow seeds in gentle heat in
March, transplant seedlings into boxes, harden off in cold frame in
May & plant out in sunny borders early in June.
CULTURE OP BIENNIAL SPECIES Sow seeds outdoors in April,
:
for winter salads large roots cook and eat like parsnips.
;
Propagate perennials by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in temp.
55° in March or Aug. ; by cuttings of young shoots in light soil in cold
frame in Aug. or March; division of roots in Oct. or April.
ANNUAL SPECIES: 0. dichotoma, blue, July, 1 ft., Sioily; drabiefolia, bine,
July, 3 in., and drabsefolia alba, white, Greece; erinoides, bine, July, 1 ft., S.
Africa; Erinus, blue, July, 1 ft., 8. Europe; Losflingii, blue, July, 1 ft., Portugal;
Loreyi, purple, June, 18 in., Italy; maorostyla, blue, July, IS in., Asia Uinor.
BIENNIAL SPECIES: G. Medium (Canterbury Bell), blue, July, 3 ft., S. Europe;
and several vrhite, rose, and purple single and double varieties.
PERENNIAL SPECIES: 0. abietiana, blue, July, 1 ft., Europe; alliarisefolia,
yellow, June, 18 in., Caucasus; AUioni, blue, July, 3 in., France; alpina, bine,
July, 6 in., Europe; balohiniana, blue, July, 6 in., hybrid; barbata, blue, June,
1 ft., Europe; betoniooefolia, blue. May, IS in., Mt. Olympus; bononiensis, bine,
July, 2ift., Europe; oeespitosa, blue, snmmer, 6 in., Europe; csespitoaa alba, white;
carpatica, blue, summer, 13 in., E. Europe; carpatioa alba, white; carpatica
turbinata, blue, 6 in.; ooUina, blue, July, 1 ft., Caucasus; Elatinea, purple, smn-
mer, 3 in.. Piedmont; elatinoides, purple, summer, 3 in.. Piedmont; fragalis (Syn.
0. Barrelieri), lilac and purple, Aug., 6 in., Italy; ganganioa, blue, June, 6 in.,
Italy; glomerata, blue, summer, 18 in., Europe (Britain), and its varieties dahurica
(deep blue) and flore-pleno (double, blue) ; grandis, violet blue, June, 2 ft., Siberia,
and its variety alba (white); Hondersonii, mauve, July to Sept., 1 ft., hybrid;
isophylla, lilac blue, July, 3 to 6 in., Italy, and its varieties alba (white) and
Mayi (mauve); lactiflora, white and blue, July, 3 ft., Caucasus; latifolia, blue,
July, 4 to 6 ft., Britain, and its varieties alba (white), Burghalti (lilac) and Van
Houttei (violet-blue) ; nobilis, reddish violet, or creamy, July, 2 ft. China • nersioi-
folia, blue, June, 2 to 3 ft., Europe, and its varieties alba (white), albo 'ooronata
(white, semi-double), alba flore-pleno (double white), etc.; portenaohlairiana
blue, June, 6 in., 8. Europe; nulla, violet blue, June, 6 in., Austria; pusila dark
blue, July 4 in., Alps; and its varieties alba (white) and pallida (pale kue)-
74
ENOYCLOPMDIA OF GAItDENING.
pyramidalis (Chimney Bellflower), blue, July, 4 to 6 ft., Dalmatia and its
Tariety alba (white); Bainieril, blue, .Tune, 3 ia., Alps; xapanouloides, bluish
Tiolet, June, 3 ft., Alps; Bapnnoulus (Eampion), purple, bine or white, June, 3 ft.,
Europe (Britain); rotnndifolia (Harebell), blue, summer, 8 to 12 in., Britain, and
its varieties alba (white) and Hostii (blue) Traohelium, blue, July, 3 ft., Europe,
;
and its varieties alba (white), alba plena (doable white) and flore pleno (double
blue); Warleyi, purple, July, 6 In., a hybrid.
Camperdown Weeping: Elm (Ulmua montana var. pen-
dula).— See Ulmus.
Campernelle —
(Narcissus odorus). See Narcissus.
Campion. —See Lychnis.
Canada Tea (Gaultheria procumbens). — See Gaultheria.
Canadian Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis).— See Aqui-
legia.
Canadian Flea-bane (Krigeron canadensis). —See Erigerou.
Canadian Golden Rod (Solidago canadensis).— See Solidago.
Canadian Lily (Lilium canadensis). —See Lilium.
Canadian Yevtr-tree (Taxus canadensis).—See Taxus.
Canarina (Canary Island Bellflower).— Ord. Campanulaceae.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. First introduced 1696.
CULTTJBE Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, decayed manure
:
& silver sand. Position, pots. Pot, Feb.; good drainage very essen-
tial. Water liberally March to Aug., moderately Aug. to Nov., very
little afterwards. Temp., Sept. to Feb. 45° to 55°; March to Sept. 55"
to 65°. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil
in temp. 65° in March or April division of roots in Feb.
;
This species is the parent of the numerous beautiful varieties grown in gardens.
Bee trade lists for names.
75
ENOYCLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
Cannabis (Indian or Giant Hemp).—Ord. TJrticaceae. Hardy
annuals. Orn. foliage.
GULTTJEE Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Propagate hj
:
seeds sown Jin. deep outdoors, where plants are to grow, in April,
or in temp. 55° in March, transplanting seedlings in June.
SPECIES OULTIVATBD: 0. eativa, green, June, i to 10 ft., India.
—
Canterbury Bells (Campanula medium). See Campanula.
Cantua —
(Peruvian Magic-tree). Ord. Polemoniaceae. Greenhouse
evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced 1846.
GULTTJEE Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part leaf-mould &
:
BNGYOLOP^DIA OF GARDENING.
CULTURE: Soil, light, rich. Position, pots in sunny greenhouse,
against south wall outdoors in summer.
POT CULTUEE: Sow seeds iiu. deep in temp. 80° in Feb. Place
seedlings singly in 3 in. pots iu March & in 6 in. pots in May. Water
freely & grow throughout in temp. 75° to 85°. Gather fruit when full
red or yellow colour is attained.
OUTDOOE CULTURE Sow seeds & grow seedlings in pots as advised
:
Oct., Nov., March, or April. Propagate by seeds sown Jin. deep out-
doors in April; division of roots in Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. asarifolia, white. May, 1 ft., Italy; pratensis
(Cuckoo Flower or Lady's Smock), pale purple May, 18 in., Britain; pratensis
,
nore pleno, double; diphylla (Syn. Dentaria bulbifera), the Coral Eoot, purple,
April, 18 in., Britain.
Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis).—See Lobelia.
Cardinal Monicey-flower (Mimulua cardinalis).— See Mimu-
lus.
Cardoon.—See Cynara.
Carex (Blue-grass; Sedge). — Ord. Cyperaeeae. Hardy herbaceous
perennial grasses. Orn. foliage.
CULTUEE: Soil, ordinary. Position, margins of ponds. Plant
March. The variegated kinds may be grown in pots iu ordinary good
soil in cool, greenhouses or in rooms. Propagate by seeds sown wnere
plants are to grow in March ; division of roots in March.
SPECIES OtrETIVATED: O. baocans, purple berried, i ft., Trop. Asia; brunnea
variogata, leaves striped with white, 2 ft., India; Pseudo-cyperus (Bastard
Oyperufi), 3 ft.. Temperate Zone; paniculata (Sedge), pale brown inflorescence,
summer, 3 to 4 ft., Britain; pendula, brown inflorescence, summer, 5 to 6 ft.,
Britain; tristachya (japonioa of gardens), leaves striped with white, 1 ft., Japan.
—
Carlina (Carline Thistle). Ord. Compositae. Hardy perennials.
First introduced 1640.
77
EN070L0PMDIA OF GARDENING.
CULTURE: Stoil, ordinary. Position, open dryish border. Plant,
March or April. Propagate by seeds sown Jin. deep in April where
plants are required to grow.
SPECIES CtTLTIVATED: 0. aoanlis, white, June, 9 in., Europe; acanthifolia,
white, June, 18 in,, S. Europe.
Carludovica.. —Ord. Cyclanthacese. Stove ornamental-leaved
perennials. First introduced 1818. Leaves, green, divided, palm-like.
CULTURE Compost two parts peat, one part sandy loam.
:
Posi-
tion, moist, shady. Pot, March. Water moderately Nov. to March,
freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65"; March to Sept.
65° to 75°. Propagate by division of plant at potting time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. Drudei, 4 ft., Colombia; angiistifolia (Syn. C.
Plumeri), 2 ft,, Peru.
Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus).—See Dianthus.
Carnation Poppy (Papaver somniferum). —^See Papaver.
Carniola Lily (Lilium camiolicum). — See Lilium.
Carob Tree (Ceratonia siliqua). — See Ceratonia.
Carolina Allspice,—See Calycanthus,
Carolina Pink (Spigelia marilandica),— See Spigelia.
Carolina Poplar (Populus monilifera).—See Populug.
Carpathian Bell-flower (Campanula carpatica).—See Cam-
panula.
Carpathian Snowflake (Leucojum carpaticum).—See Leu-
cojum.
Carpenteria (Californian Mock Orange). — Ord, Saxifragacese.
Hardy deciduous flowering shrub.
First introduced 1880.
CULTURE : loamy.
Soil, light
Position, sheltered position in shrub-
bery or against south wall. Plant, Oct. or Nov. Prune away shoots
that have flowered directly blossoms fade. Propagate by cuttings of
young shoots inserted in cold frame in April suckers removed from;
by seeds sown J in. deep in light soil in temp. 65" in March, transplant-
ing seedlings where they are to flower in May.
SPECIES OULTITATED: 0. lanatus, yellow, July, 2 ft.; Oxyacantha, yellow,
July, 3 ft. ; tinotorius, orange, June, 3 ft. All natiyes of Europe.
Cartwheel Flower
Carum
See Heracleum.
(Heracleum fillosum). —
—
(Parsley; Caraway). Ord. Umbelliferse. Hardy biennial
culinary herbs & aromatic seed-bearing plants. Caraway seeds used
for confectionary purposes; Parsley for garnishing, etc. First intro-
duced 1548.
CULTUEE OP PARSLEY Soil, ordinary, deep, rich, moist.
:
vious winter. Sow seeds 1 in. deep in drills 18 in. apart in April. Well
roll land after sowing. Keep well hoed. Have the growth eaten down
close by sheep in autumn. Harvest crop in July, & thresh out seeds at
once. Market in sacks of three bushels. Average yield per acre,
15 to 20 cwt.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. Petroselinum (Parsley), yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft.,
Sardinia; Carvi (Caraway), pinkish white, July, 30 in., Europe.
Carya (Hickory). —Ord. Juglandaceae. Hardy deciduous trees.
First introduced 1629. Full grown trees bear edible nuts similar to
walnuts.
CULTUEE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shrubberies, woods, or as
single specimens on lawns & in parks. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune,
Nov., thinning out unsightly branches only. Propagate by nuts sown
2 in. deep where trees are required to grow, in Nov.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. alba (Shell-bark Hickory), 30 ft., N. America;
amara (Bitter Nut), 30 to dO ft., N. America.
Caryopterls (Moustache plant). Ord. Verbenaceae. Half- —
hardy shrubby perennial. First introduced 1814.
CULTUEE Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf -mould & a little
:
Propagate by seeds sown J in. deep in light soil in temp. 55° in March,
transplanting seedlings outdoors June. m
SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. cserulea, blue, aj ft., July and Aug., S. Europe;
oserulea bioolor, white and blue lutea, yellow, June, 1 ft., S. Europe. Last named
;
is an annual.
81
ENGYOLOPJSDIA OF GARDENING.
Catasetum.—Ord. Orchidaceae. Stove deciduous orchids. First
introduced 1822.
CULTTJBE : Compost, good Bbry peat. Position, pots or hanging
baskets, well drained. Water freely from time new growth begins
until leaves fall off, very little other times. Temp., March to Sept.
65° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Besting period, winter. Flowers
appear at base of new pseudo-bulb when growth is finishing. Propa-
gate by division of plant at potting time.
SPECIES OULTITATBD: 0. atratum, yellow, white and parple, July, Brazil;
Bungerothii, white, spriDCf, Venezuela; callosum, brown and yellow, June, Vene-
zuela; ohrietyanum, red, brown, and green, spring, Trop. America; macrocarpum,
brown and purple, spring, Trop. America; maculatum, green and purple, Sept.,
Guatemala; saooatum, purple and yellow, March, Colombia; splendens, white and
yellow, spring, Venezuela. There are others, but above are the best.
Catch-fly (Silene pendula).— See Silene.
Cat Chop —
(Mesembryanthemum felinum). See Mesembryanthe-
mum.
Catesbsea (Lily Thorn). — Ord. Kubiacese. Stove evergreen
flowering shrubs.
CULTURE : & peat, & a little sand. Posi-
Compost, equal parts loam
tion, well-drained pots & plenty of light. Pot in March. Water
freely March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp., 55° to 65°
Oct. to March, 75° to 85° afterwards. Propagate by cuttings inserted
in sand under bell-glass in a temp, of 75° in spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED.— S. spinosa, yellow. May, 10 ft., W. Indies.
Cathcartia —
(Cathcart's Poppy). Ord. Papaveraceae. Hardy
herbaceous perennial. First introduced 1850.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, dryish. Position, sunny, well-drained
rockery. Propagate by seeds sown Jin. deep in sandy soil in cold
framein July, transplanting seedlings into small pots in Aug., keeping
them in cold frame till planting time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED O. villosa, yellow, June, 1 ft., Himalayas.
:
Cat-Mint —
(Nepeta Glechoma). See Nepeta.
Cat-Thyme (Teucrium marum).—See Teucrium.
—
Cat's Ear (Antennaria tomentosa). See Antennaria.
Cat's Valerian (Valeriana officinalis).—See Valeriana.
—
Cattleya. Ord. Orchidaceae. Stove orchids. Evergreen. First
introduced 1815.
CULTURE Compost, two parts coarse fibry peat, one part chopped
:
MNCYOLOPJEDIA OF GARDENING.
nial species by division of roots in March ; shrubby species by cuttings
of young shoots inserted in pots of sandy soil in temp. 75 in March,
April, or May. , . .
PBllBNNIAL SPECIES: C. oana, crimson and blue, July, 3 ft., Mexico; cordata,
lilac, July, 1 ft., N. America; mexicana, purple, July, '2i ft., Mexico; pallida, rose,
Sept., 18 in., Mexico.
SHRUBBY SPECIES : C. triphylla or oanariensis (Balm of Gilead), purple, July,
3 ft.. Canaries.
Cedrus (Mount Atlas & Silver Cedar; Cedar of Lebanon; Deodar;
—
East Indian Cedar; Tountain-tree).^ Ord. Coniferae. Hardy evergreen
trees. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1676. Wood of Cedar of Leba-
non used in ancient times as Incense. Oldest cedar in England at
Brethby Park, Derbyshire; planted in 1676. Cones not produced by
Cedrus Libani until tree is 40 to 100 years old.
CDLTUEE Soil, rich, deep, sandy.
: Position, well drained, ele-
vated. C. atlantica does well in seaside gardens; & all are suitable for
chalky soils. Plant, Sept. to Nov., or March to May. Propagate by
seeds sown ^in. deep in well-drained pans of light soil in cold frame
in April, transplanting seedlings outdoors following spring.
SPECIES CULTITATED: C. atlantica (Mount Atlas Cedar), 80 to 100 ft., N.
Africa ; atlantica aurea, foliage golden atlantica argentea, foliage silvery
;
deodara (Deodar Cedar), 200 to 250 ft., Himalayas; deodara argentea, siWery-
leayed deodara aurea, golden -leaved deodara orassif olia, thick leaved ; deodara
; ;
glaucous leaved.
Celandine (Chelidonium majus). —See Chelidouium.
Celandine Poppy (Stylophorum diphyllum). — See Stylo-
phornm.
Celastrus (Staff-tree; Climbing Bitter-sweet; Staff-vine).— Ord.
Oelastraceae. Greenhouse ever^een & hardy deciduous climbing
shrubs. First introduced 1722. Ht. 1 to 10 ft.
CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
peat, loam, & sand. Pot, March. Position, sunny greenhouse. Water
moderately Sept. to March, freely afterwards. Temp., March to Sept.
55° to 65° ; Sept. to March 50° to 55°. Increased by layers.
CULTURE OF HARDY
SPECIES Soil, ordinary. Position, walls,
:
fences, & arbours. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune away weak shoots &
tips of main shoots in Feb. Propagate by layers of young shoots in
Sept., Oct., & Nov.
GEEENHOUSE SPECIES 0. articulatns, green, June, 15 ft., Ohina and Japan.
:
leaf -mould & well-decayed cow manure & Sand. Position, warm green-
hoase, exposed to light. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in well-drained pans
of light soil in temp. 75° in March. Transplant seedlings 1 in. apart
when 1 in. high in light soil in well-drained pots & keep in temp. 60? to
75°. When seedlings have formed four leaves place them singly in 3-in.
pots, transferring them in June to 5 in. pots. Keep plants near the
glass. Water roots moderately. Syringe foliage twice daily. Liquid
manure, apply when flowers appear. Summer temp., 55° to 65°. May
be used for summer bedding between May and Sept
CULTURE OF COCKSCOMBS: Sow seeSs' as advised for
84
;
ENCYCLOPMDIA OF GARDENINO.
Celosias. When them close to glass & keep
seedlings appear place
moderately moist. Transplant, when seedlings have formed three
leaves,^ into 2 in. pots in
above compost. Place pots on shelf near glass
iintil "combs " show themselves. Select plants with finest " combs " &
place them in 4 in. pots; plunge these to rim on gentle hotbed (temp.
65 to 75°) & keep moderately moist at root. Syringe freely. Transfer
plants when pots are full of roots into 5 in. pots & treat as before. Give
liquid manure when "combs" are well advanced. Good specimen of
"comb" should measure 9 to 12 in. long, 3 to 6 in. wide, & plant 6 to
9 in. high.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. argentea, white, summer, 2 ft., China; oristata
(Oooksoomb), red or orimson, summer, 2 ft., Tropics; oristata pyramidalis, red,
yellow, eto., summer, 2 to 3 ft., and its -varieties plumosa, etc.; Huttoni, red,
summer, leaves orimson, 1 to 2 ft., Java.
Celsia (Cretan Mullein). Ord. Scrophulariaceae. — Half-hardy
shrubs & biennials.
First introduced 1752.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts loam, leaf -mould, & sand. Posi-
:
tion, sunny borders. Plant autumn or spring. Lift, divide, & replant
every third or fourth year. Propagate by seeds sown outdoors in April,
or in heat in spring, also by division of roots in autumn or spring.
CULTURE OP TENDER SPECIES: Rear plants from seeds sown
in heat in spring or summer, & grow on in pots in greenhouse ; or from
cuttings inserted in cold frame in July or August, lifting them when
rooted & placing in pots in greenhouse. Plant out in beds end of May.
Silvery foliage of these very striking for bedding out.
ANNUAL SPECIES 0. cyamus (cornflower), blue, rose, white, etc., summer,
:
3 ft., Britain; moschata (Purple Sweet Sultan), purple, summer, 2 ft., Orient;
moschata alba (White Sweet Sultan), white; suavolens (Yellow Sweet Sultan),
yellow, fragrant, .July, 18 in., LeTant; suayolens margarita, white, fragrant.
PEEENNIAL SPECIES: 0. anrea, golden yellow, July to Sept., 2 ft., 8. Europe;
babylonica, yellow, July, 6 to 10 ft., Levant; dealbata, rose, summer, 18 in.,
Caucasus; glassifolia, yellow, summer, 4 to 6 ft., Caucasus; macrocephala, yellow,
July, 3 to 5 ft., Caucasus montana, blue, July, 2 to 3 ft., Caucasus, Pyrenees
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OAEDENING.
Centaury (Erythrsea centaurium).—See Erythrsea.
Centaury, Yellow (Chlora perfoliata).—See Chlora.
Centradenia.—Ord. Melastomaceae. Stove flowering shrubs.
Evergreen. First introduced 1840.
CULTURE Compost, two parts peat, one part loam & sand. Posi-
:
tion, sunny. Pot, Eeb. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to
Sept. 65° to 75°. Water moderately Sept. to March, freely afterwards.
Propagate by cuttings of side shoots 2 or 3 in. long inserted in pots of
sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 85° in Feb. & March.
SPEOIBS CULTIVATED: 0. floribunda, red, July, 38 in., Meiioo; grandiflora,
pink, Sept., 18 in., Mexico; inequalateralis (Syn. 0. rosea), rose, April, 1 ft.,
Mexico.
Centranthus (Red Valerian; Spur Valerian; German Lilac).
Ord. Valerianaceae. perennials' & annuals.
Hardy herbaceous
CULTURE : Position, old walls, sunny rockeries,
Soil, ordinary.
borders. Plant, March or April. Propagate by seeds sown Jin. deep
in light soil in temp. 55° in March, transplanting seedlings outdoors
in May ; or in sunny positions outdoors in April or June, transplanting
seedlings in May or Aug. ; perennials also Tby division in autumn or
spring.
ANNUAL SPECIES C. macrosiphon, red, July, 2 ft., Spain maoroBiphon albuB,
: ;
sand. Pot, March. Position, stove Sept. to June June to Sept. sunny ;
frame outdoors. Temp., Oct. to Feb. 50° to 55°; Feb. to June 60° to
75°. Water moderately Sept. to Feb., freely afterwards. Prune shoots
close to soil in Feb. when repotting. Propagate by cuttings of young
shoots 3 in. long, removed with a portion of stem attached, & inserted
in light sandy soil in well-drained pots under bell-glass in temp. 60°
to 70°.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. lucyanus, rose, autumn, 2 ft., a hybrid. Habitat
of the genus : Trop. America.
Centrosema. — Ord. Legumiuosae. Stove evergreen climbers.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, & silver
sand. Position, pots on staging, shoots trained up rafters or round a
trellis or jitiots. Pot in March. Water freely in spring & summer;
moderately in winter. Temp., March to Sept. 75° to 85°; Sept. to
March 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds in a temp, of 75° in M^rch;
also by cuttings in sand in a temp, of 85° in summer.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. Plumieri (Syn. Clitoria Plumieri), red and white,
a'utumn, 6 ft., S. America.
Century Plant (Agave americana).— See Agave.
Cephalanthera (White Helleborine). — Ord. Orchidaceffi.
Hardy terrestrial orchids.
CULTURE Soil, chalky loam. Position, open & well-drained border.
:
sand. Position, pots or pans, well drained & covered with bell-glass;
shady cool greenhouse or window. Temp., Oct. to March 45° to 55°;
March to Oct. 50° to 55°. Water moderately Sept. to April, freely
afterwards. Propagate by division of roots in March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. foUionlaris, Australia; 2 to 4 in.
Cerastium (Snow in Summer; Snow-giant). — Ord. Caryophyl-
lacess. Hardy perennials. Evergreen & deciduous.
CULTURE: Position, dryish borders, rockeries &
Soil, ordinary.
edgings to flower beds. Plant, March or April. Propagate by division
of plants in March or April; cuttings of shoots Sin. long inserted in
ordinary soil in shady position outdoors in June or July; seeds sown
1-10 in. deep in shady position outdoors in April, transplanting seed-
lings in June or July.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. alpinnm, white, June, 3 to 4 in., Britain;
Bieberateinii, white, "June. 6 in., leaves silvery, Asia Minor; Boiserii. white. June.
8 to 9 in., leaves silvery ; grandiflorum. white. July. 6 in. ; tomentosum (Snow in
Summer), white. May. 6 in., leaves silvery, Europe.
Ceratiola —
(Sandhill Rosemarjr). Ord. Empetracese. Half-hardy
evergreen shrub. First introduced 1826.
CULTURE: Soil, two parts sandy peat & loam. Position, moist,
shady, sheltered. Plant, A^ril. Propagate by cuttings of shoots
3 in. long inserted in well drained pots of sandy peat, under bell-glass,
in cold frame in June, July, or Aug. Protection required in severe
weather.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. eriooides, brown, June. 3 ft., Carolina.
Ceratonia (Carob-bean). —Ord. Leguminosae. Hardy evergreen
tree. First introduced 1570.
CULTURE: Position, against south walls; suitable for S. & W. of
England only. Plant, Sept. to Nov. or March to May. Propagate by
seeds sown 1 in. deep in pots of sandy soil in temp. 85° in March, trans-
planting seedlings outdoors in June; cuttings of firm shoots 4 in. long
inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in cold frame or greenhouse
in Aug. or Sept.
SPECIES CULTIVATED 0. Siliqua. yellow and red, Sept.. 16 ft., S. Europe.
:
87
ENCYCLOPEDIA OS' GARDENING.
CeratopteriS (Pod Fem).—Ord. Filioes. Stove water floating
fern. Annual.
CULTUEE Compost, equal parts loam & leaf-mould. Position, in
:
mer, 6 in.; fastigiata alba, white; hispida, lilac, July, 6 in.; linifolia, yellow
Sept., 1 ft. ; polyantha, lilac and yellow, summer, 4 in. Natives S. Africa.
Chzerophyllum (Bulbous-rooted Chervil).— Ord. Umbelliferae
Hardy esculent vegetable. First introduced 1726. Roots carrot-like
yellowish white, sweet cooked & served as carrots.
;
"
gate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in drills 1 ft. apart in Aug., Sept., & Oct
Thin out seedlings to Sin. apart in May. Lift roots in Aug., & store
them in dry, dark places until required for use.
SPECIES OULTITATED: 0. bulbosum, white, June, 1 ft., S. Europe. See also
the genus Anthrlscus.
Chain Fern (Woodwardia radicans).— See Woodwardia.
Chalice Flower (Narcissus pseudo-narcissus). — See Narcissus.
Chalk Plant (Gypsophila paniculata). —See Gypsophila.
Chamsebatia. —Ord. Bosaceae. Half-hardy evergreen flower-
ing shrub. First introduced 1859.
CULTURE : Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand. Posi-
89
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
tion, pots in cool greenhouse, or sunny rockeries outdoors S. of England.
Pot, March. Plant, April. Water moderately in winter, freely in
summer in pots. Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in cold
frame in July or Aug.
SPECIES OtJLTIVATBD : 0. foliolosa (Syn. Spiraa Millefolium), white, summer,
3 ft., California.
Chamsecyparis. —See Cupressus.
Chamsedorea. — Ord. Stove palms. Ornamental
Palmacese.
foliage. First introduced 1846.
CULTTJEE: Compost, two parts peat, one part loam & sand. Posi-
tion, shady part of stove in pots or tubs. Pot, March. Water mode-
rately Sept. to March, abundantly afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March
55° to 65^^; March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown lin.
deep in above compost in pots, in temp. 85° in March.
SPECIES OULTITiCTED: C. elatior, 9 in., Mexico; elegans, 8 to 10 ft., Mexico;
gracilis, 10 ft., Mexico.
Chamsepeuce. —See Cnicus.
Chamserops (Fan Palm; African Hair Palm; European Palm).
—Ord. Palmacese. Greenhouse & half-hardy palms. Orn. foliage.
First introduced 1731. Leaves, fan-shaped, green.
CULTTJEE Compost, two parts rich loam, one part decayed leaf-
:
too heavy; add lime or old mortar. Position, sunny borders, beds or
old walls. Sow either broadcast or in drills 6 in. apart & ^in. deep
m April. Transplant seedlings when third leaf has formed, 6 in. apart
each way, in a bed of firm soil limed as before, & plant out finally a
foot or so apart in Sept. or Oct. Make soil firm around plants to
ensure sturdy firm growth. Double-flowered varieties may be increased
by cuttings or slips of side-shoots removed with a slight heel attached,
& inserted in cold frame or shady border in Aug. Plant out in March.
To grow on old walls, sow a pinch of seed in crevices, adding a little
soil & cow manure to supply food to young plants; or plant young
seedlings in similar compost in spring. On heavy soils wallflowers are
best grown as biennials.
CULTURE OF DWARF SPECIES C. alpinus, Marshallii, kewensis,
:
& mutabilis, should be grown on svinny rockeries in good loamy soil &
old mortar. Plant in spring. Top-dress annually in March with well-
rotted cow manure. Propagate as advised for Double Wallflowers.
POT CULTURE Plant seedlings in good ordinary mould in six-inch
:
pots in Sept.; keep in sunny cold frame till flower buds form, then
transfer to greenhouse. Water moderately. Peed with liquid manure
when in flower. Throw away after blooming.
SPECIES CULTIVATED; 0. alpinus, yellow, May, 6 in., Scandinavia, best
grown on a rockery; Cheiri (Wallflower), yarious colours, spring, 1 to 2 ft.,
Europe; Marshallii, orange, 1 ft., hybrid; kewensis, sulphur, orange, purple,
Nov. to May, 1 ft., hybrid; mutabilis, or AUionii, purple, spring, 1 ft.
Chelidonium (Celandine; Swallow-wort). Ord. Papaveraceae.—
Chenopodiaceae. perennials & annuals. C. Bonus-Henricus &
Hardy
C. Quinoa, grown sometimes as a substitute for spinach.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, damp shady borders. Plant,
:
91
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OABDENINO.
Sow seeds in drills 1 in. deep & 2 ft. apart from March onwards at in-
tervals of a few weeks. Gather leaves, cook, & eat like spinach.
PERENNIAL SPECIES: 0. Bonus-Henrious (Good King Henry), 3 ft., Britain.
ANNUAL SPECIES: 0. purpurasoens (Syn. 0. Atripliois), reddish purple, Aug.,
3 leaves and shoots rosy China: C. Quinoa, 4 to 6 ft., Peru.
ft., -violet,
Chequered Daffodil (Fritillaria meleagris). — See Fritil-
laria.
Cherimoyer (Anona Cherimolia). —See Auona.
Cherokee Rose (Bosa laevigata}. —See Eosa.
Cherry.—See Prunus.
Cherry Laurel (Prunus Laurocerasus). —See Prunus.
Cherry Pie-flovwer (Heliotropium peruvianum).—See Helio-
tropium.
Cherry Plum-tree
— (Prunus cerasifera). — See Prunus.
Chervil. See Anthriscus.
Chervil, Bulbous-rooted.—See Chserophyllum.
—
Chestnut. See Gastanea & .Xsculus.
Chicory.—See Cichorium.
Chignon Fern —
(Dicksonia regalis). See Dicksonia.
Chilian Arbor-vitse (Libocedrus chiliensis). See Libocedrus. —
Chilian Bell-flower. See Kolana.—
Chilian Crocus (Tecophilsea Cyanocrocus). See Tecophilaea. —
Chilian Glory Flower (Eccremocarpus scaber). See Eccre- —
mocarpus.
Chilian Gum Box (Escallonia rubra).—See Escallonia.
Chilian Pine-tree (Araucaria imbricata).—See Araucaria.
Chilian Pitcher-flower (Sarmienta repens). — See Sar-
mienta.
Chili Jasmine (Mandevilla suaveoleus). See Mandevilla. —
Chili Nettle (Loasa laterita). See Loasa. —
Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum). See Capsicum. —
Chili_ Strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis).—See Fragaria.
Chillies (Capsicum annuum). — See Capsicum.
Chimaphila (Spotted Winter Green; Ground Holly). Ord. —
Ericaceae. Hardy dwarf herbaceous perennials. First introduced
1752.
CULTUEE: Compost, two parts leaf-mould, one part sand. Posi-
tion, shadj rockery outdoors. Plant, April. Propagate by division
of plants in April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. macalata, pink and white, June, 6 in., N. America;
umbellate, white and pink, June, 6 in., N. America.
Chimney Plant (Campanula pyramidalis). See Campanula. —
Chimonanthus —
(Japan Allspice). Ord. Calycanthaceaa. Hardy
deciduous flowering' shrub. First introduced 1766.
CULTURE Soil, deep, rich, sandy. Position, against south or west
:
walls. Plant, Feb. Prune in Feb., cutting away all shoots that have
flowered to within 1 in. of base, except those required to furnish plants
with branches. Propagate by layering shoots in Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED C. fragans, yellow and red, fragrant, Dec, 6 to 9 ft.,
:
ENGYGLOPMBIA OF GARDENING.
Chinese Apple (Pyrua spectabilis).—See Pyrus.
Chinese Arbor-vitse (Thuya orientalis).— See Thuya.
Chinese Artichoke (Stadiys Sieboldii).— See Stachys.
Chinese Bell-flower (Platycodon grandiflorum).—See Platy-
codon.
Chinese Crab (Pyrus spectabilis).—See Pyrus.
Chinese Hawthorn (Photinia serrulata).—See Photinia.
Chinese Honey-Locust-tree (Gleditsohia sinensis).—See
Gleditschia.
Chihese Ivy (Trachelosperum jasminoides). — See Trachelos-
perum.
Chinese Jasmine (Trachelosperum jasminoides). — See
Trachelosperum
Chinese Juniper (Juniperus chineusis). —^See Juniperus.
Chinese Lantern (Physalis Alkekengi).—See Physalis.
Chinese Lilac (Syringa chiuensis). — See Syringa.
Chinese Medlar (Eriobotrya japonica). —See Eriobotrya.
Chinese Monk's-hood (Acouitum chiuensis). — See Acouitum.
Chinese Pagoda-tree (Sophora japonica). —^See Sophora.
Chinese Pea-tree (Caragaua frutescens). —See Caragana.
Chinese Pink (Diauthus chiuensis). —See Dianthus.
Chinese Primrose (Primula sinensis).^ee Primula.
Chinese Privet (Ligustrum sinensis). —See Ligustrum.
Chinese Rose Mallow (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis). —See Hi-
biscus.
Chinese Sacred Lily (Narcissus tazetta). —See Narcissus.
Chinese Tree Pseony (Pseonia moutan). — See Paeonia.
Chinese Tulip-tree (Magnolia fuscata). —See Magnolia.
Chinese Water Lily (NelumMum speciosum). —See Nelum-
bium.
Chinese Wax Privet (Ligustrum lucidum). —See Ligustrum.
Chinese Yam (Dioscorea batata). —Sfee Dioscorea.
Chionanthus (Fringe Tree; Virginian Snow-flower). —Ord.
OleacesB. Hardy flowering trees & shrubs. Deciduous. First intro-
duced 1796.
OULTtJEE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, moist sheltered shrubbery.
Plant, Oct. to Feb. C virginica suitable for not culture for spring
flowering in heated or cold greenhouses. Pot, Not. Water moderately
Nov. to April, freely afterwards. Plunge pot to rim outdoors from
June to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown in sandy soil in cold frame in
April grafting on Ash in March budding on Ash in July.
; ;
well drained. Plant bulbs 1 in. apart & 3 in. deep in Sept. Lift and
replant every three years.
POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, &
sand. Pot, Sept., planting 12 bulbs 1 in. deep in a 3 in. pot, well
drained. Cover pot with ashes outdoors or in frame until Jan., then
remove to window or greenhouse. Water moderately Jan. to April,
freely April to June, none afterwards. Propagate by seeds sown J in.
deep in boxes of light soil in cold frame in Aug. offsets as mature bulbs.
;
outdoors in April.
94
ENOYOLOPJSDIA OF GARDENING.
REGIES CULTIVATED: 0. burbata, 1 ft., E. Indies; elegans, 1 ft., S. America.
Chlorog^alum (Soap Plant).— Ord. Liliaceae. Hardy bulbous
plant. First introduced 1819.
CULTURE Soil, light. Position, south border, well drained. Plant
:
bulbs 4 in. deep and 3 in. apart in Oct. or March. Eeplant every three
years. Propagate by offsets planted similarly to old bulbs; by seeds
sown i in. deep in well-drained pots of sandy soil in March.
SPECIES GULTITATED: C. pomeridianum, white and purple, June, 2 ft., Cali-
fornia.
Chlorophytum. —Ord. Liliaceae. Greenhouse plants. Orn.
foliage. First introduced 1751.
CULTUKE Courpost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat, & sand.
:
ENOTOLOP^DIA OF GARDENING.
Corn Marigold; Shasta Daisy). — Ord. CompositEe. Greenhouse, hardy
& shrubby plants. First introduced 1764.
annual, herbaceous perennial
CULTURE OP ANNUAL SPECIES Soil, ordinary, rich. Position,
:
,
open, sunny. Plant seedlings out in May. Sow seeds Jin. deep in
boxes of light soil in temp. 65° to 70" in March, afterwards planting
seedlings out; or similar depth where plants are to flower. Thin seed-
lings to 3 in. apart iu June. Gather seed in Aug.
POT CULTURE OP ANNUAL SPECIES Sow seed as above. Trans-
:
plant seedlings when 2 in. high at rate of four in a 5 in. pot, or seven
in a 6 in. pot. Compost, two parts good soil, one part leaf-mould or
decayed manure & sand. Grow plants in cold frame or greenhouse.
Water moderately. Thin flower buds if fine blooms are wanted. Give
weak liquid manure when flower buds appear.
CULTURE OP MARGUERITES Compost, equal parts loamy soil
:
ENOYCLOPJEDIA OF OARDENINO.
replant every third year. Increased by division in autumn or spring
cuttings in cold frame iu summerseeds in heat iu spring.
;
summer, 2 to 3 ft., Oaueasus, parent of the single and double race of pyrethrums
(Coloured Marguerites); laoustre (Marsh Oz-eye), white, summer, 3 ft., S.W.
Europe; leuoanthemum (Ox-eye Daisy), white, summer, 2 ft., Europe; maximum
(large Ox-eye or Shasta Daisy), white, summer, 3 ft.; uipponicum, white, 2 ft.,
summer, Japan; uliginosum (Grand Ox-eye), Syn. Pyrothrum uliginosum, white,
autumn, 5 ft.. Eastern Europe; Parthenicum (Feverfew), white, summer, 2 ft.,
Europe.
TENDER SPECIES: C. indionm (Japanese Chrysanthemum), parent of ordinary
ehrysanthemnms, China and Japan; frutesoens (Marguerite or Paris Daisy), white
or yellow, 3 ft., summer, Canary Islands; pealtum (Syn. 0. Pyrethrum partheni-
folium anream), Oolden Feather, white, summer, leaves yellow, Caucasus.
Chrysobactron.— See Bulbinella.
Chrysocoma.— Ord. Compositae. Greenhouse evergreen flower-
ing shrub. First introduced 1731.
CULTUBE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam & silver sand. Fos'-
tion, well-drained ^ots in sunny part of greenhouse. Pot, March.
Water freely in spring & summer, moderately other seasons. Temp.,
March to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to March 45*^ to 50°. Propagate by
cuttings of firm shoots in silver sand under bell-glass in spring.
SPECIES OULTITATED 0. Coma-aurea, yellow, July, 2 ft., S. Africa. See also
:
bractescens, white and yellow, spring, 1 ft., Mexico; Chelsoni, yellow and purple,
spring, 1 ft., hybrid; langleyensis, white and rose, May, hybrid; Limmingheii,
yellow and purple, spring, 1 ft. Mexico.
Cibotium.—See Dicksouia.
CibOUl Onion (Allium fistulosum). —See Allium.
Cichorium (Chicory; Witloof; Endive). — Ord. Compositae.
Hardy esculent rooted and salad vegetables.
CULTURE OF CHICORY. — Roots used when dry for mixing with
coffee; leaves, when forced, for salad. , Soil, rich light. Position, open,
97 E
MNOYOLOPMDIA OF VAEDENINO.
away from trees. Sow seeds ^ in. deep in drills 15 in. asunder first week
in May. Thin seedlings when an inch high to 8 in. apart in row. No
liquid or artificial manures required. Lift roots in Nov. & store them
in dry soil or sand in outhouse. Force leaves for salad by placing roots
close together in large pots or deep box, using ordinary soil. Put pots
or boxes in temp. 55° to 65°, & keep quite dark. Gather blanched
leaves when three to six inches long.
Field Culture op Chiooey: Soil, deep sandy loam, following
potatoes or wheat. Plough in 12 tons of manure per acre in autumn,
& 5 cwt. of guano in spring before sowing. Sow in May in drills 18 in.
apart, afterwards thinning seedlings to 8 in. apart. Quantity of seed
to sow an acre, 3 lb. "Harvest crop in Oct. Average yield per acre,
8 to 10 tons. Cost of cultivation : Seed, 2s. 6d. per lb. ; ploughing and
harrowing, 20s. to 30s. per acre; manures. Si to £5 per acre; hoeing,
d£2 10s. per acre ; seed & sowing per acre, 10s. ; digging & washing roots,
JC2 10s. ; carting roots to factory, £1 10s. Average cost per acre after
wheat, dE15; after potatoes, .£11. Average value per ton, 343. Average
returns per acre, JBIT.
OULTUEE OF ENDIVE: Leaves when blanched used for salads.
Soil, light rich. Position, open garden or on south or west borders.
Sow seeds J in. deep in drills 4 in. apart in June for early crop, July
for raaincrop, Aug. for late crop. Transplant seedlings when they
have formed four leaves 12 in. apart each way. Water freely in dry
weather. Blanch early crop in Aug., main crop in Sept., late crop in
Oct. by covering each plant by slate, tile, board, or inverted pot with
drainage hole plugged. Lift remaining plants in Nov. & store close
together in cold frame, covering them with dry leaves to ensure blanch-
ing. Seed two or three years old yield the dwarfest plants.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. intybus (Chicory), blue, July, 2 ft., Britain;
eadivia (endive), bine, July, 2 ft.. Orient. Introdnoed ISiS.
Cimicif UgrSL (Snake-root; Bug-bane; Bugwort). Ord. Banuncu- —
laceae. Hardy herbaceous perenniafa. Introduced 1737.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, moist shady borders. Plant,
Oct., Nov., or March Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light
soil in cold frame in Sept.; division of roots in March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. americana, white, Aug., 3 ft., N. America; cordi-
folia,white, Jnly, 3 ft., N. America; davurioa, white, July, 4 ft., China; elata,
white, July, 3 ft., N. America; foetida, white, July, 2 ft., Europe; racemosa,
white, Aug., 3 ft., N. America.
Cincinalis.—See Nothochlsena.
Cineraria.—See Senecio.
Cinnamon Fern (Osmunda cinnamomea).—See Osmunda.
Cinnamon Root (Inula Gonyza). —See Inula.
Cinnamon Rose (Bosa cinnamomea).—See Bosa.
Cinque-foil. —See Poteutilla.
Cirrhopetalum (Medusa's Head Orchid).—Ord. Orchidaceae.
Stove epiphytal evergreen orchids. First introduced 1839.
CULTtJEE: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat & sphagnum. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots, baskets, or blocks of wood, in partial shade.
Pot, March. Water freely when plants are growing, moderately other
times. Temp., Oct. to March 55° to 65°; March to Oct. 65° to 75".
Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs in March. Besting period, win-
ter. Flowers appear at base of pseudo-bulb of previous year's growth
after resting period.
SPECIES CULTIVATED; 0. Oollettii, purple, yellow, April, 8 in., Burma;
ameaianum, yellow and purple, June, 6 in., Trop. Aaia ; Commlngii, red and purple,
88
; :;
BNCYGLOP^DIA OF GARDENING.
autumn, 6 Fhilippines ; elegantulum, maroon, May, 6 in., Madras; grandi-
in.,
florum, yellow and crimson, May, 8 in., Ceylon j ornatissimum, yellow and purple,
Oct., 8 in., Himalayas; pioturatum, green and red, 8 in., Malaya; robustum, red,
yellow, and purple, June, 1 ft., New Guinea; Ttionarsii, yellow, July, 1 ft., Mas-
care Islands.
CiSSUS.—See Yitis.
Cistus (Eock Rose; Gum Cistus).— Ord. Cistacese. Hardy & half-
hardy evergreen shrubs. First introduced 1548.
CULTTJRE: Soil, good ordinary. Position, pots in frame or cold
greenhouse, sunny rockeries or against south walls. Plant, March.
Protect in severe weather. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep
in boxes of sandy soil in cold frame or unheated greenhouse in March,
transplanting seedlings into small pots & planting outdoors in June
by cuttings 4 in. long in pots of sandy soil in Sept. in cold frame or
greenhouse.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. albidus, white, 2 ft., S.W. Europe; orispus, purple,
a ft., S. Europe; oyprius, white, 4 ft., Cyprus; florentinue, white, 4 ft., 8. Europe;
ladaniferus, white, 4 ft., S.W. Europe; ladaniferus albiflorns, white; ladaniferus
maculatus, white and purple; laurifolius, white, 4 ft., S.W. Europe; longifolius
white, 8 ft., S.W. Europe; purpureus,, purple, 2 ft., Levant; monspeliensis, white,
3 ft., S. Europe.
Citron (Citrus medica var. cedra). — See Citrus.
Citron-scented Gardenia (Miriostigma axillaris). — See
Miriostigma.
Citron-scented Geranium (Pelargonium citriodorum).—
See Pelargonium.
Citron-scented Orchid (Odontoglossum citrosmum). — See
Odontoglossum.
.Citrus (Orange; Lemon; Shaddock; Adam's Apple; Lime; Citron;
Forbidden Fruit). Ord. Rutacea).— Greenhouse evergreen shrubs.
First introduced 1595. Flowers, white, fragrant May to July. Fruit
;
Sweet Orange, golden rind, globular; Lemon, pale yellow, rind thin,
oblong; Citron, yellow, thick rind, long, egg-shaped, lump at tip;
Shaddock, greenish yellow, bitter rind, large, round; Lime, greeiiiBh
yellow, smooth rind, globular, with nipple at top; Mandarin, reddish
rind, dark red pulp, large; Tangerine, syn. with Mandarin; St.
Michael's, red rind, globular, large.
CULTURE Compost, two parts good turfy loam, one part dry cow
:
dung, charcoal, crushed bones, & bsSlast. Pot, Feb., March, or April.
Position, pots, tubs, or beds, all to be well drained, in cool or sligntly
heated greenhouses. Water freely March to Oct., moderately after-
wards. Apply liquid manure once a week to healthy plants from May
to Oct. Syringe trees daily during summer. Stand trees in pots or
tubs in sheltered position outdoors June to Sept. Repotting should
not be done oftener than is actually necessary. Prune straggling
shoots into shape in March. Temp., Sept. to Feb. 45° to 50°; Feb. to
Sept. 55° to 65°. Fruit formed one year will not ripen till next. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown J in. deep in light soil in temp. 55° in March for
producing stocks for grafting choice kinds on ; by cuttings inserted in
small pots of sandy soil in July ; layering in Oct. ; by budding in Aug.
bv errafting in March.
SPECIES lIULTITATED: C. aurantium (Sweet Orange), 12 to 15 ft., Trop.
America; anrantium berga.mia (Bergamot Orange); aurantium bigaradia (Seville
Orange) aurantium
• japonioa (Kumqnat) ; anrantinm Insitanioa (Portu-
guese Orange); aurantium melitensis (Blood Orange); anrantium myrte-
folia (Myrtle-leaved Orange); anrantinm variegata (Variegated Orange);
decumana (Shaddock), 15 ft.. Tropics; media (Citron), 10 ft., Trop. Asia;
medica limetto (Sweet Lime), 10 ft.; medioa limonnm (Lemon); nobilis
99 e2
ENOYGLOP^DIA OF GARDENING.
major (Maudaria Orange); nobilis tangerana (Tangerine Orange). C. trifoliata
is a hardy evergreen shrub whioh may be grown outdoors.
—
CladrastiS (Yellow-wood Tree). Ord. Leguminosae. Hardy de-
ciduous flowering shrubs. First introduced 1812.
CULTUEE: Soil, ordinary. Position, open shrubberies, or singly
on lawns. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in
ordinary soil outdoors in March; cuttings of root inserted outdoors in
spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. amarensis, vrhite, July, 6 ft., Amurland; tinotoria,
white, July, IS ft., United States.
—
Clarkia^ Ord. Onagrariaese. Hardy annuals. First introduced
1826.
CULTURE Soil, light, rich. Position, sunny borders or beds. Sow
:
seeds i in. deep in April, May, or June in rows or masses where plants
are required to flower. Thin seedlings to 8 in. apart when 3 in. high.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : 0. elegans, rosy purple, July, 2 ft. ; pnlohella, Tarions
and double, 2 ft. rhombodea, purple, June, 2 ft., all natiTes of
colours, single ;
ENGYOLOP^DIA OF OABDENING.
nually with decayed manure in autumn. Prune shoots close to soil
in autumn. Dwarf species best grown on sunny rockeries. Propagate
by seeds sown in sandy soil in cold frame in spring in case of hardy
lands, or in heat in spring in case of greenhouse species. Greenhouse
species also by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in temp, of 75° in spring
hardy climbers by grafting on roots of 0. viticella or vitalba in heat in
spring, also by layering shoots in summer; herbaceous kinds by divi-
sion in autumn or cuttings of young shoots in frame in summer.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: 0. indivisa lobata, white, April, IS to 20 ft.. New
Zealand .
white, July, 2 ft., annual; lutea, yellow, July, 1 ft., N. America, perennial.
Clerodendron (Glory-tree).—Ord. Verbenacese. Stove, climb-
ing & hardy flowering shrubs. First introduced 1790.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, decayed
:
ENOYOLOP^DIA OF OASDSNINO.
tion, front of shrubberies. Plant, Nov. to Feb. Propagat^ by seeds
of light sou in temp.
sown J in. deep outdoors in March, or in boxes
55° in Feb. ; cuttings inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in Oct.
layering in Oct. G. alnifolia suitable for forcing to flower in winter.
'species CULTIVATED: 0. alnifolia (Sweet Pepper BubW, whii», Sept.. 4 ft.,
Florida; alnifolia Mioliauxii, i ft.; alnifolia paniculata, 4 ft.; acuminata (Waite
Alder), white, Sept., 10 ft.; arborea, white, Sept., 8 ft., Madeira; canescene,
white, Aug., 8 ft., China.
ClianthUS (Glory Pea; Parrot'a-bill ; Sturt's Desert Pea). Ord. —
Leguminosae. Greenhouse climbing shrubs & herbaceous perennials.
First introduced 1832.
CULTURE Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould & silver
:
sand. Position, pots, tubs, or beds in light plant stove. Pot or plant,
March. Water n-eely April to Sept., moderately afterwards, ifemp.,
Oct. to March 55° to 65° ; March to Oct. 70° to 80°. Propagate by seeds
sown Jin. deep in light soil in temp. 75° in March; cuttings of side
shoots inserted in sandy peat in temp. S0° at any time
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. ternatea, blue, July, 4 ft., E. Indies; ternates alba,
May; ternatea cesrulea, blue. May; ternatea major, brown, Aug,
white.
—
Clivia (CafEre Lily). Ord. Amaryllidacese. Greenhouse evergreen
flowering plants. Fleshy-rooted. Foimerly known by the generic name
of Imantophyllum. First introduced 1823.
CULTURE: Compost, two-thirds good loam, one-third decayed
manure & sand. Position, sunny, close to glass in greenhouse Pot,
Feb. Water freely March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds
sown in light soil in temp. 75° in March; division of roots at potting
time.
102
BNCYCLOPMDIA OF QARDENINO.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : C. oyrthaniflora, orange, spring, hybrid; Gardeni,
orange-yellow, May, 18 in., S. Africa; miniata, scarlet and yellow, spring, Natal;
nqbilis, red and yellow, July, S. Africa. There are numerous Tarieties of 0.
miniata which are superior to the parent species.
Cloak Fern (Nothoclsena distaus).—See Nothloclsena.
Cloud Grass (Agrostia nebulosa). —See Agrostis.
Clove Gllliflower (Dianthus caryophylluS.—See Dianthus.
Clove-Pink (Dianthus caryophyllus).— See Dianthus.
Club Lily.—See Kniphofia.
Club Moss (Ljrcopodium clavatum). —See Lycopodium.
Club Rush (ScirpuB nodosus). —See Scirpus.
Clustered Bell-flower (Campanula glomorata). —See Cam-
panula.
Clustered Wax-flower (Stephanotis floribunda).— See Ste-
phanotis.
Cluster Pine-tree (Pinus pinaster).— See Pimis.
CniCUS (Fishbone Thistle). —Ord. Compositse. Hardy & half-hardy
perennials. Orn. foliage.
CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES :Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
borders. Plant, autumn or spring. Increased by seeds sown outdoors
in April.
CULTURE OP HALF-HARDY SPECIES Soil, ordinary. Position,
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Cock's-Comb (Celosia cristata). —See Celosia.
Cock's-f oot Grass (Dactylis glomerata).—See Dactylis.
Cocoanut Palm (Cocos nucifera).—See Cocos.
Cocoa Tree (Theobroma cacao). —See Theobroma.
Cocos (Cocoanut Palm). —Ord. Palmaceae. Stove ijalms. Orn.
foliage. Leaves, feather-shape (pinnate).
First introduced 1690.
CDXiTURE: Compost, two parts loam, equal parts peat & sand.
Position, pots in shady stove. Pot, March. Water freely March to
Oct. 70° to 85°. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in light soil in
temp. 85° at any time.
SPE0IE8 OULTiVATBD: 0. nuoifera (Coooa-nut Palm), 40 to 60 ft., Tropics';
plumosa, 40 to 60 ft., Brazil; romanzoffiana, 30 to 40 ft., Brazil; weddelliana,
3 to 4 Brazil.
ft.,
Codiseum (Croton or South Sea Laurel). Ord. Buphorbiaceae. —
Stove evergreen shrubs. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1804. Leaves
beautifully variegated with various colours.
CULTURE: Ctompost, two parts rich loam, one part peat & sand.
Position, pots in stove close to the glass. Pot, March. Water freely
March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp., Oct. to March 55° to
65°; March to Oct. 70° to 85°. Propagate by cuttings of the ends of
shoots inserted singly in 2 in. pots filled with sandy soil in temp. 75°
at any time, or in bottles of water in similar temp. ; stem-rooting in
March or April.
SPECIES OULTITATED: C. variegatniu, Icayes yellow and green, 3 to 10 ft.,
Malaya.
PRINCIPAL HYBRIDS OR VARIETIES: aigburthiensie, leaves red and
C.
green ; angustifolium, yellow and green ; Chelsoni, orange, red and crimson
evansianum, green, yellow, crimson, and scarlet ; Hawkeri, creamy white and
green; illustris, green and yellow; interruptum aureus, purple, green, and yellow;
Johannls, green and yellow; Lalngii, green, red, and salmon; pictnratum, green,
yellow and red ; yariegatnm tricolor, green, golden yellow and cream Warrenii, ;
green and orange carmine ; Williamsii, green, crimson and magenta ; Weismannli,
green, crimson, and magenta.
Codlins and Cream (Narcissus incomparabilis fl. pi.). —See
Narcissus.
Codonopsis (Bellwort). —Ord. Campauulacese. Hardy perennial
herbs.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary good.
: Position, sunny borders. Plant,
autumn or spring. Propagate by seeds sown in cold frame in spring,
planting out seedlings in June; also by cuttings in autumn.
SPECIES CULTIVATED C. olematidea (Syn. Glosocomia olcmatidea), white and
:
dayana, yellow, June, 6 in., Borneo fusoescens, red, brown, and green, Sept.,
;
9 in., Himalayas massangeana, yellow and red, June, 1 ft., Assam sanderiana,
;
;
white and yellow, July, 1 ft., Sunda Islands speciosa, yellow and brown, autumn,
;
9 in., Malaya.
104.
;
ENCYCLOPMIHA OF OAEDENINO.
Coffea (Coffee-tree). Ord. Bubiacese. —
Stove evergreen shrubs.
First introduced, 1696. Fruit, a small reddish, fleshy berry, containing
two seeds enclosed in parchment-like shell. Bears the coffee berries of
commerce.
CULTUBE: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part leaf-mould &
sand. Position, pota in moist plant stove. Pot, March. Temp., March
to Sept. 75 to 85°^; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Water freely in summer,
moderately other times. Propagate by seeds sown ^ in. deep in light
soil in temp. 85° in March; cuttings of firm shoots inserted in sandy
soil under bell-glass in temp. 85° in summer.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. arabioa (Arabian Coffee), irlite, fragrant, Sept.,
10 to 15 ft., Arabia.
Coffee Tree (Coffea See Coffea. arabica). —
Coix (Job's Tears). — Ord. Gramineae. Half-hardy ornamental
flowering annual grass. First introduced 1596.
CULTURE SoQ, light, rich. Position, sunny border outdoors. Pro-
:
pagate by seeds sown J in. deep in light soil in temp. 65° to 75° in
March, transplanting seedlings outdoors in May or similar depth out- ;
byzantinum, rose and purple, Sept., 6 in., Greece; speciosuin, lilac-purple, Sept.,
Caueasus; variegatum, wbite and purple, Sept., 6 in., S. Europe. Also numerous
varieties of C. autumnale.
Coleus (Flame Nettle; Nettle Geranium). Ord. Labiatae. Stove —
perennials. Orn. foliage & flowering. First introduced 1764.
CULTURE Oompost, two parts turfy loam, one part well-decayed
:
Colt'S-fOOt.—See Tussilago.
Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris). See Aquilegia. —
Columnea. — Ord. Gesneriaceae. Stove evergreen trailing shrubs.
First introduced 1759.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts fibrous peat, sphagnum moss &
:
cayed manure, & sharp sand. Position, beds or borders under shade of
trees, high walls, or fences for general culture; south border for early
flowering. Plant single crowns 2 or 3 in. apart, with points just below
surface, in Sept. & Oct. Lift and replant every four years, always
filanting largest crowns by themselves, next size alone, & smallest simi-
arly. Mulch bed annually in Feb. with decayed manure. Apply liquid
manure once a week. May to Sept., to beds more than a year old.
POT CULTURE: Compost, equal parts good soil & leaf-mould.
Plant one clump or a dozen single crowns in a 6 in. pot, well drained in
Oct. or Nov. place inverted pot over crowns & stand pots in cold frame
or under greenhouse stage until Jan., then remove into heat, or allow
to bloom naturally in greenhouse or window. Water only when soil
needs moisture in winter, freely when growth begins.
FoBCiNO Place single crowns close together in shallow boxes, with
:
cocoanut-fibre refuse between roots, & put boxes in temp. 80° to 85°.
Cover points of crowns with inverted box or thick layer of moss until
flowers appear, then remove it. After forcing, crowns of no value for
flowering again, therefore discard them. Retarded roots flower quickly
without much forcing. JPropagate by seeds sown J in. deep in light soil
outdoors in March division of crowns Sept. or Oct.
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
straggling shoots into shape in March. Water moderately in winter,
freely m
summer. Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 45°; March to Sept.
55 to 65°. Propagate by cuttings removed in March, with small por-
tion of old wood attached, & inserted in well-drained pots of sandy
soil in temp;^ 85° under bell-glass. Hardy in sheltered positions out-
doors S. of Bnsland.
SPECIES OULTITATED! 0. Baueri, leaves green, 3 to 10 ft.. Norfolk Islands;
£aaeri Tariegata, leaves edged with yellow. 3 ft.
CoptiS (Gold Thread; Mouth Root).—Ord. Banunoulaceae. Hardy
evergreen bog plants. Pirst introduced 1782.
CULTUEB: Soil, boggy peat. Position, moist, shady. Plant, Oct.
or March. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in pans of fine sandy
peat in shady cold frame in March; division of roots in Oct. or March.
SPECIES OULTITATED: C. oooidentalis, white. May, 1 ft., N.W. America;
trifolia, white, April, 1 ft., N. Hemisphere.
Coral Barberry (Berberidopsis corallina). — See Berberidopsis.
Coral Creeper (Eennedya prostrata).—See Kennedya.
Coral Drops (Bessera elegans). —See Bessera.
Coral-head-plant (Abrus precatorius).—See Abrus.
Coral Root. —See Dentaria & Cardamine.
Coral Tree (Erythrina Crista-galli). —See Erythrina.
Cordyline.—Ord. Liliacese. Greenhouse plants. Orn. foliage.
Allied to &
often called Dracaenas. First introduced 1820.
OULTUBE Compost, two parts peat, one part loam & sand. Posi-
:
N.W. America; Drummondii, yellow and crimson, summer, 2 ft., Texas; coronata,
orange and purple, summer, 2 ft., Texas; tinctoria (Syn. bicolor), yellow and
purple, summer, 2 N. America; tinctoria atrosanguiuea, purplish.
ft.,
PERENNIAL SPECIES: C. aurioulata, yellow and purple, summer, 2 ft.,
U. States; grandiflora, yellow, Aug., 3 ft., U. States; lanceolata, yellow, Aug.
3 ft., N. America; verticillata, yellow, Aug., 2 ft.
Corfu Lily (Funkia subcordata). See Funkia. —
Coriander —
(Coriandrum sativum). See Coriandrum.
Coriandrum —
(Coriander). Ord. Umbelliferae. Hardy annual.
Leaves used for flavouring soups & salads. Seed ripens in Aug., &
is largely employed in confectionery.
ENOTOLOPMDIA OF OABDSNINO.
CULTURE IN GARDENS ; Soil, ordinary. Position, south border.
Propagate by seeds sown ^ in. deep in drills 12 in. apart, March or Sept.
FIELD CULTURE: Soil, deep, well-drained loam. Rotation, follow
wheat. Sow
in Oct. in drills 18 in. apart. Keep well hoed. Quantity
of seed required per acre, 10 lb. Harvest in Aug. Tield per acre, 10 to
20 cwt. Average price per cwt., ISs. to 18s.
SPECIES CULTIVATED C. satiyum, white, June, 18 in.. S. Enrope.
:
—
Coris (Montpelicr Coris). Ord. Primulaceae. Hardy biennial.
First introduced 1640.
CULTURE Soil, sandy peat. Position, well-drained beds on sunny
:
Oct.; suckers, removed from plant in Nov. & replant at once; grafting
variegated kinds in March ; seeds sown outdoors in March ; herbaceous
species by division in March,
SHRUBBY SPECIES: 0. alba, white, Jnly, 8 to 10 ft., N. Asia; alba sibirica
Tariegata, variegated; alba Spaethii, leaves bronze and gold; oapitata (Syn.
Benthamia fragifera),white, Aug., 10 ft., N. India, hardy S. of England only;
florida {Flowering Dogwood), white, April, 10 to IS ft., N. America; mas (Cornelian
Cherry), yellow, Feb., 15 ft., Europe; mas aurea elcgantiasima, leaves creamy white
and red; maa variegata, leaves edged creamy white; sanguinea (Dogwood), green,
June, 8 ft., branches red.
HERBACEOUS SPECIES: C. canadensis (Dwarf Cornel),/ purplish r- «-
white May
6 in., N. America. , ..
110
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
CUIiTTIEE OP GBEBNHOTJSE SPECIES Compost, two parts loam, :
onepart peat & sand. Position, pots in light gfreenhouse. Repot, March.
Prune off points of shoots in spring to induce bushy growth. Water
moderately Oct. to March, freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March
40° to 45°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°. Place plants outdoors in sunny
position June to Sept. Propagate by seeds sown \ in. deep in light soxl
m temp. 75" in March, or by cuttings inserted in well-drained pots of
sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 55° in March, April, or May.
CULTURE OF PERENNIALS: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
rockeries or borders. Plant, Oct. or April. Propagate by seeds sown
i in. deep outdoors in April, or division of roots in Oct.
CULTURE OF HARDY
SHRUBS: Soil, ordinary. Position shel-
tered, warm shrubberies, or south or west walls. Plant Oct. Prune
straggly shoots after flowering. Increased by cuttings in cold frame in
autumn.
GllBBNHOtrSB SPECIES: ft., S. Europe; glauoa,
C. coronata, yellow, July, 2
yellow. May, 3 ft., France;glauca Tariegata, lariegated; pentaphylla, yellow,
June, 2 ft., Algiers; valentina, yellow, Maroh, 3 ft.; Timinalis, red, Aug., 3 ft.,
Mogador.
PJSRBNNIAL SPECIES; C. oappadooioa, yellow, July, 6 in., Iberia; emeroides,
yellow, May, 6 in., Europe; minima, yellow, June, 6 in., S. Europe; varia, pink
and white, June, trailer, Europe.
HAEDT SHRUBS : 0. Emerus (Scorpion Senna), red and yellow, April, 3 to 6 ft.,
deoiduous, Europe.
Correa (Australian Fuohsia).-=-Ord. Rutacese. Greenhouse ever-
green shrubs. First introduced 1793.
CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part fibrous loam & sand.
Position, pots, well drained, in light, airy greenhouse. Repot in July
when new growth Prune directly after flowering.
begins. Water
moderately April to July Oct. to April, freely July to Oct. Temp.,
&
Sept. to March 40° to 45° ; March to Sept. 55* to 65°. Place plants
outdoors in sunny position July to Sept. Propagate by cuttings in-
65°
serted in well-drained pots of sandy peat under bell-glass in temp.
to 75° in April ; grafting" on Correa alba or Briostemon buxif olia in
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Plant, March or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy
peat in cold frame in March or Aug. ; division of plant in March.
SPBOIES ODLTIVATED: 0. Matthiola, red, April, 1 ft., Europe; Matthiola
grandiflora, purple, April, 18 in. ; pubens, magenta purple. May, 6 in., Transyhania.
Corya,nthes (Helmet-orchid).— Ord. Orchidaces. Stove epi-
phytal orchids. First introduced 1829.
CULTUBE Compost, equal parts peat & sphagnum moss. Position,
:
—
Corydalis (Fumitory). Ord. Fumariaceae. Hardy biennial &
perennial herbs.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, good. Position, well-drained sunny
borders, ledges of rockeries, fissures in old walls. Plant perennial <fe
biennial species in March. Propagate annual species by seeds sown
in April where plants are to flower; biennials by seed sown in boxes
of light soil in cold frame or outdoors in April ; perennials by seed simi-
lar to biennials, transplanting seedlings to permanent positions when
large enough to handle ; also by division of the plants after flowering
bulbous species by offsets in March.
PERENNIAL SPECIES: 0. bulbosa (Syn. Solida), purple, April, 6 in., Europe;
lutea, yellow.May, 1 ft., Europe; lutea alba, white; nobilis, yellow. May, 1 ft.,
Siberia; tuberosa (Syn. Oava), purple, March, 6 in., Europe; ledebouriana, purple,
summer, 1 ft., Altai Mountains.
BIENNIAL SPECIES: 0. glanca, scarlet, Tiolet and orange, summer, 1 ft..
Canada.
Corylopsis. —Ord. I{amamelidaceae. Hardy deciduous flowering
shrub. First introduced 1864.
CULTURE Soil, sandy loam. Position, open, moist shrubbery in
:
CULTUBE : Soil, rich loam, well manured & deeply trenched. Posi-
tion, open, sunny. Plant cob & hazel nuts 10 ft. apart each way, &
filberts 15 ft. apart, in Oct. Prune end of March, cutting away shoots
not less than two years old & shortening those of previous year's growth
about one-third. Train each tree to have six main branches only.
Gather nuts when husk becomes brown. Hang branches of hazel cat-
kins (male flowers) in filbert bushes in Feb., if filbert catkins are scarce,
to ensure fertilisation. Propagate by seeds (nuts) 2 in. deep in Oct.
in cpen garden, transplanting seedlings two years afterwards suckers
;
removed from base of old plants replanted in Oct.; layering strong
young shoots in Nov.; grafting on seedlings of Constantinople Nut
in March to form standards, halt standards, & dwarf
standards
Market Culture: Soil, deep loam, well-drained, stony. Posi-
tion, uplands. Plant 13 ft. apart each way. Trees to plant an acre,
243. Manures, shoddy, wool waste, or fish at rate of 2 to
3 tons per
acre. Apply m winter. Cost of manure. .£3 per ton. Prune
as above.
112
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
to ensure fertilisation. Propagate by seed (nuts) 2 in. deep in Oct.
Harvest ripe nuts in Sept., green ones in Aug. Market ripe nuts
in sieves of 40 lb. ; p^reen ones, 28 lb. Average yield per acre, 8 to
10 cwt. Average price per lb., 6d. to lOd. Average returns per acre,
.£20 to ^630. Average rental value of nut plantation, .£6 to £T.
SPECIES: 0. aYollana (Common Hazel), Europe (Britain); avellana anrea, golden
leaTed; maxima atropurpurea, purpleleaTed, 8. Europe: oolurna (Constantinople
Nut), S.E. Europe.
VARIETIES Kentish Cob or Lambert's Filbert, nuts large a gfood market kind
:
Cosford, nuts round, shells thin, free bearer Webb's Prize Cob, Targe, good market
;
or hawthorn in March.
EVERGREEN SPECIES: 0. buxifolia (Syn. repens), white, April, 3 ft., Hima-
layas; horizontalis, rose, April, 3 ft., Himalayas; microphylla, white, April, 5 ft.,
Himalayas; microphylla glacialis (Syn, congesta); pannosa, white, April, € ft.,
Yunnan; thymifolia, white, April, 1 ft., Himalayas; uniflora, white. May, Siberia.
DECIDUOUS SPECIES : C. afflnis, pink, April, 4 ft., Himalayas ; fri^ida, white,
April, 10 ft., Himalayas; Nummularia, white, April, 10 ft., Europe; integerrima
(Syn. vulgaris), pink. May, 10 ft.,- Europe; Simonsii, white, April, 6 ft., Himalayas.
Cot'ton-plant ((Gossypium herbaceum). —See Gossypium.
Cotton Thistle (Onopordon acanthium). —See Ouopordon.
Cotton-wood (Populus deltoides). —See Populus.
Cotyledon. —Ord. Crassulaceaa. Greenhouse & hardy evergreen
succulent-leaved plants. Natives of Mexico, except when otherwise
mentioned.
CULTUBE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES Compost, two parts loam,:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
GREENHOUSE SPBOIBS : 0. agaTOides (Syn. EoheTeria agaToidee), orange, Sept.,
1 ft. ; atropurpurea (Syn. EoheTeria atropurpurea), red, Sept., 1 ft. ;_ Oalifornica
(Syn. Eoheveria oallfornioa), yellow, eummer, 1 ft., Oalifornia; ooooinea, scarlet
and yellow, Oct., 2 ft.; fulgens (Syn. Eoheveria fnlgens), red and yellow, sammer,
1 ft. ; gibbiflora (Syn. EoheTeria g:ibbiflora), yellow and scarlet, antnmn, 2 ft.
gibbiflora motallica,^ leaves purplish glanona; glanca (Syn. Eoheveria glanca),
eoarlet and yellow, autumn, 1 ft. ; retusa ^Syn. Eoheveria retusa), crimson and
yellow, autumn, 1 ft.
HARBT SPECIES: 0. secnnda glauca (Syn. Eoheveria seounda glanoa), red and
yellow, summer, 1 ft.; secunda glauoa major, large-leaved variety; Sempervivum,
red, summer, 6 in.
Couve Tronc'huda.— See Brassica.
Cow-berry (Vaccinum vitis-idaea).—See Vaccinum.
Cow-horn Orchid (Schomburgkia Tibicinis). — See Schom-
burgkia.
Cow Parsnip (Heracleum villosum). —See Heracleum.
Cowslip-scented Orchid.—See Yanda.
Crab's Claw (Stiatiotes aloides).—See Stratiotes.
Crab's Eyes (Abms precatorius).—See Abrus.
Crack Willow (Salix fiagalis).—See Salix.
Cradle Orchid.—See Anguloa
Crambe —
(Seakale). Ord. Cruciferae. Hardy herbaceous peren-
&
nials esculent vegetables.
CXTLTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES : Soil, ordinary, rich. Posi.
tion,open borders. Plant roots 3 in. deep in groups of three or six in
March.
CULTURE OP 'jEAKALE: Soil, deep, rich, sandy. Position, open,
sunny. Trench 2 ft. deep in autumn, burying in abundance of
soil
manure. Plant roots 4 to 6 in. long, 2 in. deep, uprightly, 18 in. apart
in rows 30 in. asunder in Feb. or March. Pare off crown buds before
planting. Mulch beds with stable manure in April. Apply common
salt at the rate of 1 lb. to a square rod, or 2 lb. of nitrate of soda to
same area in June. Lift and replant every five years. Manure & die
between rows in Nov. Blanching: Cover roots in open ground with
inverted pots, dry tree leaves, or cinder ashes in Nov.
Forcing Outdooes Cover roots with inverted pots in Nov. & put
:
2 ft. deep & 2 ft. wide. Plant, Nov. to March, iistauce apart, 4 in.
single row, 6 in. double row 6 in. asunder. Quantity of plants required
per yard for single row, 9; double row, 12. Cost of plants per 100, 3s.
to 4s. Cost of preparing site and planting per lineal yard, 9d. Cost
of trimming per chain, 4d. Time to trim, July & Aug.
POT CULTURE: Double pink and white kinds adapted for pot
culture in cool greenhouse, or for forcing. Pot, Oct. or Nov., in good
soil. Water moderately Oct to March, freely afterwards. Keep
plants in cool structure til) Jan., then place in temp. 55° to 65° to
llower early or leave them in cool house to flower naturally. After
flowering, place plants outdoors to make new growth. Propagate by
seeds (berries) sown 1 in. deep in open garden in Nov., transplanting
largest seedlings following Oct., the remainder the next year; budding
choice varieties on common hawthorn in July; grafting in March.
Berries require to be stored in sand for a year before sowing.
DECIDUOUS SPECIES: 0. Azarolus, white, fragrant. May, 15 ft., S. Europe;
Carrieri, white. May, 12 to IS ft., hybrid; cocoinea (Scarlet Thorn), white. May,
20 ft., N. America; cordata, white June, 15 ft.'. United States; orus-galli (Cockspur
Thorn), wliite, June, 20 ft., N. America; and ita varieties arbutifolia, Downingii,
fontanesiana, lineraria, ovalifolia, prunifolia and pyracanthif olia ; Douglasii, white.
May, 15 ft., N.W. America; melanocarpa, white. May, 15 ft., Tauria; mollis, white
and red. May, 20 ft.. United States; orientalis, white. May, 15 ft.. Orient;
Oxycantha (Common Hawthorn), white. May, 15 ft., Europe; Oxycantha monagyna
prsecox (Glastonbury Thorn), white, Deo. to March; 15 ft.; Oxycanthna oxycan-
thoides flore-pleno albo (Double White Thorn), white. May and June; Oxycanthus
oxycanthoides flore-pleno coccineo (Double Scarlet Thorn), scarlet. May and June;
115
.
ENOYOLOPMBIA OF 0AEDMNIN6.
puniceo flore-pleno (Paul's Double Scarlet), rich scarlet, May; piunatifida, wMte,
May, 15 ft., Asia; tanacetifolia (Tansy-leayed Thorn), white. May, 15 ft,, Levant.
ETEKGEBEN SPECIES: 0. Pyraoantha (Firethorn), white. May, followed by
scarlet berries in autumn, S. Europe, 10 to 15 ft. Pyraoantha Lelandl, a superior
;
& silver sand. Position, cold frame or greenhouse. Pot, Oct., placing
six bulbs 1 in.deep in a 5 in. pot, well drained, with an inch of decayed
cow manure over drainage. Water when new Efrowth commences, after-
wards keep moderately moist until foliage dies down, then keejvdry.
Propagate by seeds sown J in. deep in well-drained pans or boxes filled
with sandy soil in cold greenhouse in Sept. or Oct. ; offsets in Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. aurea, orange red, summer, 2 ft., S. Africa; aurea
imperialis, orange red, 4 ft.
Crocus. —Ord. Iridaceae. Hardy bulbous flowering plants.
OUTDOOR CULTURE Soil, light, rich. Position, margins of
: beds
or borders or in grass plots & lawns, open or in shade, for common
sorts; sunny, well-drained beds, or on rockeries, for rare & choice
kinds. Plant spring-flowering species & varieties in Oct., Nov., or
Dec; autumn-flowering species in Aug. & Sept. Depth & distance:
Common kinds, 3 in. ; choice & rare sorts, 2 in. Leave corms undis-
turbed for four or five years, unless their place is wanted for other
plants. Lift when necessary in June or July, drying corms in sun &
storing in cool room till planting time. Foliage should not be removed
until it turns yellow.
CULTURE IN GRASS Bore holes 3 in. deep and 2 in. apart, insert
:
a corm in bottom of each, then fill up with ordinary soil ; or lift turf,
fork up soil below, add a little bonemeal, place bulbs thereon & replace
turf. Grass should not be cut till foliage turns yellow.
POT CULTURE Compost, light, rich, sandy soil. Position, 3 or
:
purple, autumn, Italy ; minimus, purple, March and April, Corsica ; nndi-
florus, purple, autumn, Pyrenees; ochroleucus, white and orange, autumn, Asia
Minor; pulchellus, layender, blue, or yellow, autumn, Turkey; reticulatus, white,
lilao and purple, March, E. Europe; sativus (Saffron Crocus), white, lilac, and
purple, autumn. Western Asia; Sieberi, lilac and yellow, Feb. to March, GTeece;
epeciosus, lilao and purple, autumn, Central Europe; suaTOlens, orange, lilac, and
purple, March, Italy; susianus, orange and brown, Fob., Crimea; yernns, lilac,
violet and white Feb., to April, Europe; Tersicolor, white to {lurple, March, France
and Italy. The numerous Dutch forms in cultivation were originally derived from
0. vernus.
Crossandrai —Ord. Acauthace2B. Store eyergreen flowering
shrub. First introduced 1800.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts loam, peat & sand. Position, pots
:
MNOYOLOPMBIA OP OARDENINQ.
age essential. Temp., Sept. to March. 65° to 75"; March to Sept. 75"
to 85". Propagate by large-sized offsets inserted ainerlv in small pots
in temp, of 85° in April.
SPECIES pULTITATED: 0. Beuokeri, red and white, Bummer, C in., Brazil;
bmttatus, wnite, Aug., 8 to 10 in., Trop. America; undulatus, white. August. 10 in.,
Brazil.
CryptOgramme (Parsley Fern; Eock Brake).— Ord. Filices.
Hardy deciduous ferns with Parsley-like fronds.
CJULTUEE Soil, equal parts loam & peat with a liberal supply of
:
broken bricks or stone, quite fiee from lime. Position, cool, moist
rockery. Does well in the moist fissures of rocks. Plant in spring.
Propagate by division in spring.
SFEOIES CULTIVATED: 0. orispa (Syn. Allosorua orispa), 3 to 6 in.. Mountains
ot Wales, Scotland, etc. ; crispa aorostiohoides, 6 to 8 in., N. America.
Cryptomeria —
(Japanese Cedar). Ord, Couiferse. Hardy ever-
green coniferous trees. Orn. foliage. Nat. Japan. First introduced
1844. Foliage bright green in spring & summer; bronzy crimson dur-
ing winter.
CULTURE Soil, deep rich, moist loam. Position, sheltered on
:
in May 2deep & 3 ft. wide in a sunny position, putting soil on north
ft.
side. Fill hole with heated manure and cover with 3 in. of soil. Plant
at once. Train as advised above. Water moderately at first, freely
119
—
ENCYCLOPJSDIA OF GARDENING.
afterwards. Protect with hand-light until end of June. Sow seeds
in light soil in temp. 55° in April. Japanese climbing cucumber re-
quires to have its shoots trained up pea sticks.
CXJLTUEE OF MELONS Compost, three parts good turfy loam, one
;
120
ENCYOLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
Cunonia. —
(Red Alder). Ord. Saxifragaceae. Greenhouse evergreen
flowering tree. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1816.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts sandy loam & peat. Position, pots
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OP GARDENING.
SPEOIES OTTLTITATBD: 0. fnnobris (Funeral 0yp"8S), weeping habit, 40 to
BO ft., China; goTeniana, oompaot habit, 20 to 30 ft., California; lawsoniana (Law-
son'a Oypress), pyramidal habit, 100 to 150 ft., California, and its Tarieties, albo-
spioa, albo-Tariegata, argentea, argenteo-variegata, aureo-Tariegats, ereota viridis,
filiformiB, gracilis pendala, lutea, nana, nana albo and nana glanoa; maorooarpa
(Monterey Cypress), spreading habit, 60 to 90 ft., California; noofckatensis (Alaska
Oypress), pyramidal habit, 100 to 120 ft., VanoouTer's Island, and its varieties,
argenteo-variegata, anreo-yarlegata, compacta, glanca, pendala, variegata, and
Tiridis; obtnsa (Syn. Betinospora obtusa), spreading habit, 60 to 70 ft., Japan, and
its varieties, albo-piota, aurea, oompaota, filicoides, graoilis anrea, lyoopodoides,
nana, plumosa (Syn. Betinospora plumosa), j>lumosa argentea, plnmosa anrea,
plumosa tetragonia aurea, and plumosa Tanegata; pisifera (Syn. Betinoepora
pislfera), slender, graceful habit, 18 to 20 ft.^ Japan, and its varieties, filifera,
plumosa, and squarrosa; sempervlTene, pyramidal habit, 40 to 60 ft., S. Europe,
and its varieties horlzontalis and orientalis ; thyoides (Syn, Betinospora eriooides),
the White Cedar, 80 to 90 ft.. United States, and its varieties, glanoa (kewensis),
variegata and leptoclades.
Cups-and-Saucers (Cobaea scandens).—See Cobaea.
CurculigO (Weevil-plant). —Ord. Amaryllidaceae. Stove orn.
evergreen foliage plants. First introduced 1805. Leaves, strap-like,
recurved, dark grten, variegated with vfhite.
CULTUEE Compost, equal parts lumpy peat & loam & little silver
:
sand. Position, pots in moist plant stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Water
moderately in winter, freely other times. Temp., Sept. to March 55°
to 65° ; March to Sept. 75° to 85°. Propagate tiy suckers inserted in
small pots of sandy soil in temp. 85° in March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. recurvata, 3 to 4 ft., Trop. Asia; recurvata varie-
gata, variegated foliage.
Currant.—See Eibes.
Cushion Pink (Silene acaulis & Armaria maritima). — See Silene
& Armeria.
Custard Apple (Anona
reticulata). —
See Anona.
Cyanant!hus.—Ord. Campanulaceae. Hardy alpine herbaceous
perennials. First introduced 1844.
CULTUEE: Compost, equal parts sandy peat & leaf-mould. Posi-
tion, sunny banks or crevices of rockeries. Plant, March or April.
Protect in severe weather with ashes or leaves. Propagate by cuttings
of shoots 2 in. long inserted in sandy peat, in April, May, or June, &
kept under bell-glass; division of fleshy roots in March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. inoanus, aiure-blue, August, 3 to 4 in., Sikkim;
lobatus, purplish blue, August, 4 in., Himalayas.
—
Cyanella. Ord. Hsemodoracese. Half-hardy bulbous plants.
Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1768. Flowers, fragrant.
OULTUEE: Compost, two parts sandy soil, one part leaf-mould or
decayed cow manure. Position, pots 4J in. in diameter, well drained,
in cold frame or greenhouse. Pot, Oct., placing five bulbs 2 in. deep in
each pot, & covering pots with cocoauut^fibre refuse until growth be-
gins. Water moderately when bulbs begin to grow; keep bulbs dry
Propagate by offsets in Nov.
Sept. to Jan.._._.
„
SPECIES CULTIVATED ~ '
0. alba, white, July, 1 ft.
: capensis, blue, July, 1 ft.
;
ENOYGLOPMDIA OF GAEDENINO.
March to Sept. 65° to 75° for stove, 55° to 65° for greenhouse. Shade
in summer essential. Propagate hy spores sown at any time on sur-
loam & peat in shallow well-drained pans; cover
face' of finely-sifted
with sheet of glass, & keep moist in shady position in temp. 75° to 85°.
STOYE SPEOIES: 0. arborea, 15 ft., W. Indies; Dregei, 10 to 12 ft., Trop.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES : 0. dealbata, 10 ft.. New Zealand ; medullaris, 15 to
20 ft.. New Zealand.
Cycas —
(Sago Palm). Ord. Cycadacese. Stove ornamental-leaved
plants. Leaves feather-shaped, dark green.
CULTUEE Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part silver sand.
:
Position, well-drained pots in moist plant stove. Eepot, Feb. & Mar.
Water moderately Oct. to March, freely afterwards. Temp., March to
Sept. 75° to 80°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. C. revoluta may be stood
outdoors in sheltered position from June to Sept. Propagate by seeds
sown lin. deep in light soil in temp. 85° to 90° in March or April;
suckers obtained from base of plants inserted in small pots in temp.
80° to 85° at any time.
SPEOIES CULTITATED: 0. oiroinalis, 8 ft., B. Indies; revoluta, 6 to 8 ft.,
Ohina.
Cyclamen (Sowbread). —
Ord. Primulacese. Hardy & green-
house perennial flowering plants. Tuberous-rooted. Deciduous.
First introduced 1596. Flowers, fragrant.
CULTURE OP GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam,
one part leaf-mould & sand. Position, pots in greenhouse -Sept. to
May; cold frame other times. Repot, July or Aug.; corm to be above
surface of soil. Water moderately until new growth begins, then
increase supply, decreasing it when plants have ceased to flower ; keep-
ing roots nearly dry & cool May to July. Apply liquid manure when
in flower. Temp., Sept. to April 50° to 55°. Corms should not be
grown for more than two years. Best results obtained from seedling
plants one year old. Shade from sun essential.
CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES : Soil, rich, friable loam containing
plenty of leaf-mould. Position, sheltered partially shady nooks of
rockery or in turf under trees. Plant, Aug. or Sept., 2 or 3 in. apart
& li in. deep. Top-dress with cow manure &' rich soil annually after
leaves die down, first removing old soil as far as corms. May also be
grown in pots or pans in cold greenhouse or frame.
Propagate greenhouse kinds by seed sown J in. deep & 1 in. apart in
welWrained pans of light soil in temp, of 55° Aug. to Nov., or Jan. to
March; hardy species by seeds sown similarly in cold frame in Oct.
or Nov., transplanting seedlings following spring. Cover surface of
soil in seed pans with layer of moss to keep soil uniformly moist.
Seeds take several weeks to germinate.
GREENHOirSB SPEOIES : 0. laBfolium (Syn. persioum), red, white, etc., winter,
6 to 8 in., Asia Minor.
HABDT SPEOIES: afrioanum, red and white, autumn, 6 in., N. Africa;
C.
Coum, red, Feb. and March, 4 in., Greece and Asia Minor; europffium, red,
autumn, i in., Europe; iberioum (Syn. 0. vernum), red, Feb. and March, 3 in.,
Caucasus; neapolitanum, red, autumn, i in., Europe; neapolitanum album, white;
repandum (Syn. hedera'folium), rosy red, March to May, 4 in., S. Europe; Atkinsii,
purple and white, winter, 3 in., a hybrid.
Cyclamen-flovwered Daffodil (Narcissus cyclamineus).
See Narcissus.
CyclObOthra. —See Calochortus.
Cycnoches (Swan's-neck Orchid). — Ord. Orchidacese. Stove
deciduous orchids. First introduced 1830.
123
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
CULTUBE : Compost, good fibry peat. Position, pots or hanging
baskets, well drained. Water freely from time new growth begins
until leaves fall off; very little other times. Temp., March to Sept.
65" to 85"; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Growing period, Feb. to Aug.
Keating period, Sept. to Feb. Flowers appear at base of new pseudo-
bulb. Propagate by division of plants at potting time.
SPECIES oaLTITATED: 0. anreum (Golden Swan Orohid), yellow, snmmer,
Central America; ohlorooliilain, yellow, Jane, Demerara; pentadaotylon, yellow
and brown, various seasons, Brazil.
Cydonia.—See Pyrus.
CymbidJum. —Ord. Orchidaceae. Stove terrestrial orchids.
First introduced 1789. Flowers, fragrant.
CTJLTUKE Compost, equal parts rough fibry peat, sphagnum moss,
:
& sand. Position, pots, well drained. Kepot, Feb. or March. Water
freely in summer, moderately in winter. Temp., March to Sept. 65°
to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 65°. Growing period. March to Aug.
Besting period, Sept. to Feb. Flowers appear at base of pseudo-bulb
last formed. Propagate by division of plant at potting time.
SPECIES OITLTiyATED C. aloifolium, purple, autumn, India and Ceylon
:
manured and trenched three spits deep. Position, open & sunny.
Plant suckers, i.e., offshoots, 4 in. deep in triangular groups 9 in. from
plant to plant, 2 ft. apart in rows 4 ft. asunder, early in April. Keep
well watered first season. In Nov. surround each plant with dry
litter & in severe weather cover with similar material^ uncovering in
mild weather. Fork surface over in March, & mulch vdth decayed
manure. Apply liquid manure freely to" establish plants during
summer. Gather flower heads for use when fully developed. Seaweed
an excellent manure. Apply in spring. Eeplant bed every four years.
Propagate by offsets or suckers removed in April. Seeds do not ripen
in England. ^04
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Market Cultube Same as above. Market heads with stalks about
:
3 in. long, & sell by the dozen. Average price. Is. 6d. to 2s. per doz.
Average yield per acre, 10,000 to 20,000 heads.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. oardunoulus (Oardoon), purplo, Aug., 4 to 6 ft.,
S. Europe; eoolymus (Globe Artiohoke), purple, Sept., 3 to 6 ft., Europe.
CynorchiSi — Ord. Orchidaceae. Stove terrestrial orchids. First
introduced 1835.
CULTUEE : Compost, equal parts fibrous peat & sphagnum moss.
Position, well-drained pots in moist part of stove. Pot in spring.
Water freely whilst growing; give little when at rest. Propagate by
division after flowering.
SPECIES CULTIVATED 0. elegang, white and rose, winter, 4 in., Madagascar
:
grandiflora, ^reen, rose, and purple, winter, 6 in., Madagascar; lowianum, white,
green, and lilac, winter, Madagascar.
—
Cypella. ^Ord. Irideae. Half-hardy bulbs. Adapted for cool
greenhouse and outdoor culture. First introduced 1823.
OUTDOOR CULTUEE: Soil, light rich sandy. Position, sunny
well-drained border. Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing bulbs 4 in. deep &
2 in. apart. Lift & replant bulbs annually. Mulch surface of bed in
March vidth cow manure.
POT CULTUEE Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
:
CULTUEE OF HAEDY
SPECIES Soil, mud. Position, margins of
:
other times. Temp., March to Sept. 60° to 65°; Stept. to March 50° to
55°. Resting period, none. Flowers appear when growth is. finished.
CULTURE OP HARDY SPECIES Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-
:
mould, road grit & small stones. Position, partially shady sheltered
nooks on rockery. Plant, March or April. Water in dry weather.
Propagate all the species by division of the roots at potting or plant-
ing time.
STOVE SPECIES: 0. Argus, rose, white, and purple, June, Philippines; her-
batum, -white and purple, March and April, Malaya bellatulum, white and purple,
;
May, Burma; Bozallii, green and purple, Dec. to Feb., Burma; callosum, white
and purple, Deo. to Feb., Cochin China; Charlesworthii, rose and white, autumn,
Burma; conoolor, white, March to May, Burma; dayanum, white and purple, Feb.,
Borneo; lanrenoianum, white and purple, April, Borneo; niveum, white and rose,
sprinsT, Malaya; rothschildianum, yellow, purple and brown, March, Borneo;
superbiene, white and purple, Nov.; venustum, green and red, Oct., Himalayas.
STOVE HYBRIDS We can only find space for a very brief selection of these,
:
namely, calurlum, green, red, and crimson calypso, white and yellow
; domini- ;
anum, yellow, green and brown; leeanum, white, mauve and red; SchroderBe, red,
purple, white, and crimson; Sedenii, white, crimson and purple; selligerum, white
and crimson.
GEEENHOtrSE SPECIES C. insigne, white, purple and brown, Deo. to Feb.,
:
Khasia: insigne Maulei, white and purple; insigne Sanderro, yellow; insigne san-
derianum, yellow spicerianum, white and purple, autumn, Assam villosum, brown
; ;
(Britain); guttatum, white, rose, and purple, N. America and Siberia; macran-
thum, purple, June, Siberia; japonicum, green, white, and pint, summer, Japan;
parviflorum, yellow and red, June, N. America; pubescens, yellow and purple, June,
N. America; speotabile, rose and white, May, N. America.
—
Cyrilla, (Leatherwood). Ord. Cyrilleae. Hardy evergiieen flower-
ing shrub. Flowers, borne in tufts on the ends of old wood. First
introduced 1765.
CULTURE: Soil, loam & peat. Position, warm, sheltered nooks.
Plant, Sept. or April. Propagate by cuttings in silver sand under bell-
glass in temp. 55° to 65°.
SPECIES OuLTIVATBD C. raccmiflora, white, summer, 6 ft., S.TJ. States.
—
:
Deo. to Maroh, India; punotatum, yellow, red, and purple, April and May, West
Indies.
Cystopteris (Bladder Fern).— Ord. Filices. Hardy deciduous
ferns.
CULTURE : Soil, rich, deep, sandy loam, freely mixed with pieces
of limestone or dried mortar. Position, well-drained shady sheltered
rockery. Plant, March or April. Water moderately in dry weather.
POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts good loam, one part leaf -soil
mixed with old mortar or sand. Position, well drained in cold frame
or cold greenhouse in shade. Repot, March or April. Water freely
April to Sept., moderately Sept. to Nov., keeping nearly dry after-
wards. Propagate by spores sown on surface of fine sandy soil in
shallow boxes or pans, cover with sheet of glass, & place in cold frame
at any time; division of plant in March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 0. alpina, 4 to 6 m., Europe and Asia Minor; bulbi-
fera, G to 12 in., N. America; fragalis, 6 to 8 in., and Its varieties angustata and
dlckeana, Europe (Britain), eto. ; montana, 6 to 8 in., Europe and N. America.
CytiSUS —
(Broom). Ord. Leguminosae. Greenhouse & hardy deci-
duous evergreen flowering shrubs.
CULTURE OP GREENHOUSE SPECIES Compost, two parts turfy
:
loam, one part lumpy peat & sharp sand. Position, pots in green-
house. Pot, May or June. Prune shoots to within 2 in. of base
directly after flowering, & place plants in temp. 50° to 55° to make new
growth before potting. Place plants in sunny position outdoors from
end of July to Oct. to ripen growth. Water freely March to May,
moderately during May & June, freely June to Nov., moderately after-
wards. Apply weak liquid or artificial manure to plants during time
they are in flower. Temp., Nov. to Feb. 45° to 50°'; Feb. to May 50°
to 55°; May to June 55° to 60°.
CULTURE OP HARDY SPECIES Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
:
ENOYGLOPJEDIA OF GARDENING.
April. Seeds of Common Brown may be scattered broadcast on banks
or in woodlands; & the choice kinds increased by cuttings in cold
frame in Sept. This ia the only way to rear brooms true to colour.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES 0. filipM, wMte, March, 4 to 6 ft.. Canaries fragrans
: ;
cular florets and colours like those of show and fancy types. Single
,
double, outer florets, broad; inner ones, short and narrow. Tom
Thumb Habit, dwarf, 1 to 2 ft. ; flowers, single. Decorative Flower,
: :
May to Sept. Pot firmly Feb. or March. Water very little Oct. to
March, freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 50°; March
to Sept. 50° to 60°. Propagate by seeds sown in sandy peat in well
drained pans or pots under bell-glass in temp. 50° to 60° in March,
April, or May.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. aorotriohnm, 6 to 8 ft., Mexico; glauoophylluM,
10 ft., Mexico; Hookeri, 3 ft., Mexico.
Date Palm (Phronix dactylifera).—See Phoenix.
Date-Plum (Diospyros virginica). —See Diospyros.
130
;
BNOYCLOPMBIA OP GARDENING.
Datisca. (False Hemp). —
Ord. Datisoeae. Hardy herbaceous
Serennial. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1739. Male & female
owers borne on separate plants. Leaves, pinnate, green.
CULTURE: Soil, deep rich, ordinary. Position, open & sunny
border. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, & April. Female plant most
effective. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in fine soil outdoors
in March, April, or May, transplanting seedlings to permanent posi-
tions any time.
SPEOIBS OTTLTITATBD: D. oannalina, greenish white, summer, 3 to 6 ft., W.
Asia.
Datura (Thorn Apple; Trumpet Flower).—Ord. Solanacese. Half-
hardy &, greenhouse annuals, shrubs, & trees.
CULTURE OP ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, light sandy. Position,
sunny borders outdoors. Plant, May. Propagate annuals by seed
sown I- in. deep in light sandy soil in well-drained pots in temp. 55° to
65° in March or April, & transfer the seedlings to small pots- until
planting time.
CULTURE OF SHRUBBY SPECIES Compost, equal parts loam,
:
fastuosa rubra, red; strammonium (Thorn Apple), white, July, 2 ft., Britain, eto.
SHBTJBBT SPECIES.— D. arborea, white, Aug. 7 to 10 ft., Pern; oornigera
(Horn of Plenty), creamy white, summer, 10 ft., Organ Mountains; metseloidoB
(Syn. D. Wrightii), bluish violet, summer, 2 ft., California; sanguinea (Syn.
Brugmansia Sanguinea), orange yellow, summer, 4 to 6 ft., Peru; suavclens, white,
fragrant, Aug., 8 to 10 ft., Mexico.
DauCUS (Carrot). —Ord. Umbelliferse. Hardy biennial. well- A
known edible rooted vegetable. Reputed to be first introduced into
England by the Flemings in time of Queen Bess. Types. Short-horn: —
Roots, short, conical. Stump-rooted Roots, medium, blunt at ends.
:
BNOYOLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
Day-lily,—See Hemerooallis.
Dead-Nettie (Lamium
Deciduous Cypress
inaculatum). —See Lamium.
(Taxodium distichum).—See Taxodium.
Decumaria.—Ord. Saxifragaceae. Hardy deciduous flowering
twiner. First introduced 1785. Flowers, fragrant.
CULTURE Soil, light, rich.
: Position, against south or west walls,
arbours or trellis work. Plant, Oct., Nov., or Dec. Prune away weak
& head shoots in Feb. Propagate by cuttings of shoots inserted in
ordinary soil under hand-light in shady position outdoors in summer.
SPECIES CULTIVATED D. bartara, white, June, 10 to 20 ft.. United States.
:
open beds or borders. Sow seeds Jin. deep where plants are to flower
in April, or in light soil in shallow boxes in temp. 55° in April, trans-
planting seedlings in May.
CULTUEE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES Soil, deep, rich. Position,
:
ENOTCLOP^DIA OF GARDENING.
yellow and orange, fragrant, spring, 18 in., Burma; oanalioulatum, yellow and
mauve, fragrant, spring, 1 ft., N.E. Australia; ohrysanthum, yellow and purple,
winter, 4 to 6 ft., Mepanl; ohrysotoxum, yellow and orange, March, 1 ft.,
Moulmein; crassinode, magenta-purple and miite, Jan. and Fell., 3 ft., Siam;
Bearei, white, summer, 3 ft., Philippines; densiflorum, yellow and orange, spring,
18 in., India; dsTonianum, cream, purple and orange, spring, 3_ ft., India
Falconeri, white, purple and orange. May and June, 3 ft., N. India; Farmeri,
white, pink, and yellow, April and May, 18 in., India; flmbriatnm oculatom,
orange-yellow and red, March and April, 4 ft., India; flndlayanum, white, pink,
and yellow, Jan. and Feb., 18 in., Moulmein; formosnm giganteum, white and
yellow. May, 18 in., Moulmein; infundibulum, white and yellow, summer, 2 ft.,
Moulmein; jamesianum, white and red. May, 18 in., Moulmein; nobile, white, rosy
purple and crimson, winter, 2 ft., India; Parishii, rose and purple, spring,
12 to 18 in., Moulmein; Fhalsenopsis, autumn, 12 to 18 in., N. Australia; Pierardia,
blush, white, and purple, winter, 18 in., India; primulinum, rosy lilao and yellow,
winter, 12 to 18 in., Burma; pulohellum (Syn. D. dalhousianum), yellow, rose, and
crimson, spring, 4 to 5 ft., Burma; speoiosum, creamy yellow and purple, spring,
12 in., Australia; superbiens, magenta rose and purple, spring, 3 to 4 ft., Fhilip'
pines; thyrsiflorum, white, pink, and orange, spring, 2 ft., Burma; wardianum,
white, purple and yellow, winter, 2 ft., Assam.
HTBRIDS OULTIVATISD: Ainsworthii, white and crimson purple, spring;
Ourtisii, white, purple, and yellow, fragrant. May; dominianum, rosy purple and
white, spring; nobile-wardianum, white, rose, purple and yellow, winter, and
many others to be found in lists.
Dendrochilum. —See Flatyclinis.
DeOCla.r (Cedrus Deodara). —See Cedrus.
Deptf ord Pink (Qianthus armeria). —See Dianthus.
Desert Rod (Eremostachya laciniata). —See Eremostachys.
Desfontania. —Ord. Logauiaceae. Hardy evergreen flowering
shrub. First introduced 1853. Leaves, oval, dark shiny green, with
spiny margins.
OUTDOOR CULTURE : Compost, equal parts peat & loam. Posi-
tion, sheltered borders outdoors, or against south wall. Plant. Oct.,
Nov., or April.
GREENHOUSE CULTURE Compost, equal parts peat, loam, char-'
:
& silver sand. Position, pots in plant stove. Pot, Feb. or March.
Water moderately Oct. to Feb., freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to
March 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 65° to 75°.
CULTURE OF HARDY
SPECIES Soil, ordinary. Position, open
:
MNCrCLOPMDIA OF GASDENING.
drained border. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune, June, shortening shoots
that have flowered only.
POT CULTURE OF D. GRACILIS: Compost, two parts loam, one
part decayed manure & sand. Pot. Oct. or Nov. Position, cold
trame Nov. to Feb.; greenhouse Feb. to May; outdoors afterwards.
Water very little Oct. to Feb., moderately Feb. to April, freely April
to Oct. -Temp., Feb. to May 55° to 65°. Plants will flower in cold
greenhouse without heat if desired. Plant out deutzias that have
flowered in heat in ofien garden for a year, then lift & repot, to flower
again. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots, 3 in. long, inserted in
sandy soil under bell-glass in cold frame in June or July, also of firm
shoots, 10 to 12 in. long, inserted in ordinary soil outdoors in Nov.,
Dec, or Jan.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. crenata, white, June, 6 ft., Japan; crenata flore-
pleno extua purpurea, white and rosoj gracilis, white, April, 2 ft., Japan;
gracilis f olius aureis, leaves variegated with yellow ; Lemoinei, white. May, a ft
hybrid; soabra, white, June, 6 ft., Japan.
Devil-in-a-Bush (Nigella damasceua).— See Nigella.
Devonshire Myrtle (Myrica Gale).— See Myrica.
Devonshire Oalc (Quercus Cerris var. Lucombeana). — See
Quercus.
Dew Berry(Eibes caesius).—See Ribea.
Dianella (Flax Lily; Paroo Lily).—Ord. Liliaceae. Half-hardy
flbrouBrrooted perennials. Orn. foliage & fruiting plants. First in-
troduced 1731.
OUTDOOR CULTURE : Compost, equal parts loam & peat. Posi-
tion, sheltered borders; S. of England only. Plant, Oct., March, or
April.
GREENHOUSE CULTURE Compost, equal parts peat. loam, leaf-
:
ends white with a velvet eye. or a velvet eye with laced velvet edges, &
a white centre. Sweet Williams Show type, smooth edged petals
:
with liquid manure when buds form. Shade in spring from sun. Admit
air freely on fine days.
CULTURE OF PINKS: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny bor-
ders. Plant 9 in. apart in autumn or spring. Thin shoots to four on
each plant to ensure fine blooms. Feed with liquid manure in May
and June.
CULTURE OF SWEET WILLIAMS: Stoil, ordinary, rich. Posi-
tion, sunny beds or borders. Plant 12 in. apart each way in autumn.
CULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES Sow seeds in gentle heat in
:
spring, harden ofE seedlings in cold frame, & plant out in beds &
borders in May to flower same season or, sow in open border in April,
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GAUDENtNO.
sown outdoors in April or July cuttings in cold frames in summer
;
between the Carnation and the Chinese Pink. Tery free flowering, beautiful in
colour and fragrant.
Diapensia. —Ord. Diapensiacese. Hardy dwarf evergreen alpine
shrub. First introduced 1801.
CULTURE :deep sandy peat mixed with stones. Position, ex-
Soil,
posed on sunny rockery. Water freely June, July & Aug. Plant,
March or April. Propagate by division of plants in March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 5. lapponioa, white, July, 3 in.. Northern Regions.
—
Diascia^ Ord. Scrophulariaceae. Half-hardy annual. First
introduced 1871.
INDOOR CULTURE Compost, two parts sandy loam & one part
:
leaf-mould & sand. Pot, Oct. or Nov. Position, cold frame Oct. to
Feb. greenhouse Feb. to May ; afterwards planting out in borders.
;
Water moderately when new growth begins, freely when in full growth.
Apply liquid manure once or twice weekly when flower buds appear.
FoBCiNa D. Spectabilis: Pot, Oct. Place in cold frame till
Jan. Transfer to temp. 55° to 65° in Jan. After forcing, plant out i n
open border. Plants should only be forced in pots one year. Propa-
gate by dividing the crowns in Feb., March, or April ; cuttings of fleshy
roots 2 in. long inserted in sandy soil in temp. 55^ in March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. canadensis (Bleeding Heart), white, May, 6 in.,
N. America; chrysantha, yellow, Aug. and Sept., 3 to 5 ft., California; CuouUaria
(Dutchman's Breeches), white and yellow, spring, 6 in.. United States; ezimia,
reddish purple, April to Sept., 13 in., N. Carolina; formosa, red. May, 6 in., N.
137
—
ENOYOLOP^DIA OF GABDENING.
America; (Syn. Dielytra spectabilis), tlio ChinamaQ'a Breeches, rosy
speotablis
crimson, spring and summer, 2 ft., Siberia and Japan.
Dichsea. — Ord. Orchidaceae. Stove epiphytal orchid. First in-
troduced 1870.
CTJLTUEE Compost, fresh sphagnum moss.
: Position, blocks of
wood suspended from roof of stove. Water daily. Temp., March to
Aug. 65° to 85°; Aug. to March 50° to 60°. Propagate by division of
plants in Feb. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. piota, green and purple, winter, Trinidad.
DiChorisandra. — Ord. Commelinacese.
Stove ornamental-
leaved and flowering perennials.
CULTUEE Compost, one-third each of peat, loam & leaf-mould & a
:
little silver sand. Position, pots in shady part of stove. Pot in March.
Water freely March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Syringe daily
in spring and summer. Temp., March to Oct. 75° to 85°; Oct. to
March 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds in spring; division in March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED .D. mosaica, leaves green marked with white, 2 ft.,
:
Peru; pubescens tEeniensis, leaves striped with white, 2 ft., Brazil; thyrsiflora,
blue, autumn, 5 to 10 ft., Brazil.
Dicksonia (Tasmanian Tree Fern; New Zealand Tree Fern; Hay-
—
scented Tree Fern). Ord. Filices. Stove & greenhouse tree ferns.
First introduced 1786.
CtTLTURE Compost, two-thirds peat & loam, & abundance of sand.
:
Dictyosperma. —
Ord. Palmaceae. Stove Palms. Orn.
foliage. First introduced 1842. Leaves, pinnate.
CULTUEE Compost,
: equal parts loam, leaf-mould & sand. Posi-
tion, pots in shady moist plant stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Water
freely at all times. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept. to March
60° to 65°. Propagate by seedssown 1 in. deep in pots of sandy peat
in temp. 85° in Feb., March, or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. album, IS to 20 ft., Mauritius; aureum 10 ft,
Mauritius; fibrosum, 5 ft., Madagascar.
Didymocarpus.—Ord. Gesneracese. Stove perennial herbs.
First introduced 1845.
138
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GAEDENING.
OULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat& loam, one-fourth part cow
dung & sand. Position, well-drained pots in moist plant stove. Pot,
Feb., March, or April. Water moderately Oct. to Feb., freely after-
wards. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to Sept. 65=^ to 75°.
Propagate by cuttings of young side shoots inserted in sandy soil undei
bell-glass in temp. 80° to 85° in March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. hnmboldtiana, lilao, autnnin, 3 to 4 in., Ceylon;
malajana, yellow, eammer, 4 to 6 in., Malaya.
Didymochlsena.— Ord. Filices. Stove fern. First introduced
1838.
CTJLTtTRE Compost, two parts loam, one peat, pounded charcoal &
:
magnifioa, leaves, green and white, Venezuela; nobilis, leaves, green and white,
Brazil; llegina, leaves, white and green, 8. America; Bex, leaves, white and
green, S. America; piota, green and white, Brazil.
Dielytra.—See Dicentra.
Diervilla (Bush Honeysuckle). —
Ord. Caprifoliaoese. Hardy de-
ciduous shrubs. First introduced 1739. Formerly known by the
generic name of Weigela.
CULTXJEE: Soil, ordinary. Position, moist shady shrubberies, or
against south, east, or west walls or fences. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune
directly after flowering, shortening shoots that have borne flowers. No
winter pruning required. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots in-
serted mpots of sandy soil under bell-glass in cool greenhouse in
spring; cuttings of firm shoots 6 in. long inserted Sin. deep & 2 in.
apart in north border under hand-light in Oct. or Nov.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. floribunda, purple, June, 3 ft., Japan; florida
(Syn. Weigela rosea), rose and white, May, 6 to 8 ft., China; grandiflora, pink,
June, 6 to 8 ft., Japan ;japonioa hortensis, white, summer, 4 ft., Japan midden-
;
dorfiana, yellow, summer, 4 ft., Siberia. Abel Carrifere, Eva Rathe, Tan Houttei,
and variegata are popular varieties or hybrids.
Digfitalis (Foxglove). —Ord. Scrophulariaceae. Hardy biennial &
perennial herbs.
CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES : ordinary. Posi-
Soil, rich
tion, open shady border, or naturalising in woodlands and wild gardens.
Plant, Oct., Nov., or April.
OULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES: Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in
shady border outdoors in April. Transplant seedlings 3 in. apart in
shady bed in June. Transfer seedlings to flowering position in Oct. or
Nov. Propagate perennials by seeds sown as directed for biennials;
division of plants in March.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
PERENNIAL SPECIES: D. ambigua (Syn. D. grandiflora and ooliroleuca),
yellow, July and Aug., 3 Europe.
ft.,
BIENNIAL SPECIES: D. purpurea (Foxglove), puijjle, July to Sept., 3 to 5 ft.,
Europe (Britain). There are numerous varieties and strains of this species, the
gloxinia-flowered being the most beautiful.
Dill. —See Feucedanum.
Dillwynia.—Ord. LeguminossB. Greenhouse evergreen flowering
shrubs. First introduced 1794.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts fibry peat & loam, one-fourth part
:
white and purple, summer, 18 in., pluvialis flore-pleuo, double. Native of S. Africa.
—
Dionsea. (Venus' Fly-trap). Ord. Droseraceae. Greenhouse her-
baceous perennials. Insectivorous plants. Leaves, two-lobed, mar-
gined with teeth & sensitive.
CUIiTURE Compost, ecjual parts peat & living sphagnum. Posi-
:
tion, pots or pans well drained & partly immersed in pans of water, &
placed under glass in cool greenhouse. Pot, March or April. Water
freely always. Temp., Oct. to March 40° to 45°; March to Sept. 45°
to 55 .Propagate by seeds sown in mixture of sphagnum moss & peat,"
kept moist under bell-glass in March or April; division of plants in
March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED D. musoipula, white, July and Aug., 6 in., Carolina.
:
—
Dioscorea (Yam). Ord. Dioscoreacese. Hardy tuberous-rooted
climbing perennials. Tubers, large, milky, edible, cooked like pota-
toes.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny, open. Plant small
:
tubers 3 in. deep <fe 12 in. apart in March. Fix stakes or branches for
shoots to climb on. Lift & store tubers in frost-proof place in Oct.
Propagate by cuttings of stems 1 in. long with leaf attached, inserted
J in. deep in sandy soil under bell-elass in temp. 55° in summer.
SPECIES CULTIVATED D. Batatus (Tarn), white, summer, 12 ft., Philippines.
:
Diosma —
(African Steel-bush). Ord. Rutacesa. Greenhouse ever-
green flowering shrub. Leaves fragrant.
CULTURE Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part loam, & silver
:
sand. Pot, May, June. Pinch off points of vigorous shoots in July
& Aug. Water very little Oct. to March, moderately afterwards.
Temp., Sept, to March 40° to 45°; March to Sept. 50° to 55°. Propa-
.140
enoyoloPjEdia of gardening.
gate by cuttings inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 55°
to 65° in March, April, or May
SPECIES CULTITAMD D. eriooides, white, spring, 2 to 3 ft., S. Africa.
:
20 ft., China; Lotus (Common Date Palm), reddish white, July, 20 to 30 ft.,
S. Europe; virginiana (Persimmon), yellow, July, 20 to 30 ft., N. America.
Djphylleia (Umbrella-leaf).— Ord. Berberidaceae. Hardy her-
baceous perennial. First introduced 1812.
CULTURE: Soil, peaty. Position, moist shady borders. Plant,
Oct. to March. Propagate by division of plants in March or April.
SPECIES CTJLTITATED D. oymosa, white. May, 1 ft., N. America.
:
Diplacus.j—See Mimulus.
—
Dipladenia. Ord. Apocynaceae. Stove flowering climbers.
Evergreen. First introduced 1^1. i
—
Doodia,! Ord. Filices. Greenhouse evergreen ferns. Nat. Aus-
tralia. First introduced 1808.
CULTURE Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould, charcoal
:
& sand. Pot, Feb., March or April. Position, pots in shady part of
greenhouse. Water moderately Sept. to March, freely afterwards.
Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 50° ; March to Sept. 50° to 60°. Propa-
gate by spores sown on surface of sandy peat in pans under bell-glass
in temp. 65° to 75° at any time.
SPECIES CTTLTIVATED: D. aspera, 6 to 8 in., Australia, and its varieties
oorymbif era and multiflda oaudata, 6 to 12
; in., Australia ; media, 12 to 18 in.,
Australia and New Zealand.
DoronlCUm (Leopard's-bane). —Ord. CompositiB. Hardy her-
baceous perennials.
CULTURE : Soil, ordinary rich. Position, open borders, banks, or
under shade of trees. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Propagate
by division of roots in Oct. or March. This genus also does well in pots
for early flowering in cold greenhouse.
SPECIES OULTITATED: D. anstriaoum, yellow, March, IS in., Europe; oancssi-
cum, yellow, April, 1 ft., Europe; Fardialanohee, yellow. Hay, 2 ft^ Europe
(Britain); plantagineum, yellow, March, 3 ft., Europe (Britain); plautagineum
exoelsum, Ian improved form.
Doryanthes (Australian Giant Lily; Spear Lily). Ord. Ama- —
ryllidaseae. Greenhouse flowering plants. Orn. foliage. First intro-
duced 1800.
CULTURE Eijpal parts loam & leaf-mould, little sand.
: Position,
well-drained pots in light airy greenhouse. Pot, Feb., March, or April.
Water very little Sept to April, moderately afterwards. Temp., Sept.
to March 50° to 55°; March to Sept. 65° to 70°. Propagate by suckers
removed from old plants & placed in small pots in temp. 55° to 65°
titany time.
142
—
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
SPEOIES CULTIVATED: D. exoelsa, soarlet, summer, 8 to 12 ft., N.S. Wales;
Gmifoylei, orimson, summer, 12 to IS ft., Queensland; Palmeri, red, summer, 12 ft.„
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
POT CULTURE :Compost, ec[ual parts loam, leaf-mould & sand.
Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in 5 or 6 in. pots placed in temp. 55°, or in cold
frame in April or May. Water moderately. Apply weak liquid ftiauure
when plants are in flower. Place plants when in flower in cool green-
liou3e or window.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. elegans (Syn. Olmtonia elegans). blue and white,
summer, 6 in., N.W. America; pulchella (Syn. Clintonia pnlchella), blue, white, and
yellow, summer, 6 in., W. America.
Down —
Thistle (Onopordon acanthium). See Onopordon.
Downton Elm —
(Ulmus glabra var. pendula). See Ulmus.
Draba —
(Whitlow Grass). Ord. CrucifersB. Hardy perennials.
Pretty rockery plants.
CULTUKE Soil, ordinary. Position, crevices in sunny rockeries,
;
1 in. deep in pots of sandy soil in temp. 75° to 80° in March or April
stem-rooting March or A^ril offsets inserted 2 in. deep at any time.
;
—
Dragon's-mouth See Helicodiceroa.
Dragon's-mouth Orchid See Epidendrum.
Dropwort (Spirasa filipendula).—See Spiraea.
Drosera (Sundew; Youth-wort). — Ord. Droseraceae. Greenhouse
and hardy perennial insectivorous plants.
OULTUEE Compost, equal parts living sphagnum moss, peat, pot-
:
long embedded in pan of moss & peat under bell-glass in temp. 65°
to 75°.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. intermedia, white and red, July, 3 in., Europe;
longifolia (Syn. D. anglica), white, July, 3 in., Europe (Britain) ; rotundifolia,
white, July, 4 in., Europe (Britain).
Drosophyllum (Portuguese Sundew). —
Ord. Droseraceae.
Greenhouse shrubby insectivorous plants. First introduced 1869.
OULTUEE Soil, light sandy loam. Position, well-drained pots
:
charcoal & sand. Pot or plant, Feb., March, or April. Position, well-
drained shallow pans or beds in Wardian case. Water moderately Oct.
to Feb., freely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 60°; March
to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by spores sown on surface of sandy
peat m temp. 65° to 75° at any time division of rhizomes in Feb. or
;
March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: D. oarnosum, Himalayas; flioselloides, India.
—
Drynaria. See Polypodium.
—
DrypiS. Ord. Caryophyllaceae. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
First introduced 1775.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny rockeries or borders.
US
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OABDENING.
Plant, Oct., Nov., March, April. Propagate by seeds sown in light soil
in cold frame or under hand^light in March or April ; cuttings inserted
in sandy soil under hand-light or in cold frame in Sept. or Oct.
8FE0IES OTTLTITATED D. spinosa, blue, summer, 9 in., UeOiterranean Begion.
:
146
;
MNOYOLOPJs!DIA OF OARDENINO.
CULTURE Soilj deep rich light loam. Position, well-drained sunny
:
New Mexico; centeterius, yellow, summer, 6 in., Mexico; cinnabarinus, red, sum-
mer, 4 in., Bolivia; concinnus, yellow, summer, 4 in., Mexico; ooptonogonus, white
and purple. May, 4 in., Mexico; cornigerus, purple, summer, Mexico; corynodes,
yellow, summer, 4 in., Argentina ; orispatus, purple, summer, 8 in. Gummingii, ;
yellow and red, autumn, Colorado; gihbosus, white, June, 4 in., Mexico; Grusoiiii,
red and yellow, summer, 6 in., Mexico; leeanus, white and rose. May, Argentina;
multlflorus, white, summer, 5 in., Mexico; scopa, yellow, spring, 12 to 18 in.,
Brazil; soopa crista, stem fasoiated; Simpsoni, purple, summer, 4 in., Mexico,
a very hardy species. May be grown outdoors in S. of England.
Echinops —
(Globe Thistle). Ord. Composites. Hardy biennials
and perennials. First introduced 1570.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, well-drained sunny borders.
:
sand. Position, light airy greenhouse Sept. to July, sunny place out-
doors July to Sept. Repot, April, Majj, or June ; good drainage essen-
tial. Prune shoots of erect kinds to within 1 in. of base directly after
flowering; pendulous kinds about half-way. Water moderately at all
times. Syringe plants daily March to July. Temp., Sept. to March
45° to 50°; March to July, 55° to 60°. Stimulants not essential. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown immediately they ripen on surface of sandy peat
under bell-glass in temp. 55°; cuttings of ends of shoots inserted in pots
of sandy peat covered with bell-glass placed in cool greenhouse in Aug.
or April.
SPECIES OtTLTIVATED: E. hyaointhiflora, white to red, March, 2 to 3 ft.,
Australia; hyaointhiflora candidissima, white, hyacinthifora oarminata, carmine;
hyaointhiflora fulgrens, pinlc longiflora, crimson and white. May and June, 2 to
;
4 ft., Australia; longiflora splendens, red, tipped white; purpuraecens, white and
red, winter, 2 to 3 ft., Australia. Numerous varieties and hybrids will be found
in trade lists.
—
Epi-Cattleya. Ord. Orchidaceas. Bigeneric orchids, the result
—
of hybridising two distinct genera ^Epidendrum and Cattleya. Habit,
intermediate between the two parents. Flowers borne in terminal
spikes. Require similar culture to Epidendrums.
HYBRIDS CULTIVATED: E. matutina (0. bowringiana x E. radioans),
yellow and vermilion; radiata-bowringiana (E. radiatum x 0. bowriugiana), rosy
purple.
Epidendrum (Dragon's-mouth Orchid; Tree Orchid). Ord. —
Orchidacese. Stove & greenhouse epiphytal orchids. Flowers fragrant.
First introduced 1835.
CULTURE : Compost, two parts fibry peat, one part chopped living
sphagnum moss, charcoal 4; sand. Position, well-drained pots, hanging
baskets, or on blocks of wood. Repot or block, Feb. or March; pots
must be well drained. Water three times weekly March to Aug. ; once
a week Aug. to Nov. & Feb. to March; once a month Nov. to Feb.
Temp, for stove species, 65° to 75° March to Sept., 60° to 65° Sept. to
March; for greenhouse species, 45° to 55° Nov. to April, 55° to 65°
April to Nov. Resting period, March to Nov. Growing period, Nov. to
March. Propagate by division of plants, or by offsets when new growth
begins.
STOVE SPECIES: E. atropurpnreum, brown, white and purple sprinir 3 ft
Trop. Amerioa; neijorale, rose and white, July, 3 ft., Mexico p'rismatooarpuni'
;
creamy yellow, purple and rose, summer, 3 ft., Central Amerioa; Wallisii yellow
* *
crimson and white, winter, 3 ft., Colombia.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: E. Titellinum, orange, scarlet, and yellow, autumn
1 ft., Guatemala.
HYBRIDS : Clarissa, red and purple, April Endrcsio- Wallisii, yellow white and
;
ENCroLOPMMA OP oahdMj^jng.
EpigBea. (American Ground Laurel; New England May-flower).—
Hardy evergreen creeping shrub. First introduced
1736
sandy peat. Position, shady borders or rockeries.
Di'^H^o^'?''^
^lant, X^°^^'
bept., Oct. or April. Propagate by division of plant in Oct. or
SPEOIBS CULTIVATED: E. repens, white, fragrant, May, trailing, N. America.
,
—
T'P*..^^"^' Ord. Orchidaceae. Bigenerio orchids, tJie result of
hybridising species of Epideudrum with those of Laelia. Habit, like
that of an Epidendrum. Flowers borne in erect scapes. Culture, same
as required by Epidendruma.
HTBEIDS CIJLTIVATED: E. hardyana (L. anceps x Epidendrnm ciliare),
wnite, rose, and orimson-purples ; radioo-purpurata iL. purpurata
x E. radioans),
orange-soarlet, reddish purple, and lemon-yellow.
EpilObJum (Willow Herb; Bay Willow; Eose Bay).—Ord. Ona-
grariesB. Hardy perennial herbs. Showy plants for wild or town
gardens.
CULTURE Flowers, rose-pink, crimson May to Aug. Soil, ordi-
: ;
'
nary. Position, shady or sunny borders, or side of water-courses.
Plant, Oct., Nov. or March. Propagate by seeds sown |^in. deep in
shady position outdoors in March, April or Aug. ; division of roots in
Oct. or March.
SPECIES CULTITATBD: E. angustifolinm (Kose Bay or French Willow), crim-
son, July, 3 to 5 ft., Europe (Britain) angustifolium album, white, hirsutum
j
(Codlma and Cream), pink or white, July, i ft., Britain; luteum, yellow, summer,
6 in., N. America; obcordatum, rosy purple, summer, 6 in., California: rosmarini-
folium,_red, July, 2 ft., Europe.
Epimedium (Barreu-wort ; —
Bishop's Hat). Ord. BerberidaccEe.
Hardy herbaceous perennials. First introduced 1830. Leaves, green,
margined with coppery bronze.
CULTURE Soil, sandy loam & peat. Position, cool shady border or
:
rockery; will do well under trees. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April.
Propagate by division of roots in July or Aug.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. alpinum, crimson and yellow. May, 9 in., Europe;
ooncinnum, purple, March, 8 in., Japan; ma^ranthum, white and blue. May, 10 in.,
Japan; pinnatum, yellow. May, 13 in., Persia; rubrum, yellow and red. May, 8 in.,
Japan.
EpipactUS.— Ord. Orchidaceoe. Hardy terrestrial orchids.
CULTURE Soil, peat & chalk.
: Position, moist shady borders or
near ponds or rivulets. Plant in early autumn. Collect wild speci-
mens directly after flowering. Propagate by division of plant in
March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. latifolia, purple, July, 1 ft., Europe (Britain)
palustris, purple, July, 1 ft., Europe (Britain).
EpiphronitiS.— Ord. Orchidaceae. A bigeneric hybrid orchid
obtained by crossing Sophronitis graudiflora with Epideudrum radi-
Habit similar to latter parent, but dwarfer. Flowers, large.
oans.
Culture, similar to that required by Epidendrums.
HYBRID CULTIVATED: E. Veitohii (S. grandiflora x Epidendrum radioans),
crimson and yellow.
Epiphyllum (Leaf-flowering Cactus). Ord. Cactaceae. Succu- —
lent greenhouse trailing plants. First introduced, 1810.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts turfy loam, peat & leaf-mould, one-
:
gate by cuttings inserted singly in 2 in. pots filled with sandy soil &
151
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GAnDBNINO.
brick dust in March or April ; grafting on Pereskia aculeata or P. Bleo
in temp. 65 to 75° in Feb., March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. trunoatum, rosy red, winter, Brazil; russellianum,
rose, May, Brazil.
HYBRIDS AND VARIETIES: E. bieolor, purple and white; ooooineum, scarlet;
Gffirtneri (hybrid), scarlet and violet; salmoneum, salmon; violaceum, carmine,
white and purple.
Epistephium. — Ord. Orchidaceae. Stove terrestrial orchid.
First introduced 1864.
CULTURE : Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part sand. Pot,
Feb.; good drainage essential; keep soil below rim of pot. Water
three times weekly March to Aug. ; once weekly Aug. to Nov. & Feb. to
March. ; once a month other times. Syringe freely in summer. Temp.,
March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Propagate by
division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED B. Williamsii, mauve, rose, white, and yellow, summer,
:
12 in., Bahia.
Equisetum (Horsetail; Fox-tailed Asparagus). —
Ord. Equise-
tacese. Hardy deciduous herbaceous perennials. Orn. foliage. Leaves,
green, narrow, rush-like, elegant.
CULTUEE : Soil, ordinary. Position, bogs, margins of ponds, moist
shady corners, or in pots in a cool shady greenhouse. Plant or pot,
April. Water plants in pots freely whilst growing, moderately at other
times. Propagate by division of rootstocks in March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED E. maximum (Syu. E. Telmateia), 3 to 6 ft., Britain.
:
—
Eranthemuirii Ord. Acanthacese. Stove flowering plants.
Orn. foliage. First introduced 1790.
CULTUEE Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, loam & sand.
:
65° to 75°. Prune shoots to within 1 in. of base after flowering. Apply
liquid or artificial manure occasionally to plants in flower. Propagate
by cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in
temp. 75° March to July.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. albiflorum, white, summer, 2 ft., Brazil; Andersonii
white and purple, autumn, 1 ft., Malaya; cinnabai-inum, scarlet, winter 3 ft'
Burma; Cooperi, white and purple, June, 2 ft.. New Caledonia.
Eranthis (Winter Aconite).— Ord. Eauunculaceae. Hardy tuber
ous-rooted perennial. First introduced 1596.
CULTUEE: Soil, ordinary.
Position, shady borders, beds, lawns,
under trees or on rockeries. Plant 2 in. deep & 2 in. apart in Oct., Nov
or Dec. Tubers should not be lifted, but left permanently in the soil
POT CULTUEE: Compost, equal parts leaf-mould, loam & sand.
Position, 3 in. pots or large pans in cool greenhouse or window. Plant
tubers \ in. deep & close together in pots or pans in Oct. or Nov. Water
moderately. After flowering, plant tubers out in borders. Propagate
by division of tubers in Oct. or Nov.
SPECIES qULTIYATED: E. hyemalis, yellow, Jan. to March, u3 to 4 m.,
ou ^« in
Europe (Britain). ,
152
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDJENING.
—
Ercilla,! Ord. Phytolaccacera.' Hardy evergreen creeper. First
introduced 1840.
CITLTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, south or south walls;
sunny. Plant, Sept. or April. Prune after flowering, cutting away
weak & shortening strong snoots one fourth. Shoots cling to wall like
those of ivy. Propagate by cuttings or layers in autumn.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. yolubilis (Syn. Bridgesia spioata), pnrple, spring,
10 to 15 ft., Chili.
Eremostachys (Desert Rod).— Ord.Lahiatae. Hardy perennial.
First introduced 1731.
CULTUEB: Soil, light rich. Position, sunny well-drained borders.
Plant, Oct. or April. Cut off spikes after flowering. Propagate by
seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light soil in sunny position outdoors in
April ; ; division of roots in Oct. or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : E. laoiniata, rosy purple and yellow, summer, ft., ^
Asia Minor.
Eremurus.— Ord. Liliaceae. Hardy herbaceous perennials.
First introduced 1800.
OULTTJEE: Soil, light deep rich sandy, well-manured loam. Posi-
tion, sunny well-drained beds or borders. Plant, Sept. or Oct. Trans-
planting must not be done oftener than is really necessary. Mulch
freely with well-decayed manure in autumn. Water copiously in hot
weather. Protect' in winter by a covering of bracken or dry litter.
Propagate by division of roots m Oct. or March ; seeds sown in heat in
spring, growing seedlings on in cold frame for first three years.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. Aitohinsonii, red, Jnne and July, 3 to 5 ft.,
Afghanistan; aurantiacus, orange-yellow. May, 3 to 3 ft., Afghanistan; Bungel,
yellow, June and July, 1 to 3, ft., Persia; himalaicus, white. May and June, 8 ft.,
Himalayas ; kauf mannianus, yellow, .Tune, 4 ft., Turkestan ; Olgse, lilac-purple,
fragrant, 2 to 4 ft., Turkestan; rohustus, pink. May and June, 6 to 10 ft.,
Turkestan; speotabilis, yellow and orange, June, 2 to 4 ft., Siberia; turkestanicus,
maroon and white, June, 2 to 4 ft., Turkestan.
Erianthus (Woolly Beard Grass; Eavenna Grass). Ord. Grami- —
neae. Hardyorn. foliage perennial grass. Inflorescence similar to
pampas plumes. Leaves, narrow, green.
CULTURE Soil, deep loam. Position, sunny well-drained lawns
:
ENCYGLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
or Oct.; division of plants in Oct.; layering shoots in Sept., Oct. or
Nov.
HARDT SPECIES: E. arborea, white, May, 6 to 10 ft., Mediterranean Region,
hardy only in S. of England; carnea (S3'n. E. herbacea), pink, Jan. to April,
G in., Europe; carnea alba, white; ciliaria ^Dorset Heath), red, summer, 8 to 12 in.,
Britain; cinerea (Scotch Heather), crimson-purple, July to Sept., 6 to 12 in.,
Britain and Ireland, and its varieiies, alba (white), atropurpurea (purple), coocinea
(scarlet), purpurea rosea (purplish rose) ; lusitauica (Syn. E. codonodes), pinkish
white, Jan. to April, 2 to 6 ft., Spain; Mackaii, red, July and Aug., 1 ft., Ireland;
—
mediterranea (Irish Heath) Syn. £. hibernioa-^pink, April and May), 4 to 5 ft.,
Ireland, etc.; tetralix (Cross-leaved Heath, or Bell Heather), rosy red, July to
Sept., 6 to 12 in., Britain and Ireland; tetralix alba, white; tetralix rubra, red;
vagans (Cornish Heath), pink, July to Sept., 6 in. to 2 ft., England, France, and
Ireland; vagans alba, white; vagans rubra, red.
GBEENHUUSE SPECIES E. aitoniana, white and purple, Aug., IS in., S.
:
Africa; oaffra, white. May, 18 in., S. Africa; cavendishiana (hybrid), yellow. May,
4 ft.; coocinea, scarlet, June, 1 ft., S. Africa; elegans, rose and green, Aug., 6 in.,
S. Africa; gracilis, reddish purple, 1 ft., S. Africa; hyemalis (hybrid), pink, Dec.
to March; jasminiflora, pink, Aug., 2 ft., S. Africa; macnabiana (hybrid), pink
and white, June, 18 in. ; marnockiana (hybrid), purple, cumson and white, July
and Aug., 18 in.; persoluta, purple, April, 16 in., 8. Airica; ventricosa, pink, June,
1 ft., S. Africa, and its varieties alba (white), carnea (flesh), and -coocinea
(scarlet) ; vestita, white, June, 3 ft., 8. Africa, and its varieties alba (white),
carnea (flesh), coocinea (scarlet), incarnata (pink), lutea (yellow), purpurea
(purple), and rosea (rose); willmoreana, red, June, 12 in., a hybrid.
Erig^eron (Flea-bane). —
Ord. Compositae. Hardy herbaceous
perennials. First introduced 1628.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny moist rockeries or
borders. Plant, Oct. or March. Gut down stems after flowering.
Propagate by seeds sown J in. deep in light soil in shady position out-
doors in April, May or June division
; of roots in Oct. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED B. alpinus grandiflorus, purple and yellow, Aug., 12 in..
;
Muoronatus, white, pink and yellow, summer, 12 in., Australia; Boylei, bluish
purple^ and yellow, summer, 6 to 8 in., Himalayas.
—
ErinuSi Ord. Scrophularinesa. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
First introduced 1739.
CULTUEE Soil, decayed vegetable mould & old mortar. Position,
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENIN d.
Eryngium (Sea Holly).— Ord. TJmbelliferae. Hardy perennial
herbs. Orn. foliage. Flower heads surrounded by spiny coloured
bracts.
CULTUEE: Soil, light sandy. Position, dryish sunny borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep in boxes of sandy soil in cold frame in April or May division of ;
March or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light soil in
cold frame m
April ; division of plants in March or April.
ANNUAL SPECIES E. oentaurium, pink, June to Sept., 6 to 15 in., Britain;
:
& i in. apart in well-drained pots in Aug. Store pots in cold frame
during winter. Water very little until Feb., then give a moderate
supply. Place plants in greenhouse or window to flower in March.
SPECIES CULTITATED: E. albidum, wliite and yellow, April, 6 in., N. America;
amerioanum (Yellow Adder's Tongue), golden yellow and purple. May, 6 in., N.
America citrinum, yellow, orange, and pink, spring, 6 in., Oregon Dens-canis
; ;
(Dog's Tooth Violet), rose, spring, 6 in., Europe, and its Tarieties, album (white),
purpuroum (purple), roseum (rose), violaceum (violet) grandiflorum, white and
;
orange, spring, N.W. America, and its variety giganteum large) Hartwegi, ;
creamy white. May, 6 in., N.W., America; Hendersoni, purple-rose, March, 6 in.,
Oregon; Howelli, yellow and orange, spring, 6 in., Oregon; Johnsoni, rosy pink,
spring, S. Oregon; purpurascens, yellow, purple and orange, spring, California;
purpurascens multiflorum, lilac.
Escallonia (Chilian Gum Box).— Ord. Saxifragaceae. Half-hardy
evergreen shrubs. First introduced 1827.
CULTUEE: Soil, ordinary rich, well drained. Position, against
south walls in Midlands & in open garden S. of England. May also be
planted against back walls of cold greenhouses. Suitable for hedges
in mild districts. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Prune straggly-
shoots only in April. Propagate by cuttings of half-ripened shoots
Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep, inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass Aug. or Sept.; layering
shoots in Oct. ; suckers removed & replanted in April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. laagleyensis (hybrid), rosy purple, June; maorantha,
crimson-red, June, 6 ft., Chiloe; montevidensis (Syn. floribunda), white, July, 10 ft.',
Monte Video; philippinana, white, July, 5 ft., -Valdivia; punctata, red, July, 4 ft..
Chili; rubra, red, July to Sept., 6 ft.. Chili.
EschschOltzia (Galifomian Poppy). — Ord. Papaveraceae.
Hardy annuals. First introduced 1790.
CULTURE : Position, sunny well-drained beds or
Soil, ordinary.
borders. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in Aug. or April where
plants are to flower. Thin seedlings out to 2 in. apart when 1 in. hieh.
SPECIES CULTIVATED B. calitornica, orange-yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Call
:
fornia; oalifomica orocea, orange. I^umerous varieties will be found in trade lists.
Eucalyp'tUS (Australian Gum; Blue Gum). Ord. Myrtacese. —
Greenhouse & halt-hardy evergreen trees. Orn. foliage. First intro;
duced 1810. Leaves mostly ovate-lanceolate, fragrant.
CULTURE: Compost, two parts fibry loam, one part leaf-mould,-
charcoal & sand. Position, pots in greenhouse heated to temp. 45°
to 50° in winter, 55° to 60° other times dwelling-rooms, sunny beds
;
ENOrOLOPJSDtA OF GAUDENING.
CULTURE Compcstj two parts sandy loanij one leaf-mould or sand.
:
loam, one part leaf-mould & sand. Position, well-drained pots in cool
greenhouse, corridors, balconies, windows. Pot, Sept., Oct. or March.
Water moderately in winter, freely other times. Syringe foliage fre-
quently in summer. Propagate by cuttings of shoots of previous year's
growth, 3 in. long, inserted in sandy soil in cool greenhouse, window
or frame, in Sept. or Oct.
DECIDTJOrS SPECIES: E. amerioanus, 2 ft., TTnited States; atropurpurens,
10 ft., N. America; europseus, 10 to 15 ft., Europe (Britain) and Siberia; latifolius,
8 ft., Europer and Asia. . , . .^ r.^. i, ,
EVERGREEN SPECIES: B. japonious, leaves green, 4 to 6 ft., China and Japan;
and its varieties (leaves margined with white^, aureus (leaves
albo-marginata
yellow), latifolius albo-variegatus (leaves broad and variegated with white), ovatns
.aureus (leaves golden); radioans, 1 ft., Japan, and its silvery and golden-leaved
"forms.
Eupatorium (Hemp Agrimony).—Ord. Compositae. Hardy her-
baceous and greenhouse shrubby plants.
CULTURE OP HARDY SPECIES Soil, ordinary. Position, open
:
equal parts loam & dried cow manure with a little sand. Position,
pots in light greenhouse Sept. to June; cold frame June to Sept. Pot,
March to April. Prune immediately after flowering. Water mode-
45°
rately Sept. to March, feely afterwards. Temp., Sept. to March
to 50° ; March to June 55° to 60°. Apply liquid manure frequently
to
plants in flower. Both species may be planted out the open garden m
in June, have their shoots frequently pinched, & then be lifted & placed
in pots for flowering in greenhouse.
Propagate hardy species by division in Oct. or March greenhouse ;
£5°
species by cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil in temp.
to 65° in March or April.
HARDY SPECIES E. ageratoides, white, summer, 2 to 4 ft., N. America
:
„..,..„.•
oannabium (Hemp Agrimony), reddish purple, July, 2 to 4 ft., Britain; purpureum
(Trumpet Weed), purplish, autumn, 3 to 6 ft., N. America. - , , ,
159
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
to Marcli, 12 to 18 m.^ Mexico; ianthemum (Syn. Hebecliuium iantlunum), purple,
wiuter, 2 ft., Mexico ; riparium, white, spring, 2 to 3 ft., Mexico; weinmanniaiium
tSyn. E. odoratum), white, autumn, 2 to 3 ft., Mexico
Euphorbia. —
(Spurge; Caper Spurge; Poinsettia). Ord. Euphor-
biaceae. Stove and tardy flowering shrubs or herbs.
CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES Compost, equal parts fibrous loam
:
& peat with liberal amount of sand. Position, sunny dry part of stove,
with shoots trained up roof, wall, or on trellis. Pot, March or June.
Water moderately Sept. to Jan.; keep almost dry Jan. to May; freely
afterwards. Temp., Jan. to May 50° to 55°; May to Sept. 65*^ to 75°;
Sept. to Jan. 55° to 65°. Prune E. fulgens in June, cutting shoots back
to within 1 in. of base.
CULTURE OP POINSETTIA Flowers, insignificant. Bracts, sear,
:
75° in May. Remove young shoots when 2 to 3 iu. long, insert singly
in 2 in. pots filled with sandy loam & peat, and plunge to the rims in
bottom heat of 85°, under a bell-glass or in propagator. When rooted,
place singly in 4 in. pots, plunge again in bottom heat for a few days,
then remove to shelf near glass. As soon as well rooted transfer to
6 or 8 in. pots, keep near glass for week or so, then gradually harden,
place in cold sunny frame until Sept., when remove to temp. 55°.
Shade from mid-day sun when in cold frame. W^ater freely. Syringe
twice daily. Ventilate freely on fine days. Transfer plants into temp.
60° to 65° end of Sept. Water moderately. Apply stimulants twice
a week. After flowering remove to a temp, of 40° to 45°, keep roots
quite dry & store pots on their side under staging. Old Plants Prune :
above. Plant, July. Train the shoots thinly to wall. Water freely
while growing after flowering keep quite dry. Prune shoots to within
;
one latent bud of their base, end of Sept. Temp., April to Sept. 65°
to 75°; Sept. to April 55° to 60°. Average height of a well-grown
young plant 12 to 18 in. Average diameter of a well-grown head of
bracts 10 to 15 in.
CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, dry
borders, banks, sunny rockeries. Plant, March or April.
Pbop AGATE stove species by cuttings of young shoots 3 in. long in-
serted in well-drained pots of sandy compost in temp. 70° in May, June
or July ; hardy species by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in cold frame
in summer, seeds sown in dryish positions outdoors in April, division of
plants in Oct. or April.
SIOYE .SPECIES: E. fulgens (Syn. E. jaoquiueefiora), scarlet, autumn and
winter, 2 to 3 ft., Mexico; puloherrima (Syn, Poinsettia pulcherrima), scarlet,
autumn, 3 to 6 ft., Mexico; punicea, soarlet, April, 6 ft., Jamaica; splendens,
red,summer, 4 ft., Madagascar.
160
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OP GAEDBNINO.
5 •
SPECIESE. Cyparissias (Cypress Spurge), yellow, June, 2 ft., Europe
:
lathyris (Caper Spurge), yellow, June and July, 3 to 4 ft., biennial, Europe;
Myrsinites, yellow, summer, trailing, S. Europe.
Europea.n Box Thorn (Lycium europaeum). — See Lycium.
European Cyclamen (Cyclamen europseum).— See Cyclamen.
European Palm (Chamserops Immilis). — See Chamaerops.
Eurya. —Ord. Ternstromiacese. Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Orn.
foliage. Nat. Japan. First introduced 1871. Leaves, ovate, green,
creamy white & yellow.
OULTUEE Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand. Posi-
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GAEDMNINO.
Eve's-CUShion (Saxifrag^a hypuoides). —
See Saxifraga.
Ewer's Stonecrop (Sedum Ewersi). —
See Sedum.
Exacum. —Ord. Gentianaceae. Stove annuals acd perennials.
First introduced 1848.
CULTUEE : Compost, equal parts peat, loam & sand. Position, pots
in light part of plant stove. Water freely. Temp., 65° to 75°. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown on surface of fine compost in temp. 75° to 80°
in April, transplanting seedlings when large enough to handle into
small pots & thence into a larger size later on ; perennial species also by
cuttings.
PERENNIAL SPECIES: E. affine, bluish lilac, fragrant, June to Oct., 6 in.,
Socotra.
ANNUAL SPECIES > B. zelanioum macranthum, Tiolet purple, autumn, 2 ft.,
Ceylon.
Exeter Elm (tJlmus montana var. fastigiata).— See TJlmus.
Exeter Oak (Quercus var. crispa). —See Quercus.
Exochorda —
(Pearl Bush). Ord. Eosaceae. Hardy deciduous
flowering shrubs. First introduced 1854.
CULT0EE: Soil, ordinary. Position, shrubberies. Plant, Oct.
to Feb. Prune after flowering. Propagate by seeds sown in sandy
soil in cold frame in spring or autumn; cuttings of young shoots in-
serted in sandy soil under bell-glass in summer ; gfraiting on portions
of its own roots in temp. 60° in spring.
SPECIES OULTIVATEIJ: E. AJberti, white. May, 5 to 6 ft., Turkestan; grandi-
flora (Syn. Spireea grandiflora), white. Hay, 6 ft., China.
Fabiana —
(False Heath). Ord. Solanaceae. Hardy flowering
shrub. Evergreen. First introduced 1838.
CTJLtuEE Soil, ordinary. Position, against south or west walls
:
eto,; japonioa (Syn. Aralia Sieboldii), the Japanese Aralia or Fig-leaf Palm,
leaves green, palmate, 3 to 6 ft., Japan, a popular room and greenhouse plant;
papyrifera (Chinese Rice Paper-plant), syn. Aralia papyrifera, 6 to 8 ft., China.
There are silver and golden variegated forms of F. japonica.
mum.
Feather-few (Chrysanthemum Parthenium). —See Chrysanthe-
loam, one peat. Position, eool greenhouse. Pot, Nov. Place bulbs
with point just below surface & 1 to 2 in. apart. Water occasionally
Nov. to Feb.; moderately Feb. to June; keep quite dry July to Nov.
Temp., Nov. to Feb. 40° to 45°; Feb. to June, 50° to 60°.
OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, rich sandy. Position, sunny well-
drained border. Plant ij> March or April 2 to 3 in. deep. Lift bulbs
in Nov. & store in cool, dry, frost-proof place until planting time, or
protect in ground by covering of ashes, decayed leaves, or manure in
winter. Propagate by seeds sown Jin. deep in well-drained pots of
sandy soil in temp. 50° to 60° in March or April by offsets at potting
;
or planting time.
SPECIES OLUTITATED: F. undulata, brown and purple, March and Anril*^
6 to 8 in., S. Africa.
Ferula (Giant Fennel).— Ord. Umbelliferse. Hardy herbaceous
164
;
enoyoloPjBdia of oardening.
plants. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1596. Foliage, elegant, fern-
like, deep green.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, open, margins of shrubberies,
:
& sand. Position, cold or warm greenhouses & windows. Pot, March
or April. Water moderately in winter, freely other times. Propagate
by seeds sown outdoors in Apr,'' division of tufts at potting or planting
;
time.
SPECIES CXTLTITATED : F. ovina glauoa, leaves bristly, glaucous green, 6 in.,
Britain.
Feverfew (Chrysanthemum Parthenium).—See Chrysanthemum.
Fever Tree (Eucalyptus globulus). —See Eucaljrptus.
FiCUS (Fig-tree; India Rubber-plant). — Ord.
Urtioaceae. Stove,
greenhouse & hardy deciduous & evergreen trees & shrubs. Orn.
foliage & fruit-bearing. Flowers unisexual, borne inside the fruit.
CULTURE OF TENDER SPECIES Compost, three parts loam, one
:
.
and with one leaf attached, slightly burying stem portion in soil and
supporting leaf with a stake, and placing in above temp. ;
stem-rootmg
in case of tall india-rubber plants in spring. Expose cuttings to air
for a short time to allow base to dry before inserting soil. m
fibry loam, one
OUTDOOR CULTURE OF FIG Compost, two parts south :
or south-
part brick rubbish & old mortar. Position, against
west walls. Plant, April, in border 2 ft. deep & 3 ft. wide enclosed
with brick or concrete wall. Mode of bearing: Entire length of
previous year's shoots; only one crop borne
outdoors in England.
Prune April or July, simply removing deformed, dead, or very weak
165
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
branches. Pinch point off vigorous young shoots in July. Apply
liquid manure once, in Aug. to trees bearing heavily. Figlets size of
filberts remove in Sept. or Oct. Protect branches in Deo. with straw
or mats, removing both in April.
CTJLTUEE OP PIG UNBEE
GLASS : Compost, position, border, time
of planting as above. Branches trained up roof or against wall.
Mode of bearing : On shoots of previous year's growth for first crop
those of current year for second crop. Prune & pinch as above.
Disbud young shoots when too many are forming. Water & syringe
freely in summer. Apply liquid manure occasionally in summer.
Temp, for forcing, 50° to 65°.
POT CTJLTUEE OF FIG: Compost, turfy loam, little bonemeal.
Position, ordinary greenhouse, vinery or forcing house. Pot, Nov. to
April. Size of pots, 10 or 12 in. Water freely when growing, very
little when not. Apply liquid manure twice weekly to trees bearing
fruit. Syringe daily when in growth. Pinch points off young shoots
when latter are 9 in. long. Protect pots with covering of straw Nov.
to Jan. & partially expose branches to the air.
Pbopaoate the fig by seeds sown in light soil in a temp, of 65° to
70° in Jan., afterwards growing seedlings on in pots until they bear fruit
and it can be seen if they are worth growing ; cuttings of previous year's
shoots 6 in. long and having a heel of older wood attached at base, in-
serted in a warm border outdoors or in pots in gentle heat between Oct.
and March; cuttings of young shoots, 3 or 4 in. long, removed with a
heel of older wood, and inserted in pots of light sandy soil in a propa-
gating frame (temp. 70°) in June ; layering shoots in summer ; grafting
by approach just after tree comes into leaf; budding in July; suckers
removed in autumn.
TENDER SPECIES: F. elastioa (India-rubber Plant), leaTes green, India;
elastica variegata, leaves variegated; Faroelli, leaves green and white, Polynesia;
pumila (Syn. E. repens), leaves green, shoots creeping (a good plant for covering
walls), Japan; pumila minima, a smaller variety; radicaus variegata, leaves
variegated with silver.
HARDY SPECIES: F. Carioa (Fig), Mediterranean Region; introduced in
1S48.
Fig. —See Ficus.
Fig Marigold (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum). —See Mesem-
bryanthemum.
Fig Tree —
(Ficus carica). See Ficus.
Filbert (Corylus Avellana). See Corylus.—
—
Filmy Ferns. See Hymenophyllum, Todea, & Trichomanes.
Finger Fern (Asplenium ceterach). See Asplenium. —
Finger Flower (Digitalis purpurea).— See Digitalis.
—
Fir. See Abies, Picea, & Pinus.
Fire Busll (Cratsegus pyracantha). See Crataegus.
Fire Cracker
—
ffirevoortia Ida^-Maia and Cuphea platycentra).—
See Brevoortia & Cuphea.
Fish-bone Tllistle (Cnicus Casabonas).—See Cnicus.
—
Fittonia. Ord. Acanthacese. Stove evergreen perennial trailing
plants. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1869. Leaves, dark green or
bright green, with red or pure white veins.
CTJLTUEE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam & sand. Position,
shallow pans, pots, or surface of beds in shady part of plant stove, also
in Wardian cases. Water moderately Nov. to Feb., freely afterwards.
Temp., Oct. to March 55° to 60°; March to Oct. 65° to 75°. Propagate
166
ENOYCLOPJSDIA OF GARDENING.
by cuttings of firm shoots inserted in sandy soil in temp. 75° to 85°
under bell-glass in Feb., March, or April; division of plants in Feb. or
March.
SPBOIES CULTIVATED F. argyroneura, leaves green, reined with white, 6 in.,
:
Peru; gigantea, leaves green, veined witli red, 12 to 15 in., Peru; Tersohaffeltii,
leaves green, veined with red, 8 in., Pern.
Five-leaved Indian Cress (Tropeeolum pentaphyllum). —See
Tropseolum.
Flagf germauica). See Iris.
(Iris —
Flame Flower (Tropaeolum speciosum). See Tropseolum. —
Flamingo Plant (Anthurium Scherzerianum). See Anthurium. —
Flannel Flo^wer (Actinotis Helianthi). See Actinotis. —
Flannel Plant (Verbascum Thapsus). See Verbascum. —
—
Flat Pea. See Platylobium.
—
Flax. See Liuum.
Flax Lily (Phormium tenax). See Phormium. —
—
Fleabane. See Inula and Frigeron.
—
Flesh-coloured Speedwell (Veronica iucamata). See
Veronica.
Fleur-de-Lis (Iris pseudo-acorus). See Iris. —
Florence Oil-plant (Olea europaea). See Olea. —
Florentine Iris (Iris florentina). See Iris. —
Florentine Rock-rose (Cistus florentinus). See Cistus. —
Florida Water
Lily (Nymphsea flava). See Nymphaea. —
Floss-flower (Ageratum mexicanum). See Ageratum. —
FIOwer-de-Luce (Iris psendo-acorus). See Iris. —
Flower Fern. See Anemia. —
Flowering Ash (Fraxinus Ornus). See Fraxinus. —
Flowering^ Currant (Bibes sanguinea). See Bibes. —
Flowering; Doswood
(Cornus florida). See Cornus.—
Flowering Fern (Osmunda regalis). See Osmunda. —
Floweriner Grass (Lapeyrousia crueuta). See Lapeyrousia. —
Flowering Nutmeg-tree (Leyoesteria formosa).-—See Ley-
ceteria.
Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus). —See Butomus.
Flower-Of-a-day (Tradescantia virginica). —See Tradescantia.
Flower-of-an-hour (Hibiscus Trionum). —See Hibiscus.
FIOwer-of-the-Dead (Oncidium tigrinum). — See Oncidium.
Flower of the Gods (Disa grandiflora). —See Disa.
Fly Honeysuckle (Lonicera xylostemma). See — Lonicera.
Fly Orchis (Ophrys mucifera).— See Ophrys.
Fly-trap —
See Dionaea.
(Dionsea muscipula).
Foam Flower —
(Tiarella cordifolia). See Tiarella.
FoenlCUlum (Fennel). —
Ord. Umbelliferse. Hardy perennial
herb. Leaves used for sauces & garnishing.
CULTITEE Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny border. Plant, March
:
BNCYCLOP^DIA OF GARDENING.
Forsythia. —
(Japanese Golden Bell-tree). Ord. Oleaceae. Hardy
flowering shrubs. Deciduous. First introduced 1845.
OUTDOOR CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, against south or
:
ENOYOLOPMmA Of OARDmtNO.
ripen. Plant out in garden after fruiting. Temp, for forcing: Jan.
to March 45° to 55° ; March to ripening period, 65° to 75°. Propagate
by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light soil outdoors, or in boxes in green-
house in March or April; by runners on plants that fruit freely.
Pegged on surface of soil in 3 in. pots in June or July, or by removing
rooted runners in Aug. Runners rooted into pots best for pot culture.
Mabket Cultuee Soil, loam overlying chalk or gravel. Position,
:
open, not too dry or moist. Plant, Aug to Nov., 18 in. apart
in rows 2 ft. 6 in. asunder. Number of plants per acre, 11,000.
Average cost per acre Plants, jES ; preparing land, ^£7 ; manure, £b
:
drained borders S. of England only. Plant bulbs 2 in. deep & 2 in.
apart in Aug. or Sept. Protect in winter. Propagate by seeds sown
J in., deep in pots or pans of light sandy soil in cool greenhouse or frame
as soon as ripe, or in March or April; by offsets at potting time. Do
not transplant seedlings first year.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: F. refracta, white and orange. May to Aug., 1 ft.;
and varieties, Leiohtliuli (yellow, oream, and orange), alba (white), odorata
its
and very fragrant). Sutton's Pink is a variety with pink blossoms.
(yellow
Fremontia. —
(Slippery Elm). Ord. Sterculiaceae. Hardy deci-
duous flowering shrub. First introduced 1851.
CULTURE Soil, sandy loam. Position, against west or north walls
:
ENOYOLOPJSDIA OF GASDENING.
Fring^e Tree (Chionanthus virginica).— See Chionanthua.
„ F'""tillaria (Fritillary, Crown Imperial; Chequered Daffodil;
bnake s-head PritiUary; Persian Lily).— Ord. Liliaoess. Hardy bulbous
plants. Deciduous.
OUTDOOE CULTURE Soil, ordinary, deep rich. Position, shady
:
bens, yellow and blue, summer, magenta-arimson berries, habit trailing. New
Zealand; splendens, scarlet, summer, 6 ft., Mexico; triphyllb, cinnabar red,
summer, 2 to 3 ft., Mexico. Numerous Tarieties in trade lists,
HARDT 8PE0IES: F. corymbiflora, scarlet, summer, 4 to 6 ft., Peru; maoro-
stemma, soarlet and purple, July, 3 ft., Chili, and its varieties, oomioa (scarlet),
oorallina (crimson and plum), globosa (purplish red), gracilis (scarlet and purple),
and Riccartonii (soarlet).
Fulham Oak (Quercus Cerris fulhamensisV —See Quercus.
Fulham Yevtf^Taxus baocata erecta). —See Taxus.
Fumarla (Fumitory).—Ord. Fumariaceae. Hardy annual climber.
CULTURE : Soil, ordinary. Position, against S.E. or W. walls, in
open borders with shoots running up sticks, or against arbours &
trellis-work. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep, in April, where
plants are to grow & flower.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: F. capreolata, white and purple, summer, 3 to 4 ft.,
Europe (Britain).
Fume-wort
Fumitory.—
(Corydalis aurea). See Corydalis. —
See Corydalis.
Funereal Cypress (Cnpressus funebris). See Cupressus. —
Funkia (Plantain Lily; Japanese Day Lily; Corfu Lily). Ord.
Liliaceae. Hardy orn. foliaged and herbaceous flowering plants. De-
—
ciduous. First introduced 1790. Flowers, fragrant. Leaves, large,
deep green or variegated with white & yellow.
CULTUEE: Soil, ordinary, well enriched with decayed manure.
Position, open sunny well-drained borders. Plant, Oct. or March.
Top-dress annually with decayed manure.
POT CULTUEE: Compost, two parts loam, one part well-decayed
manure & river sand. Position, pots in cold frame Oct. to March,
greenhouse or window March to Oct. Pot, March or April. Water
moderately Oct. to March, freely March to Oct. Apply liquid manure
to healthy plants in flower. Propagate by division of crowns in Oct.,
March, or Ariril.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: F. Fortunei, lilac, July, IS in., .Tapan; lancifolia, lilac,
Aug., 9 Japan, and its Tarietiee alba (white), albo-marginata (leaves edged silvery
in.,
white), undulata (leaves waved), and varicgata (leaves blotched with" white):
ovata (Syn. P. cffirulca), bluish lilac, May to ,Tuly, 1 ft., Japan, and its varieties
aurea (golden leaved), and marginata (leaves edged creamy white) sieboldiana ;
(Syn. F. cordata), white and lilac, summer, 1 ft. ; snboordata (Corfu Lily) Syn F
ji' i
grandiSora, white, Aug., 1 ft., Japan. •
172
;
MNOtOLOPJSDiA OP GARDENING.
Furze (Ulex Guropaeus). —See XJlex.
Gagrea (Yellow Star of Bethlehem).— Ord. Liliacea). Hardy de-
ciduous bulbous plants.
CULTURE Soil, sandy. Position, sunny borders, or in turf.
;
Plant 3 in. deep & 3 in. apart, Aug. to Nov. Lift only when bulbs
unhealthy. Propagate by offsets, treated as advised for bulbs.
SPECIES OTJLTIYATED G. lutea, yellow, March to May, 6 in., Europe
:
(Britain).
Gaillardia —
(Blanket-flower). Ord. Compositae. Hardy annual &
perennial herbaceous plants. First introduced 1787.
CULTURE :Soil, moderately light rich. Position, sunny well-
drained beds or borders. Plant, March or April. Apply weak liquid
manure to plants in flower. Mulch beds with decayed manure in
summer. Propagate annual & perennial species l)y seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep in shallow boxes of light mould in temp. 55° to 65° in April, trans-
planting seedlings outdoors in June ; perennials & annuals by cuttings
of shoots issuing from roots, inserted in sandy soil under hand-light
or in cold frame, Aug. to Oct., perennials by division of plants Oct. or
March.
ANNUAL SPECIES: G. amblyodon, red, autumn, 2 to 3 ft., Texas; pulohella,
crimson and yellow, 2 to 3 ft., summer, N. America; pulchella picta lorenziana,
orange, red and yellow, double, 1 ft.
PERENNIAL SPECIES G. aristata, yellow, autumn, 18 in., N. America.
: Gran-
diflora and maxima are superior forms of the latter species.
GalanthUS (Snowdrop; Pair Maids of Eebruary). —Ord. Amaryl-
lidaceae. Hardy bulbous flowering plants.
OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, margins of
beds; groups in open or shady borders; banks, rockeries, or in turf.
Plant bulbs 2 in. deep & 1 in. apart, Sept. to Dec. Bulbs must not be
lifted annually, only when they show signs of deterioration.
POT CULTURE Compost, two parts ordinary soil, one part leaf-
:
Plant, Oct. to March. Cut down flower stems in Oct. Replant every
two or three years. Propagate by seeds sown J in. deep in April in
ordinary soil in sunny position division of roots in Oct. to March.
;
it varieties, albiflora (white), carnea plena (rose double) and Hartlandii (blue);
orien talis, blue, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Caucasus.
Galinsale (Cyperus longus). See Cyperus. —
Gallig'askins (Primula veris).—See Primula.
—
Galtonia (Spire Lily). Ord. Liliacese. Hardy bulbous flowering
plants. Deciduous^ Nat. S. Africa.
OUTDOOR CULTURE Soil, ordinary rich, well drained. Position,
:
open sunny borders. Plant, Oct. to March, placing bulbs 6 in. deep
& 6 in. apart. Lift & replant only when the bulbs show signs of
deterioration.
POT CULTURE Compost, two parts loam, one part decayed manure
:
& silver sand. Position, cold or warm greenhouse. Pot, Oct. to Dec.
to flower in spring; Feb. to April to flower in autumn. Place one bulb
with apex just showing through surface of soil in a well-drained 6-in.
pot. Cover with ashes in cold frame until growth begins. Water
moderately when leaves appear; freely when in full growth; keep
nearly dry after flowering. Apply weak liquid manure occasionally
to plants in flower. Bulbs not adapted for flowering second time in
pots. Propagate by seeds sown ^ in. deep in shallow boxes of sandy
soil in cold frame Oct. or March offsets treated as bulbs in autumn.
;
174
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
tion, pots or boxes in light part of plant stove. Pot & prune, Feb. to
March. Temp., March to Oct. 65°^ to 85°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°.
Water moderately Sept. to April, freely other times. Propagate by
cuttings of firm shoots 2 to 3iu. long inserted in silver sand under
bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85° in spring or summer.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : G. Mangoatuna, red, June, 6 to 10 ft., Molucca Islands.
Gardener's Garters (Phalaris
Phalaris.
aruudiuacea variegata). —See
Gardenia (Cape Jasmine).—Ord. Rubiaceae. Stove evergreen
flowering shrubs. First introduced 1754.
CULTURE: Compost, one part loam, one part peat, one part well-
decayed manure & charcoal. Position, well-drained pots, or beds in
plant stove. Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Prune into shape, Feb. or
March. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to 65"
Water moderately Oct. to Feb., freely afterwards. Syringe daily
(except when in bloom) March to Sept. Apply liquid manure occa-
sionally to healthy plants in flower. Plants one to two years old pro-
duce the best blooms. Propagate by cuttings of firm young side shoots
2 to Sin. long, inserted in well-drained pots of sandy peat, under bell-
glass in temp. 75° to 85°, Jan. to April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. florida (Cape Jasmine), white, fragrant, summer,
China and Japan; florida flore-pleno, double white; florida radioans, white,
fragrant.
Garland Flower (Daphne cneorum). —See Daphne.
Garlic. —See Allium.
Garrya. —Ord. Comaceae. Hardy evergreen shrubs. Orn. foliage
& flowering. First introduced 1813. Flowers (pendulous catkins), male
& female borne on separate trees. Berries, black.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary, well drained. Position, against south or
:
10 ft., California.
Gas Plant —
See Dictamnus.
(Dictamnus albus).
Gasteria. —
Ord. Liliacese. Greenhouse evergreen succulent
plants. Orn. foliage. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced
1731. Leaves, thick, fleshy, prickly; green, spotted with white, or
purple.
CULTURE Compost, two parts loam, one part peat, old mortar &
:
Texas.
Gazania —
(Treasure-flower). Ord. Compositse. Half-hardy peren-
nials. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1755.
INDOOE CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam & one of peat k
sand. Position, well-drained pots in sunny part of greenhouse.
Pot, March or April. Water very little Oct. to March, moderately
other times. Prune into shape, March. Temp., March to Sept. 55°
to 75° ; Sept. to March, 45° to 55°.
OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny; edgings
to beds, or trailing over ledges of rockery. Plant, June. Lift in
Oct. & place in pots in heated greenhouse for the winter. Propagate
by cuttings of side shoots removed from base of plant & inserted in
boxes of sapdy soil or in a bed in cold frame July to Sept. ; cuttings
may remain in cold frame if protected from frost.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. Pavonia, yellow, brown and white, summer, 12 in.,
rigens, yellow and black, June, 1 ft.: splendens, orange, black and white, summer,
1 ft., hybrid.
Geissorhiza (Tile-root). —
Ord. Iridaceae. Half-hardy bulbous-
rooted plants. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1789.
CULTURE Compost, two parts sandy peat & one of light loam.
:
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF GARDENING.
Genista (Needle Furze; Petty Whin).—Ord. Leguminosae. Hardy
deciduous flowering shrubs.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, shrubbery for tall species
:
rockery for dwarf kinds. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune after flower-
ing. Propagate by seeds sown Jin. de«p outdoors in March or April;
by layering mOct. or Nov. grafting on laburnum in March budding
; ;
(Cross-wort), blue, June, 1 ft., Europe; lutea (Bitter-wort), yellow, July, 2 to 3 ft.,
Europe; Pneumonantbe (Windflower), blue, August and Sept., 1 to 2 ft., Britain;
septemflda, blue, July, 1 ft., Caucasus; Terna, blue, April and May, 3 in., Europe
(Britain and Ireland),
Gentianella (Gentiana acaulis). —See Gentiana.
Gentian Gromwell (Lithospermum prostratum). —See Litho-
spermum.
Gentian Speedwell (Veronica geutianoides). See Yeronica. —
Geonoma^ —Ord. Palmaceae. Stove palm. Orn. foliage. First
introduced 1820. Leaves, feather-shaped; pale green.
CULTURE Compost, two parts peat, one part loam, sand & char-
:
coal. Position, pots in moist shady part of plant stove. Pot, Feb-
ruary or March. Water freely Oct. to Feb., abundantly other times.
Syringe daily. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65° ; March to Sept. 65°
to 70°. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in above compost pots m
in temp. 85° March; offshoots from base of plants in small pots in
temp. 80° to 85°, any time.
SPEOiES CULTIVATED G. gracilis, 6 ft., Costa Rica.
Georg'ian Fleabane
:
engyolopmdta of gardening.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. argenteum, rose, summer, 1 ft., Alps; armenum,
purple, June and July, 2 ft.. Orient ; oiaereum, red, summer, 6 in., Pyrenees
cinereum album, white; dahuricum, purple, Juno, 1 ft., Dahuria; Endressi, rose,
summer, 1 ft., Pyrenees; ibericum, blue, summer, 1 ft., Caucasus; maorohizon,
red or purple. May to tTuly, 1 ft., E. Europe pratense, blue, summer, 2 to 3 ft.,
;
Britain; and its double blue and double white varieties; sanguineum, crimson,
summer, 2 ft., and its varieties lancastriense (flesh), album (white), Britain;
sylvaticum, blue, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Britain; tuberosum, purple, June, 9 in.,
S. Europe.
Gerbera, (Barberton or Transvaal Daisy). —
Ord. CompositaB.
Greenhouse perennial herbs. First introduced 1888.
CULTUEE Grow in a compost of sandy loam and peat in a tem-
:
part leaf-mould, with a little decayed manure & silver sand. Position,
well-drained pots or pans in shady part of plant stove. Pot, March
to flower in .summer; May to flower in autumn; June to flower in
winter. Place tubers 1 in. deep singly in 5-in. pots, or 1 to 2 in. apart
in larger sizes. Water moderately from time growth begins until
plants are 3 or 4 in. high, then freely. After flowering ^adually
withhold water till foliage dies down, then keep dry till potting time.
Apply weak liquid manure once or twice a week when flower buds
show. Syringing not required. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°;
Sept. to March 55° to 75°. Store when foliage has died down on their
sides under stage till potting time in temp, of 50° to 55°. Propagate
by seeds sown on surface of well-drained pots of sandy peat, in temp.
75°, March or April; cuttings of young shoots inserted in pots c.f
sandy peat in temp. 75° to 85° in spring; fully matured leaves pegged
on surface of pots m
sandy peat in temp. 75° to 85° ; stalk ends of leaves
inserted vertically in pans of sandy peat in temp. 75° to 85°.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. oardinalis, crimson and white, autumn, 12 to
18 in.; Donklarii, red and yellow, 2 ft., summer, Colombia; Douglassii, red and
yellow, autumn, 18 in., Brazil; exoniensis, orange, scarlet, and yellow, winter,
1 ft., hybrid; Leopoldii, scarlet, summer, 1 ft., Brazil; Lindleyi, yellow and scarlet,
July, 1 ft., Brazil; na-glioides rosy pink, autumn, 18 in.; refnlgens, violet and
white, summer, 18 in., hybrid.
Gethyllis (Cape Crocus). —
Ord. Amaryllidacese. Greenhouse
bulbous plants. Deciduous. First introduced 1780.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts peat, loam & sand. Position, well-
:
groups; put a little silver sand under each corm. Protect early kinds
in winter with layer of manure. Apply liquid manure when flower
buds form. Fix sticks to spikes when 2 or 3 in. high. Lift corms of
early kinds in Sept., late kinds in Oct. or Nov., & store in cool place
till planting time.
POT CULTURE Compost, two parts loam, one part well-decayed
:
manure & river sand. Position, pots in cold frame, cool greenhouse or
window. Pot early kinds Oct. to March, placing five corms 1 in. deep
in a 6-ih. pot; late kinds March or April, one 1 in. deep in 9, 6-in. pot,
or three 1 in. deep in an 8-in. pot. Place pots in cold frame till flower
spikes show, then remove to greenhouse or window. Water moderately
at first, freely afterwards. Apply liquid manure when flower spikes
show. After flowering, gradually withhold water till foliage dies, then
keep quite dry till repotted. Forcing Pot early kinds Oct. to Dec.
:
Temp., 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown i in. deep in pans of light
rich soil in Feb., in temp. 55" to 65°; by bulbils (spawn) growing at
base of corms, planted 2 in. deep & 6 in. apart in sunny border out-
doors, March. Seedlings flower when three years old; bulbils when
two years old.
CULTURE OF G. PRIMULINUS: Compost, equal parts loam and
leaf-mould with plenty of sand. Position, moist stove spring and sum-
mer. Pot in autumn. Keep dry till growth begins, then water freely.
Moist atmosphere most essential during spring and summer. Withhold
water gradually after flowering. Temp. Oct. to March, 55°; March to
Oct. 60° to 70°. Increased by removing small corms, and growing these
on as advised for old ones.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. blandus, white, red, and yellow, June, 18 in.,
S. Africa;byzantinas, red and purple, June, 2 ft., Asia Minor; oardinalis, soarlet,
July and Aug., 3 to 4 ft., S. Africa; oommunis, rose, June to Aug., 1 to 2 ft.,
S. Europe; orueutus, scarlet and white, Sept., 13 to 18 in.. Natal; floribundus,
180
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
white, flesh, and red, 1 ft., June and July, S. Africa, also numerous -varieties and
nybrids; nanus, various colours, summer, 1 ft., many varieties; psittaoinus, scarlet
and yellow, summer, 3 ft., S. Africa; purpureo-auratus, yellow and purple, Aug.,
3 to 4 ft., S. Africa ; ramosus. various colours, July to Oct., S ft., S. Africa, many
varieties; Sandersii, crimson, pink and white, autumn, 2 to 3 ft., S. Africa;
tnstis, red and yellow, July, 1 ft.. Natal. Oolvillei, crimson and white, summer,
"•.ana its variety The Bride (white) are pretty hybrids, the latter being
valuable for pot culture and foroinef; primulinus (Uaid of the Mist), golden yellow,
fragrant, Aug., 3 t« 4 ft., Trop. Africa.
Gladwyn (Iris foetidissima).— See Iris.
Gland Beliflower.—See Adenophora.
Glastonbury Thorn (Crataegus oxycantha praecox). — See
Crataegus.
Glauclum
bienni al her bs.
(Horn Poppy; Sea Poppy). — Ord. Papaveraceae. Hardy
CULTURE :Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny well-drained beds
or borders. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in beds of light soil
outdoors in May, transplanting seedlings into flowering position in
July or Aug.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. cornioulatum, crimson and black, summer, 9 in.,
Mediterranean Uegion, and its red variety rubrum; flavum (Syn. G. luteum),
yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Europe (Britain), etc.
GledltSChia (Honey Locust; Water Locust). Ord. Legumiuosae. —
Hardy ornamental deciduous trees. First introduced 1700. Leaves,
feather-shaped, green. Shoots, spiny.
CULTURE : Soil, ordinary. Position, sheltered borders or shrub-
beries. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown liu. deep in
light soil outdoors, March, transplanting seedlings when two years old.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. maorantha, green, July, 20 ft., China; aquatioa
(Syn. G. monosperma and iuermis), the Water Locust, green, July, 20 to 30 ft.,
United States; triacanthos (Honey Locust), green, summer, 30 to 60 ft.. United
States.
GleiChenia (Umbrella Fern; Net Fern). Ord. Filices. — Orn.
evergreen stove & greenhouse
ferns. First introduced 1823. Species
cultivated, 13; varieties, several. Fronds, feather-shaped. Stems,
creeping.
CULTURE Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part fibrous loam,
:
& dressed with farmyard manure at rate of 40 tons per acre in autumn.
Plant root cuttings furnished with two eyes each. Sin. deep, 18 in!
apart in rows 3 ft. asunder in March. Following November cut off all
creeping roots close to main root, & do same again following Nov.
Third year after planting dig trench 4 to 5 ft. deep by side of rows &
pull out roots with a strong rope. Average yield per acre 4 to 5 tons.
Average value per cwt., 45s.
SPECIES OTJLtITATED: G. glabra (Spanish Liquorice), blue, May to Sept.,
Mediterranean Region.
Gnaphalium. —See Anaphalis & Leontopodium.
Gnidia. — Ord. Thymelacese.Greenhouse evergreen flowering
shrubs. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1768.
CULTURE Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part loam & silver
:
MNOYCLOPMBIA OF GARDENING.
Oct. to March 40° to 45° March to July, 45° to 55°. Propagate by
;
silver sand. Position, pots in light part of plant stove. Pot, Feb. or
March. Press compost down firmly in pot. Prune into shape Feb. or
March. Water moderately Oct. to March, freely afterwards. Syringe
daily in summer. Temp., March to Oct. 65° to 75"; Oct. to March
50° to 60°. Propagate by cuttings of firm young shoots, 2 to 3 in. long,
inserted in pots of silver sand under bell-glass in temp. 75" in spring.
SPECIES OULTITATED: G. decora, yellow, spring, 10 to IS ft., Brazil.
Gompholobium. —^Ord. Leguminosae. Greenhouse evergreen
flowering shrubs. Trailing & erect. Nat. Australia. First intro-
duced 1803.
CULTURE Compost, two parts rough peat, one part rough loam,
:
Goniophlebium.—See Polypodium.
Good King Henry (CheuopodiumBonua-Henricus).— See Cheno-
podium.
Goodyera (Rattlesnake Plantain; Adder's Violet).— Ord. Orchi-
daceae. Stove, greeuliouse, & hardy terrestrial orciiids. Flowering &
orn. foliage. Leaves, bronze, chocolate, olive-green, purplish-green,
reddish-crimson, variegated with white or yellow.
CULTDEB OP STOVE & GEEENHOUSE SPECIES : Compost, two
parts fibrous peat, one part loam & sand. Position, well-drained pots
or shallow pans in shady part of stove or greenhouse. Pot, Feb. or
March. Water freely March to Sept., moderately other times.
Temp., stove species, 65° to 75° March to Sept., Sept. to March 55° to
65°; greenhouse species, March to Sept. 55° to 65°, 45° to 55° Sept. to
March.
CTJLTXJEE OP HAEDY SPECIES Compost, two parts peat, leaf-
:
mer, Europe.
Gooseberry (Eibes grossularia). —See Eibes.
Gorse (Ulex europaeus). — See TJlex.
Gossypium (Cotton-plant). —Ord. Malvaceae. Stove perennial
herbs. First introduced 1594. Fruit (capsule) furnishes cotton of
commerce.
CXJLTUEE Compost, equal parts loam, leaf -mould & little sand.
:
i in., S. Africa.
Grammatocarpus (Cup Flower).— Ord. Loasaceae. Half-
hardy annual climber. . , ,„. , ~, ,
CULTUEE :Sow seeds in gentle heat lu March, harden seedlings oil
later on, & plant in June. Ordinary soil. Suitable for low sunny
trellises, vases, etc
185
MNOTOLOFMDIA OF GABDENING.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: G. volubilis (Syn. Soypliantlins elegans), yellow and
red,summer, 3 ft., CMU.
Grammatophyllum (Queen of the Orchids). —
Ord. Orchid-
aceae. Stove epiphytal orchids. First introduced 1837.
CULTUEE Compost, fibrous peat & charcoal.
: Position, large well-
drained pots in light part of stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely
Feb. to Oct., very little Oct. to Feb. Temp., Feb. to Nov. '65° to 75°;
Nov. to Feb. 60° to 65°. Growing period, Feb. to Nov. Besting jjeriod,
Nov. to Feb. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED G. fenzlianum, yellow and brown, summer, i ft.,
: '
Grey Poplar —
(Populus alba canescens). See Populus,
Griffinia —
(Blue Amaryllis), Ord, Amaryllidaceae. Stove bulbous
flowering plants. Evergreen. First introduced 1815.
CULTUEE Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part peat, decom-
:
beries or lawns. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune young trees, Jan. Pro-
187
;
ENOYOLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
pagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in light soil in shady position outdoors
in Oct., Nov., April or March.; cuttings of roots inserted 2 in. deep in
similar position in Oct. or March.
SPBOIES CULTIVATED: G. canadensis (Kentucky Coffee Tree), white, May to
July, 30 to 60 ft., N. America; ollinensis (Soap Tree), white, June, 20 ft., China.
Cvrnnosra.mme (Gold Fern; Silver Fern). — Ord. Pilices.
Stove & greenhouse evergreen ferns. First introduced 1790. Fronds
finely divided, upper sides green, under sides covered with, white or
yellow powder.
CULTUKE Compost, one part fibrous peat, one part leaf-mould &
:
loam, one part silver sand, charcoal, & coarsely ground bones. Posi-
tion, erect species in well-drained pots; drooping species in hanging
baskets. Pot, Feb. or March. Water moderately Oct. to Feb., freely
afterwards. Syringing or shading not necessary. Temp., stove
species, Sept. to March 55° to 65°, March to Sept. 65° to 75°; green-
house species, Sept. to March 45° to 50°, March to Sept. 55° to 65°.
Propagate by spores sown on surface of fine sandy peat under bell-glass
in temp. 75° to 85° any time; division of plants at potting time; fronds
furnished with plantlets pegged on to surface of sandy peat under
bell-glass in temp. 70° to 80° at all times.
STOVE SPECIES G. calomelanos, fronds dull green above, creamy white below,
:
W. Indies, and the following varieties, chrysophylla (Gold Fern), fronds golden
yellow, and peruviana argyrophylla (Silver Fern), fronds silvery; decomposita,
fronds yellow, hybrid schizophylla, fronds silvery, pretty for baskets, Jamaica
;
sulphurea, fronds golden, West Indies; tartarea (Syn. G. dealbata), fronds silvery,
Trop. America.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES G. japonioa, fronds not powdered, Japan.
:
ENCYOLOPMBIA OF GARDENING.
PERENNIAL SPECIES: G. glauoa, white, summer, 18 in., Caucasus; panioulata,
wmte, summer, 8 to 3 ft., Europe; panioulata flore-pleno, double white; repens.
White, summer, 6 m., Alps; SteTenii, white, summer, 2 ft., Caucasus.
"^b&na.ria. (Butterfly Orchis; Eein Orchis).— Ord. Orohidaceae.
Hardy and stove terrestrial orchids. Deciduous. Flowers fragrant.
CULTURE OP HARDY
SPECIES Compost, equal parts leaf-mould,
.
peat & sand. Position, moist, partially shaded borders. Plant, Oct.
or April. Mulch surface of bed in June with leaf-mould, coeoanut-fibre
refuse, or short grass. Water freely in summer in dryish positions.
Replanting necessary only when plants show signs of deterioration.
CULTURE OF STOTE SPECIES Compost, one-half of equal propor-
:
tions of fibrous peat, loam & fresh-chopped sphagnum moss, & another
half of fine crocks & coarse silver sand. Pot when growth commences.
Position, shady. Water moderately till growth is well advanced, then
freely; very little when at rest. Resting period, directly after flower-
ing. Propagate by division at potting time.
HAEDT SPECIES: H. bifolia (Butterfly Orchid), white, June, 1 ft., Britain;
blepharoglottis, white, summer, 1 ft., N. America; ciliaris, orange, Aug., 18 in.,
N. America conopsea, red or white, summer, 18 in., Europe (Britain)
; fimbriata, ;
and scarlet, summer, 1 ft., Cochin China; Suzanna, white, summer, India.
—
Haberlea,. Ord. Gesneracese. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
First introduced 1880.
CULTURE Soil, fibrous sandy peat.
: Position, moist fissures of
rockery in shade. Plant, Oct., March or April. Water freely in dry
weather. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in well-drained pots or
pans of sandy peat in cold frame in March or April; by di-vision of
plants in March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED :.H. rhodopensis, lilac. May, 6 in., Greece.
—
Hablitzia. Ord. Chenopodiaceae. Hardy herbaceous climber.
First introduced 1828.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary.
: Position, base of naked trunks of trees,
south or west trellises, arbours, walls, or fences. Plant, Oct. or March.
Cut down stems to the ground in Oct. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep in sunny place outdoors in March or April, or similar depth in
boxes of light soil in greenhouse or cold frame in March, transplanting
seedlings outdoors in May or June; by division of roots Oct. or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED H. tamnoides, green, summer, 8 to 10 ft., Caucasus.
:
or April. Place bulbs half their depth in compost. Water very little
till growth begins, then moderately; gradually withhold it when
189
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
flowers fade, & keep soil quite dry from time foliage turns yellow till
repotting time, -^wly weak liquid manure once or twice weekly to
plants in flower. Temp., greenhouse species, Sept. to March 45° to
55°, March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°, March to
Sept. 65° to 75° tor stove species. Bulbs flower best when only repotted
every three or four years. Propagate by offsets removed at potting
time & placed in small pots in similar soil as for old bulbs.
STOVE SPECIES H. oinnabarium, red, April, 1 f t. ; ooooinens, scarlet,
:
lus.
Harrison's Musk —
(Mimulus moschatus Harrisoni). See Mimu-
—
Hart'S-tOnsue Fern (Seolopendrium vulgare). See Scolo-
pendrium.
Hatchet Cactus (Pelecyphora asseliformis).—See Peleoyphora.
HautboiS strawberry (Pragaria —See Pragaria. elatior).
Hawl('s Beard (Crepis aurea). —See Crepis.
Hawk Weed (Hieracium aurantiacum).— See Hieracium.
Haworthla. — Ord. Liliaoese. Greenhouse succulent-leaved
plants. Orn. foliage. Nat. S. Africa. First introduced 1720. Plowers,
greenish. Leaves, fleshy, transparent, warty & variegated.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts light loam, broken bricks, mortar
:
rubbish &
river sand. Position, well-drained pots in light greenhouse
shaded from sun. Pot, March or April. Water moderately April to
Sept., occasionally other times. Repotting necessary only when
plants show signs of ill-health. Temp., March to Sept. 60° to 65°;
Sept. to March 50° to 55°. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in
.well-drained pots or pans in above compost in temp. 65°, March to
Aug. by suckers placed in small pots & treated as advised for plants.
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
purplish, or variegated with yellow & white. Berries, purplish black,
reddish orange, golden; winter.
OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinarjr rich. Position, green-leaved
kinds against walla of all aspects, railings, tree stumps, arbours,
trellises, on banks & under shade of trees; variegated kinds against
south or west walls or fences. Plant, Sept., Oct., Nov., Feb., March,
or April. Peg shoots to surface of soil when first planted in any
position. Prune April, cutting off old leaves & straggling shoots.
Water freely in dry weather. Apply stimulants if vigorous growth is
desired.
POT CULTURE Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould or
;
green; purpurea, purplish rte-gneriana (Giant Ivy), deep green, large; rhombea,
;
green ai^ white; saggittcefolia, green and bronze; variegata, green and white;
maderensia variegata, silvery.
Hedge-hos Cactus.—See Echinocactus.
HedErehOg: Holly (Ilex aquifolium ferox). See Ilex. —
Hedg^e Pink (Saponaria officinalis). —
See Saponaria.
Hedychium (Fragrant Garland-flower). —
Ord. Scitaminaceae.
Stove & greenhouse herbaceous perennials. First introduced 1791.
Flowers fragrant.
CULTURE Compost, two parts peat, one of loam & one of sand.
:
slopes for dwarf species; sunny well-drained borders for tall species.
Plant, Oct., March, or April. Cut down flower stems in Oct. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown J in. deep outdoors in April, transplanting seed-
lings in June to final position; division of roots, Oct. or April.
PERENNIAL SPECIES: H. ooronarium (Frenoh Honeysuckle), red, summer,
3 to 4 ft., S. Europe; ooronarium album, wliite; Mackenzi, rosy purple, June,
2 to 3 ft., N. Amerioa.
SHRUBBY SPECIES: H. mioro-oalyx, purple, June, 3 It,, Himalayas; multi-
jugum, red, June, i ft., Mongolia.
Hedyscepe (Umbrella Palm).— Ord, Palmaceae, Stove palm,
Oi-n. foliage. A
good' room plant. Leaves, feather-shaped, green.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts loam & peat, little silver sand.
:
March 60° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in light soil, in
temp. 70° to 80°, in Feb. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. oauterburyana (Syn. Kentia oanteriuryana). Lord
Howe's Island.
Helen-flowrer (Heleuium autumnale).^See Helenium.
Helenium (Helen flower; Sneeze-wort; Sneeze-weed). Ord. Cora- —
positse. Hardy herbaceous perennials and annuals. First introduced
1729.
CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES Soil, ordinary rich. Position,
:
1 ft., Texas.
borders. Sow seeds J in. deep in April where plants are to llower, or
193 u
ENOTOLOP^DIA OF OAEDENING.
in pots in temp. 55° to 65° in April, transplanting seedlings outdoors
in June. Apply stimulants occasionally when flower buds form.
CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES Soil, ordinary ricli.: Posi-
tion, sunny well-drained borders. Plant, Oct.. Nov., or April. Cut
down flower stems in Oct. Water in dry weather. Apply stimulants
occasionally when plants show flower buds. Replant every third year.
CULTURE OP JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE: Soil, ordinary rich.
Position, open or shady. Plant, Feb. or March, placing tubers 6 in.
deep & 12 in. apart in rows 3 ft. asunder. Earth-up when stems are
6 in. high. Lift tubers in Nov. & store in sand or dry soil in outhouse,
or leave in ground & dig as required.
Pbopaoate annual & perennial species by seeds sown J in. deep in
sunny place outdoors in March or April ; perennials by division of roots,
Oct., March, or April Jerusalem artichoke, by tubers treated as above.
;
& one part of equal proportions of leaf-mould, charcoal, & sand. Posi-
tion, sunny greenhouse. Pot firmly in Feb. or March. Water freely
in summer, moderately other seasons. Temp., 45° to 50° in winter;
55° to 60° other seasons. Propagate hardy species by seeds sown out-
doors in April or cuttings in cold frame in spring ; greenhouse species
by cuttings in fine sand under bell-glass in spring.
ANNUAL SPECIES: H. braoteatum (Everlasting Flower), colours Tarious, sum-
mer, 3 to 4 ft., Anstralia.
PERENNIAL SPECIES: H. arenarinm (Yellow Everlasting), yellow, summer,
C to 12 in., Europe.
HARDY SHRUBBY SPECIES: H. Stteolias, yellow, 1 ft., summer, Europe.
GREENHOUSE SHRUBBY SPECIES: H. humile (Syn. Aphelexis humilis), piiilc,
peat, & sand. Position, pots in shady part of plant stove. Pot,
Feb. or March. Water freely March to Sept., moderately Sept. to
194
.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Nov., none Nov. to March. Syringe daily March to Sept. Temp.,
Feb. to Sept. 65° to 75° ; Sept. to Nov. 60° to 70° ; Nov. to Feb. 55*^
to 65°. Propagate by division of roots in Feb. or March.
SPE0IE8 OITLTIYATED : H. anreo-striata, green and yellow leaves, 3 ft.. New
Britain J _ illnstris, green and red leaves, 3 ft.; Sanderi, variegated, 3 ft.
Heliophila (Cape stock; Sun Cress).— Ord. Cruciierro. Hardy
annuals. Nat. S. Africa. First introduced 1774.
CTJLTUEE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny well-drained borders.
Water in dry weather. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in jpans
or boxes of light soil in temp, of 55° in March, transplanting seedRngs
outdoors end of May, or similar depth in April where plants are ^o
flower.
SPECIES OULTIVATED: H. amplexioaulis, white and purple, summer, 9 in •
'
ooronopifolia, bluish white, summer, 2 ft. ; pilosa, blue, summer, 6 to 12 in.
mer, 3 ft., Peru, annual; Isevis, yellow, autumn, 5 ft., N. America, perennial.
Heliotrope (Heliotropium peruvianum). —See Heliotropium.
Heliotropium (Heliotrope; Cherry Pie; Turnsole).—Ord. Bora-
ginaceae. Greenhouse flowering shrub. First introduced 1757.
Flowers, fragrant.
CULTTJEE Compost, equal parts light loam, leaf -mould & sand
:
ofE points of main, also lateral shoots when 3 in. long to form dwarf
plants points of main shoots when 12 in. long, & side shoots when
;
mer, 1 ft., Manglesii (Syn. Kliodanthe Manglesii), rosy pink and yellow,
Australia 1
Asia Minor; foetidus (Stinkingf Hellebore), green and purple, Feb., 2 to 3 ft.,
Britain; lividua, green, March, 18 in., Corsica; nieer (Christmas Ros^, white
winter, 6 to 15 in., Europe, and its Tarieties altifolius or maximus (white and
purple), augustifolius (white), and major (white); odorus (Fragrant Hellebore),
green, Maroh, 18 in., Hungary olympicus, purple, Feb. to April, 1 to 2 ft.,
;
Greece; orientalis (Lenten Ilose), rose, Feb. to May, 1 to 2 ft., Greece: and its
varieties, guttatus (white), and sub-punctatus (white and green), viridis (Green
Hellebore), green, March, 18 in., Europe. Many varieties will be found in trade
lists.
Helmet-floweri—See Acomtum and Scutellaria.
Helmet Orchid. —See Coryanthes.
Helonias (Stud-flower). Ord. LiliacesB. —Hardy herbaceous
perennial. Nat. N. America. First introduced 1758.
CULTURE Soil, sandy loam & peat. Position, moist, shady bor-
:
golden yellow, summer, 2 ft., Siberia and Japan; minor (Syn. H. graminea),
yellow, fragrant, 8 in., Siberia and Japan; Thunbergii, yellow, July, fragrant,
2 ft., Japan,
Hemionites —
(Ivy-leaved Fern). Ord. Filices. Greenhouse ever-
green ferns. First introduced 1793. Fronds, heart or hand shaped.
CULTUEE Compost, two parts peat &. one of sand. Position, small
:
Indies.
Hemitelia (Smith's Tree Fern).—Ord. Filices. Stove ife green-
house evergreen tree ferns. First introduced 1824. Fronds, feather-
shaped, 1 to 10 ft. long.
CULTUEE Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & sand. Position, well-
:
MNOYOLOVMDIA OF GARDENING.
Herb-ChristopKer (Actaea spicata).— See Actaea.
Herb-Lily (Alstromeria aurea).—See Alstromeria.
Herb-Louisa (Lippia citriodora). —See Lippia.
Herb-Of-Grace (Euta graveolens).— See Kuta.
Herb-Of-Repentance (Euta graveolens).—See Euta.
Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia).—See Paris.
Herb Patience (Eumex patienta).—See Rumex.
Herb-Twopence (Lysimachia nummularia).—See Lysimaeliia.
Herminium (Musk Orchis).—Ord. OrchidacesB. Hardy terres-
trial orchid with musk-scented flowers.
CULTUEE Soil, light turfy loam with plenty of chalk or old mortar
:
Herniaria (Eupture-wort). —
Ord. Illicebraceae. Hardy peren-
nial trailing herb. Ornamental-leaved.
CTJIiTTJEE Soil, ordinary.
: Position, sunny or shady rockeries, or
as edgings to carpet-beds, or for carpeting surface of beds containing
choice bulbs. Plant, Oct., Nov., March to June. Propagate by seeds
sown 1-16 in. deep in light sandy soil outdoors, March or April ; divi-
sion of plants, Oct., Nov., March, April or May.
SPEOIES CULTIVATED H. glabra, leaves dark green, 1 in., Europe (Britain)
:
decayed cow manure, & little sand. Position, well-drained pots in cold
frame, cool greenhouse or window till growth begins, then remove to
temp. 45° to 55°. Pot, Nov., placing five bulbs 3 in. deep in a 5-in.
pot. Cover pots with cocoanut-fibre refuse or cinder ashes till growth
begins. Water moderately from time growth commences till flowers
fade, then gradually withhold, keeping bulbs quite dry from Sept. to
Jan. Eepot annually. Propagate by offsets treated as advised for
bulbs.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : H. oinnamomea, white, April and May, 6 in. faloatn, ;
brown and white. May, 10 in. ; pilosa, white and red, April, 6 in. ; radiata, white
and red. May, 6 in.
Hesperis (Sweet Eocket; Dame's Violet Dame's Eocket Double
; ;
—
Eocket). Ord. Cruciferse. Hardy perennial herbs. First introduced
1597. Flowers, fragrant.
CULTUEE OF PEEENNIAL SPECIES : Soil, ordinary rich moiat.
Position, sunny beds or borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April.
Mulch with decayed manure in May. Apply liquid manure occa-
sionally in summer to double varieties. Cut down flower stems in
Oct. Lift & replant double kinds every second year. Propagate
single kinds by seeds sown Jin.' deep in sunny position outdoors in
April, transplanting seedlings in June or July; double kinds by cut-
tings of young shoots 3 in. long inserted in sandy soil in shady position
outdoors, July to Sejpt,, or under haud-li^ht or in cold frame, Sept. or
Oct., transplanting in March; also by division of roots, Oct. or March.
198
BNOTCLOPMDIA OF GABDENINO.
PEBBNNIAL SPECIES : H. matrionalia (Sweet Booket), white or lllao. May to
July, 2 to 3 ft,, 8. Europe, and its double white and purple-flowered Tarieties;
Tiolaoea, purple, April to June, 2 ft., Asia Uinor. Latter best grown as a biennial.
Hessea.—Ord. Amaiyllidacese. Greenhouse bulbous flowering
plants. Deciduous. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1774.
CULTURE Compost, two parts sandy soil, one part leaf-mould or
:
decayed cow manure, & little sand. Position, well-drained pots in cold
frame, cool greeflhouse, or window till growth begins, then remove to
temp. 45° to 55°. Pot, Nov., placing five bulbs 3 in. deep in a 5-in.
pot. Cover pots with oocoanut-fibre refuse or cinder ashes till growth
begins. Water moderately from time growth commences till flowers
fade, then gradually withhold, keeping bulbs quite dry from Sept. to
Jan. Eepot annually. Propagate by offsets treated as bulbs.
SPECIES CULTIVATED H. orispa, pink, summer, 3 in. gemmata, yellow, Aug.,
; ;
10 in.
Heuchera (Alum-root; American Sanicle). — Ord. Saxifragacese.
Hardy perennial herbs. Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced
1656.
CULTUEE Soil, ordinary light rich or peaty ; not suited for clay
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GABDENING.
Peop ABATE stove species by seede sown 1-16 in. deep in well-drained
pots of sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 75° in March, by cuttings
of firm shoots inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in temp; 75° in
spring or summer, by grafting in March ; perennial species by seeds
sown outdoors in April, or division of root in March; annual species
by seeds sown as directed above; shrubby species by cuttings inserted
in sandy peat in cold frame in summer, or grafting in March.
STOTE SPECIES: H. Oameroni, rose, July, 4 to 5 ft., Madagascar; ooooineue,
scarlet, summer, 6 ft,, America esoulentus (Okra or Gombo), yellow, summer,
;
4 ft., annual. Tropics; marmoratus, white and rose, spring, 3 ft., Mexico; rosa-
sinensis (Blacking Plant), crimson, summer, 10 ft., Tropics.
ANNUAL SPECIES (Hardy): H. Trionum, yellow and purple, summer, 2 ft.,
Africa.
PERENNIAL SPECIES (Hardy) : H. militaris, rose, summer, 3 to 4 ft., U. States
Moflcheutos, white and rose, summer, 3 to 5 ft., N. America; rosea, rose and
purple, summer, 4 to 6 ft., N. America.
HARDY SHRUBBT SPECIES : H. syriaous (Rose of Sharon or Althsea fnitei),
Tarious oolours, late summer, 6 to 8 ft., deciduous, Syria. There are several
varieties of this speoies.
HALF-HARDT SPECIES; H. Manihot, yellow and purple, summer, 6 to 8 ft.,
Tropics. Bear from seed in heat in spring and plant out in June in sunny borders.
Hickory (Carya alba).— See Carya.
Hidalgroa (Climbing Dahlia). —
Ord. Compositae. Half-hardy
climbing perennial. First introduced 1898.
OUTDOOR CXJLTTJEE Raise plants from seed or cuttings in heat
:
in spring, and plant out against a sunny trellis or arch late in May.
Water freely, and feed with liquid manure when plants begin to bloom
Cut down shoots in Sept., lift roots, and place them in pots in a heated
house to furnish cuttings in spring.
GREENHOUSE CULTURE Grow in equal parts loam and leaf-
:
ENOYOLOPMDIA OF OARDENINO.
Himalayan Primrose (Primula Bikkimensis).— See Primula.
Hindsia^ —Ord. Eubiaceae. Stove evergreen flowering shrubs.
First introduced 1844.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts rough fibious peat, light loam,
:
equestre, red, summer, 18 in., Trop. America; Leopoldii, crimson and wbite, spring,
1 ft., Peru; pardiuum, green, yellow and scarlet, spring, 2 ft., Peru; psittacinum,
orange and scarlet, summer, 2 ft., Brazil; Keginse, red and white, spring, 2 ft.,
S. America; retioulatum, rose or scarlet, spring, 1 ft., Brazil; vittatum, crimson
and white, spring, 2 ft., Peru. Numerous hybrids, more beautiful than the species,
will be found in trade lists.
—
HippocrepiS (Horse-shoe Vetch). Ord. Leguminosae. Hardy
evergreen trailing herb.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny rockeries or elevated
:
Hippuris (Mare's-tail). —
Ord. Haloragacese. Hardy aquatic
perennial. Orn. foliage. Leaves, narrow, strap-shaped; in circles
round the stem.
CULTUEE Soil, mud. Position, bogs, pondSi or damp places.
:
Place bulbs 1 in. apart, & 1 in. deep in 5 in. pots during Sept. & Oct.
Stand in a cold frame, & cover with a few inches of cocoanut-fibre
refuse till growth begins, then remove to greenhouse. Plant in pots
near the glass. Water freely during active growth. Keep nearly dry
after flowers fade to facilitate ripening of bulbs. Repot annually in
autumn.
OUTDOOR CULTURE: Plant bulbs 3 to 4 in. deep in light, rich,
well-drained soil in a south border between Oct. and Jan. Protect with
l)racken litter or leaves to ward off heavy rains. Propagate by offsets
removed at planting time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. oollina (Syn. Mortea ooUina), red and yellow, spring,
1 ft., S. Afrioa; oollina aurantiaoa, orange, red and yellow, spring, 1 ft.; elegaus,
yellow, brown and orange, summer, 1 ft., S. Afrioa; lineata, red and yellow,
spring, 1 ft., S. Afrioa; miniata, red, spring, 6 to 8 in., S. Africa.
Honesty (Lunaria biennis). —See Lunaria.
Honey Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos), —See Gloditschia.
Honey-plant (Hoya camoaa). —See Hoya.
Honeysu'Ckle. —See Louicera.
Honey-wort. —See Oeriuthe.
HOOdia. — Ord. Asclepiadeaa. Greenhouse succulent plants.
Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1874. Stems, cylindrical,
prickly, leafless.
^ ^ 202
.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GABDENING.
CULTURE : Compost, equal parts sandy loam, old mortar, broken
bricks & dry cow manure. Position, well-drained pots, fully exposed
to sun in warm greenhouse. Repot every three or four years in Feb. or
March. Water moderately March to Oct., keep quite dry Oct. to
Mar. Temp., April to Sept. 65 to 75° Sept. to April 45° to 55°. Pro-
;
pagate by portions of fleshy stems 3 in. long cut clean at base & laid on
sunny shelf to dry for several days, then insert in small well-drained
pots of sandy soil in temp, of 55° to 65°, April to Aug.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. Bainii, yellow, Anff., 1 ft,, S. Africa; Gordonii,
yellow and purple, July, 18 in., S. Africa.
Hop (Humulus lupulus). —See Humulus.
Hop Hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia). —See Ostrya.
Hop-tree (Ptelea trifoliata).—See P-telea.
Hordeum (Squirrel-tail Grass). — Ord. Gramineee. Hardy
annual flowering grass. Nat. N. America. First introduced 1782.
Inflorescence, barley-like, borne in spikes; June to Sept.; very useful
for cutting.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, open dryish borders. Propa-
:
gate by seeds sown \ in. deep in March or April in borders where plants
are required to flower.
SPECIES CULTIVATED H. jubatum, 2 ft.
—
:
(Britain).
Houlletia. — Ord. Orchidaceae. Stove epiphytal orchids. Ever-
green. First introduced 1841. Flowers, fragrant.
CULTURE Compost, : two parts fibrous peat, one part sphagnum.
Position, baskets suspended from roof of stove. Re-basket, Feb. or
303
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GASDENING.
March. Water abundantly March to Sept., moderately Sept. to March.
Temp., May to Aug. 65° to 85°; Aug. to Nov. & March to May, 60° to
70° Nov. to May, 55° to 65"
; Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs
when growth commences.
SPECIES CULTIVATED H, brookenhurstiana, brown and yollow, summer, 2 ft.,
:
MNOYOLOrJuDIA OF OARDENING.
shoots of preceding year's growth inserted in well-drained pots of sandy-
peat under bell-glass in temp, of 75° to 85° in March, April, or May
layering shoots in pots of sandy peat in spring or summer grafting on ;
a part decayed manure, half a part charcoal & silver sand. Position,
well-drained pots in cold frame during summer airy greenhouse in
;
winter & when in flower. Pot, March. Water freely March to Oct.,
very little afterwards. Syringing unnecessary. Temp., Oct. to April
45° to 55° April to Oct. 55° to 65°. Discard plants after flowering.
;
10 ft.
vious autumn- Position, open sunny. Plant bulbs 3 to 4 in. deep &
8 in. apart, Nov. Protect surface of bed by covering of cocoanut-iibre
refuse. Apply liquid manure once or twice when flower spikes appear.
Lift & dry bulbs in June, storing them in cool place till planting time.
CULTURE OF ROMANHYACINTH Compost, as advised above.
:
Position, pots under ashes in cold frame or outdoors till rooted, then
in heated greenhouse or window. Pot, Aug., Sept., & Oct., placing
one bulb in a 4 in. pot or three in a 5 in. pot. Depth for planting, 1 in.
Water only when removed from the ashes, & moderately afterwards.
Temp, when in greenhouse or window, 55° to 65°. Bulbs of no use
after flowering-
CULTURE OP SPANISH HYACINTH : Soil, light rich. Position,
206
ENOYGLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
well-drained sunny borders. Plant, Sept. or Oct. Top-dress annually
with decayed cow manure in Feb. Lift & replant only when bulbs
show signs of deterioration. Propagate by seeds sown i in. de&p in
light sandy soil in boxes in cold frame or outdoors in Sept. by offsets ;
removed from old bulbs when lifted & planted 6 in. apart each way
outdoors in Oct. Seedling bulbs flower when three years old, and
attain full size when seven years old.
SPEOIES CULTITATED :H. amethystintts (Spanish Hyaointli), blue, spring, 1 ft.,
Pyrenees; amothystinus albus, white; orientalis (Oommon Hyacinth), Tarious
colours, spring, Mediterranean Region; orientalis albulus (Roman Hyacinth), white.
Hydrangea. — Ord. Saxifragaceae. Greenhouse & hardy flower-
ing shrubby plants. First introduced 1736. Leaves, egg-shaped, green
or variegated with yellow or white.
OTJLTTJEE OP H- HOETENSIA AND VARIETIES ; Compost, two
parts rich loam, one part well-decayed manure & river sand. Position,
cool greenhouse, frame, or room, Oct. to March; heated greenhouse
or warm window, March to Oct. Pot, Feb. to March. Water abun-
dantly March to Oct., moderately Oct. to March. Prune, Aug. or Sept.,
cutting out all weak shoots & such as have flowered. Flowers borne
on vigorous shoots of previous year's growth. Best blooms obtained
on plants propagated by cuttings annually in Aug. Apply liquid or
artificial manure frequently to plants showing flower. Temp, for early
flowering (Jan. to May), 55° to 65°.
OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, shady, well-
drained borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Prune strag-
gling or dead shoots in March. Top-dress annually with decayed cow
manure. Apply liquid manure when in flower. A good plant for sea-
side gardens in S. & W. of England.
CULTURE OP H. PANICULATA IN POTS: Compost as above.
Position, cold frames, uuheated greenhouses, or windows. Pot, Feb.
or March. Prune previous year's shoots to within 1 in. of base in
Jan. or Feb- Water freely March to Oct., keep nearly dry Oct. to
March. Apply liquid manure frequently when showing flower. After
flowering, place in sunny position outdoors until Nov.
OUTDOOR CULTURE OP H. PANICULATA: Soil, two parts rich
turfy loam, one part decayed cow manure & river sand. Position, par-
tially shaded, well-drained bed or border. Plant, Oct., Nov., or March.
Top-dress annually with decayed manure in Feb. or March. Water
freely in dry weather. Apply liquid manure when flower buds appear.
Prune as advised for pot culture in March.
CULTURE OF OTHER SPECIES: Plant H. petiolaris against a
south wall in well-drained border it will grow like ivy. Other species
;
ENCrCLOPJFjBIA OF OABDENING.
species in a temp, of 65° to 70° in Feb., March, or April; division of
old plants in March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: H. arborcscens, white, fragrant, summer, 4 to 6 ft.,
U. States; aspera, white, summer, 4 ft., China; sinensis, white, summer, 2 to_6 ft.,
China; Hortensia, white or blue, spring and summer, 3 to 4 ft., and its varieties,
Lindleyi (japonioa), white or blue, otftlcsa, ilesh, stellata, pink, rose, or pale blue,
Thomas Hogg, white, and tricolor, leaves variegated; involuorata, rosy lilao or
pink, summer, 6 to 10 ft., Japan; paniculata, white, summer, 4 to 6 ft., Japan;
paniculata hortensia (Syn. floribunda and grandiflora), larger-flowered; petiolaris,
white, June, climbing, Japan; quercifolia, white, July, 4 to 6 ft., Florida; Thun-
bergii, rose or blue, summer, 3 ft., Japan.
Hydrocharis (Frog-bit). — Ord. Hydrocharidaceae. Hardy aqua-
tic Stems floating.
perennial.
OULTUEB Soil, muddy. Position, shallow ponds, lakes, or rivu-
:
(.Britain).
time.
STOVE SPECIES: H. oaudiotilatum, Chili; chiloensie, dwarf. Chili and Chiloe;
diohotomum, Chili; dilatalum fosterianum, Brazil.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: H. demissum. Now Zealand, Malaya; flabellatum,
Australia; javanicum, Java; pulcherrimum, New Zealand.
HARDY SPECIES: H. tunbridg-ense, Britain; tunbridgense Wilsoni, Norway,
etc. ; unilaterale, Britain.
Hyophorbe. —Ord. Palmaceae. Stove palm- Orn. foliage.
First introduced 1866. Leaves, feather-shaped, deep green.
GULTTJRE Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, & sand.
:
ENOYOLOPMBIA OW GARDMNINO.
March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 55°
to 65° ; Sept. to March 45° to 55°. Propagate by spores sown on sur-
face of well-drained pans of sandy peat & leaf-mould under bell-glass
in temp. 65° to 75° at any time ; division of creeping rhizomes in March.
STOra SPEOIES: H. repens, creeping rbizomes, Trop. Amerioa.
GBEEMHOnSE SPECIES: H. Iiergiana, oreeping rhizomes, B. Africa.
—
Hypoxis (American Star Grass) Ord. Amaryllidaceae. Green-
house bulbous-rooted plants. Nat. S. Africa. First introduced 1752.
CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one of leaf-mould & sand.
Position, well-drained pots, or beds in cold^ frame. Pot, Aug. to Nov.,
covering pots with cinder ashes iu cold frame or greenhouse till growth
begins. Water moderately from time bulbs begin to grow until flowers
fade, then gradually withhold it, keeping bulbs dry until growth re-
commences. Temp., Sept. to Feb. 40° to 50°; 50° to 60° afterwards.
Propagate by offsets, removed at potting time, & treated as old bulbs.
SPECIES CITLTIVATED: H. elegane, elegans, yellow and black, Bummer, 6 in.;
liemerooallidea, yellow, spring, 8 in.; stellata, white and black, spring, 6 in.;
villosa, yellow, spring, 6 m.
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis).—See Hyssopus.
Hyssopus (Hyssop).— Ord- Labiatao. Hardy evergreen shrub.
First introduced 1548. Leaves, narrow, aromatic. Shoote & flowers,
infused iu water, are largely used as an expectorant ; also for distilling
for yielding oils for perfumery and flavouring liquors.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary, light. Position, dry, warm borders.
:
Plant, March to May, 12 in. apart each way. Prune into shape April.
Gather shoots for medicinal purposes at any season ; when flowers open
for distilling. Marketed by the dozen bunches. Average price per
dozen. Is. 6a. to 2s-; for distilling, 30s. per cwt. Propagate by seeds
sown 1-16 iu deep outdoors in April, transplanting seedlings in June
or July ; cuttings of shoots inserted in ordinary soil & shady position in
April or May; division of roots in Feb., March, Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES OCLTrVATED: H. otaoinalis, blue, June to Sept., 1 to 2 ft., S.
Europe.
Iberian Crane's-bill (Geranium ibericum).—See Geranium.
Iberian Cyclamen (Cyclamen ibericum).-—See Cyclamen.
Iberian Iris (Iris iberica).—See Iris.
iberis —
(Candytuft). Ord Cruoiferae. Hardy annuals & evergreen
shrubs. Flowers, fragrant.
CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPEOIES Soil, ordinary.:Position, sunny
beds or borders. Sow
seeds J in deep in patches or lines in March,
April, or May for flowering in summer, Aug. or Sept. for spring flower-
ing. Thin out seedlings to 2 in. apart in June.
POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts good soil, one part decayed
manure, leaf-mould, & sand-
Size of pots, 5 in. in diameter. Sow seeds
J in. deep in April or May. Place pots in cold frame till June, then
stand outdoors. Thin seedlings to an inch apart in June. Water mode-
rately. Apply weak liquid manure occasionally when flowers show.
CULTURE OP SHRUBBY SPECIES Soil, light sandy loam. Posi-
:
ENOYCLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
ANNIJAL SPECIES: I. amara (Bitter Candytuft), white, summer, 6 in., Britain;
amara hosperiditolia, larger flowered; ooronaria (Eooket Candytuft), wMte, sum-
mer, 1 ft.; umbellata (Common Candytuft), purple, summer, 1 ft., 8. Europe;
i /• ir r ,
several varieties.
SHKUBBT SPECIES: I. oorrffifolia, white. May and June, 1 ft., hybrid; gib-
raltarioa, white or pink. May, 1 to 2 ft., Spain; Pruitii, white. May, 6 in., Sicily;
saxatilis (Book Candytuft), white, spring, 3 to 6 in., S. Europe; semperflorens,
white, spring, 1 to a ft., S. Europe; sempervirens (Evergreen Candytuft), white,
spring, 9 to 12 in., S. Europe; sempcrvirens flore-pleno, double flowered.
Iceland Poppy (Papaver nudicaule).—See Papaver.
Ice Plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum). —See Mesem-
bryanthemum.
Idesia^ —Ord. Bixiueae. Hardy flowering & orn. foliage tree.
Deciduous. Flowers in panicles; male & female borne on separate
trees; male flowers orange, female green. Berries, small, purplish
black. Leaves, heart-shaped.
CTJLTUEE: Soil, ordinary, sandy. Position, well-drained shrub-
beries. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune into shape after flowering. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown J in. deep in sandy soil in temp. 65° to 75° in
March cuttings of firm shoots, 3 to 4 in. long, inserted in well-drained
;
pots of sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 65° to 75° in March or Sept.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: I. polyoarpa, 10 to 16 ft., Japan.
—
Ilex (Holly; Paraguay Tea). Ord. Aquifoliacese. Hardy & green-
house evergreen shrubs. Orn. foliage. Flowers, greenish; May &
June; male & female flowers usually borne on separate trees. Berries,
red; autumn & winter. Leaves, dark green or variegated with white
or yellow. Timber, white, used for cabinet making and turnery pur-
poses. Value, Is. to Is. 6d. per cubic foot. Bark used for making bird
lime. Wood sometimes dyed blaek, and used as a substitute for ebony.
Average weight of wood per cubic foot, 47^ lb. One bushel of seeds
will yield 17,000 plants.
OULTUBE OF HARDY SPECIES; Soil, ordinary. Position, well-
drained shrubberies, banks, exposed slopes, etc., or near the sea. Plant,
May or Sept. Prune, Sept. to April.
HEDGE CDLTUBE Soil, ordinary, trenched two spits deep & 3 ft.
:
wide. Plant hollies (18 in. high), 18 in- apart. May or Sept. Trim into
shape April and Sept. One holly & six thorns; or one Berberis Dar-
winii & two hollies per lineal yard make splendid evergreen hedges.
Cost per lineal yard for plants & planting. Is. 6d. to 2s.
POTCULTCHE: Soil, ordinary. Position, window boxes, cold corri-
dors, balconies, & greenhouses. Pot, Sept. Water freely March to
Oct., moderately afterwards. Heat unnecessary.
CULTURE OP GREENHOUSE SPECIES Soil, two parts loam, one
:
part peat & sand. Position, well-drained pots exposed to full light.
Pot, March. Prune, Feb- Water freely in summer, occasionally other
times. Temp., March to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to March 45° to 50°.
I'ropagate common species by seed (berries) gathered in Nov., buried
in sand until following Oct., then sown 1 in. deep & 1 in. apart in
ordinary soil outdoors, transplanting seedlings when two years old;
variegated kinds by budding on common species in Aug.; grafting in
March.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES I. oaasine, red berries, S. U. States insignis, 15 to
: ;
KNGYGLOPJSDiA OP OAllDPNlNa.
GOLDEN-LEAVED HOLLIES Aureo-marginata, aureo-piota, aureo-pumila, pen-
:
carmine, summer, 2 ft. Sultani, eoarlet, summer, 1 ft., Zanzibar. All perennials.
;
Brazil.
ipomsea (American Bell-bind; Moon Creeper; Morning Glory).—
Ord. ConvolvulacesB. Stove, greenhouse & hardy perennial & annual
climbers. First introduced 1597.
CtTLTURE OF STOVE SPECIES Compost, : equal parts fibrous loam,
leaf-mould, decayed manure, & silver sand. Position, pots, beds, or
borders in stove ; shoots trained up roof, or on trellises. Pot or plant,
Feb., March, or April. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept. to
214
ENGTCLOPMDIA OP GAUDENINO.
March 55° Water freely April to Sept., moderately afterwards.
to 65°.
Prune straggly growths into shape, Feb- Sow three seeds of the annual
species J in. deep in a 2i in. pot in temp. 65° in March. Transfer
seedlings when 2 in. high into 5 in. pots. Train shoots to trellis or
sticks.
CULTUEE OF HALF-HARDY ANNUALS: Soil, light rich. Sow
seeds ^ in. deep in pots in temp. G5° in March. Transfer seedlings to
cold frame in May. Plant, June. Position, sunny walls or borders,
shoots trained to trellis or to stocks-
CULTUEE OF HARDY ANNUAL SPECIES Soil, ordinary. Posi-:
tion, sunny borders; shoots trained to trellis or sticks. Sow seed \ in.
deep where plants are to grow, in April.
CaLTURE OP HARDY PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny walls, fences, or arbours. Plant, Oct. or Nov. Pro-
pagate annual species by seeds as above ; perennials by cuttings of side
shoots inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in temp. 75" to 85°,
March to Aug., or grafting in March.
CULTURE OF SWEET POTATO Compost, two parts loam & one
:
rose, winter, 10 to 15 ft., W. Indies; Learii, blue, summer, 10 ft., Trop. America;
Quamoclit, red, summer, 6 ft., Tropics, annual; ternata (Syn. Thomsonii), white,
snmmer, 10 ft., W. Indies rubra coerulea, red, Uexico.
;
& small crocks. Position, light part of stove. Pot, Feb. or March, in
well-drained pots. Water freely March to Aug., moderately Aug. to
Oct., very little afterwards. Temp., March to Sept.
60° to 65°; Sept-
to March 50° to 55°. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs after
flowering. „ ,-,. .n i .
KNCYOLOPJSDIA OF GARDENING.
gate ty cuttings of young shoots inserted in pots or pans of light sandy
soil in temp, of 65° to 75 , Feb., March, April, Sept- or Oct.
SPECIES OIJLTIVATED: I. Herbstii, leaves maroon and crimson, 1 ft., Braiil
Herbstij aureo-reticulata, leaves, green, gold, and red; Lindonii, leaves blood red,
1 ft.
Iris (Flag; Orrice Root; Pleur de Luce). Ord. Iridaceae. Hardy—
evergreen rhizomatous and bulbous-rooted perennials. Sections Tall :
and white. May, fragrant, 3 ft., Mediterranean Region; squalens, lilac, purple, and
yellow. May, 3 ft., Europe; variegata, claret and yellow. May, 18 in., E. Europe.
In trade lists a large numljer of lovely forms will be found described.
DWARF BEARDED IRISES I. biflora, violet purple, April, 1 ft., S. Europe
:
Chameeiris, violet, April, 4 to 6 in., S. Europe; pumila, lilac purple, April, 4 in.,
S. Europe ;
pumila cserulea, sky blue pumila, primrose, brown and yellow and
;
;
albida (Crimean Iris), greyish white. Many varieties of this section will also be
fuuud in trade lists.
210
;.
ENCYCLOPJEDIA OF OABDENINO.
BEAHDLESS IRISES: I. aurea, golden yellow, June, 4 ft., Himalayas; fcetidis-
sima (Gladwin Iris), purple, June, 3 ft., Britain; fulva, coppery maroon, June,
3 ft., States; graminea, blue and purplo, June, 1 ft., S. Europe; japonioa,
X7.
lavender, June, 18 in., Japan; longipetala, blue, lilao, and gold, June, 2 ft.,
California Mileeii, purple blue, June, 2 ft., Himalayas
; ;missouriensis, lilao and
yellow, May, 8 ft., N. America; Monneri, lemon yellow, fragrant, June, 3 ft.,
Crete; monspur, lilao blue, Juno, i ft., hybrid; orientalis (Syn. Oohroleuoa), white
and yellow, June, 4 ft., Asia Minor; pseud-acorus (Yellow Water Flag), yellow. May
and June, 3 ft., Britain; sibirica, blue. May and June, 3 ft., S. Europe and
Siberia; spuria, lilao blue, June, 3 ft., Europe; unguioularis (Syn. stylosa), blue,
Jan._ and Feb., 9 ft., Algeria verna, Tiolet blue, fragrant, March, 3 in., N. America
;
versioolor, purple. May, a ft., N. America. Here also numerous varieties exist
which may be found in trade lists.
CUSHION IRISES: I. bismarckiana, purple, yellow, blue, and white, June,' 9 in.,
Mt. Lebanon; G-atesii, grey, purple, and white, June, 2 ft., Armenia; iberica, lilao,
white and purple. May, 6 in., Caucasus; Sorolkowii, white and red. May, 1 ft.,
Turkestan; Lortetii, creamy white and rose, S. Lebanon, 1 ft.; paradoxa, white,
blue, and crimson. May, Persia; susiana (Mourning Iris), brown, black, and lilac.
May, 1 ft., Levant.
JAPANESE IRISES I. Itevigata (Syn. Ksempferi), white, lilao, magenta, purple,
:
and yellow, June, 2 ft., Japan. Numerous varieties will be found in trade lists.
BULBOUS-ROOTED IRISES: I. alata, lilao, purple and yellow, Oct., 1 ft.,
S. Europe; bakeriana, white, violet, and blue, fragrant, Jan., 1 ft., Armenia;
Histrio, lilao, Feb., 1 ft., Palestine; orchioides, yellow, April, 9 in., Turkestan;
persica, yellow, lilao and green, Feb., 3 in., Persia; reticulata, violet, purple and
yellow, violet scented, Feb., 6 in., Caucasus; and its varieties, histrioides, Krelagei,
and major; tingitana, lilac-purple, March, 2 ft., Tangier; xiphioides (English
Iris), various colours, 1 to 2 ft., Pyrenees; and Xiphium (Spanish Iris}, various
colours, June, 1 to 2 ft., S. Europe.
Irish Furze CDlex europseus strictus).— See Ulex.
Irish Heath (Daboecia polifolia). See Daboecia.—
Irjsh Ivy (Hedera helix canariensia). See Hedera. —
Irish Juniper (Juniperus communis hibernioa).— See Jiiniperus.
Irish Yevw (Taxus baccata fastigiata). See Taxus. —
Iron-weed. —See Vernonia.
Isle of Bourbon Tea-plant (Angrajcum fragrans). — See
Angrsecum.
Ismene. —See Hymenocallis.
Isoiepis'.— See Scirpus.
Isoloma. —Ord. Gesneraceae. Stove flowering herbs. The plants
known as Tydseas are now merged in this genus.
CTJLTUEE Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part loam, one part
:
leaf-mould, with a little decayed manure & silver sand. Position, well-
drained pots or pans in shady part of plant stove. Pot, March to flower
in summer; May to flower in autumn; June to flower in winter. Place
tubers 1 in. deep singly in 5 in. pots, or 1 to 2 in. apart in larger sizes.
Water mo.derately from time growth begins until plants are 3 or 4 in
high, then freely. After flowerings gradually withhold water till foliage
dies down, then keep dry till potting time. Apply weak liquid manure
once or twice a week when flower buds show. Syringing not required.
Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to 75°. Store
when foliage has died down on their sides under stage till potting time
in temp, of 50° to 55°. Propagate by seeds sown on surface of well-
drained pots of sandy peat, in temp. 75°, March or April; cuttings of
young snoots inserted in pots of sandy peat in temp. 75° to 85° in
spring; fully matured leaves pegged on surface of pots of sandy peat
in temp. 75° to 85°.
SPECIES CULTIVATED I. digitaliflorum, rose, purple, and white, winter, 1 ft.
:
hondense (Syn. Gesnera hondeu«e), yellow, red, winter, I ft.. New Grenada; Lin-
den! (Syn. Tydffia Lindeni), white and violet, winter, 1 ft., Ecuador.
Isopyrum. — Ord. Bauunculacese. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
217
ENOYGLOPJPDIA OF GARDENING.
Orn. foliage. First introduced 1759. Foliage finely divided like that
of maidenuair fern.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny or shady rockery, bed
or border. Plant, Oct. or March. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep outdoors in April or May; division of roots in Oct. or Nov.
SPBOIBS CULTIVATED: I. thaliotroides, wMte, spring, 8 in., Europe.
Italian Alkanet (Anchusa italica). —See Anchusa.
Italian Cypress (Onpressus sempervirens). —See Cupressus.
Italian Pimpernel (Anagallis Monelli).— See Anagallis.
Italian Starwort (Aster Amellus).— See Aster.
Italian Stone Pine-tree (Pinus Laricio palassiana).—See
Pinus.
Italian Yellow Jasmine (Jasminum humile).— See Jaami-
num.
tea —
(Virginian Willow). Ord. Saxifragaoeae. Hardy deciduous
shrub. Orn. foliage & flowering. First introduced 1744.
CULTURE: Soil, peaty. Position, moist sheltered shrubberies.
Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune moderately after flowering. Propagate by
seeds sown i in. deep in sandy soil outdoors in April; suckers removed
in Oct. or Nov. ; layering shoots in July or Aug.
SPECIES OTTLTITATED I. virginioa, white, July, 4 to 6 ft., N. America.
:
drained border. Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing bulbs 4 in. deep & 2 in.
apart. Lift & replant bulbs annually. Mulch surface of bed in March
with cow manure.
POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or decayed cow manure. Pots, 4J in. in diameter, well drained.
Place five bulbs, 3 in. deep, in each pot in Nov., & cover with cocoanut-
fibre refuse in cold frame or under cool greenhouse stage until flowers
fade, then gradually cease, keeping bulbs dry till Jan. Temp., Sept.
to March 40° to 50°; other times 50° to 60°. Propagate by oflsets
treated as advised for bulbs.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: I. flexuosa, pink, spring, 1 ft.; maoulata, brown and
white, spring, 1 ft.; pauiculata, yellow and white, summer, 1 ft. ; patens, purple,
spring, 1 ft.; speciosa (Syn. Craeteriodes), purple and crimson, summer, 1 ft.;
Tiridiflora, green, spring, 1 ft. See trade lists for numerous varieties.
ixia Lily (Ixiolirion tartaricum). See Ixiolirion. —
—
IxiOlirion (Ixia Lily). Ord. Amaryllidaceie. Half-hardy bulbous
plants. First introduced 1844.
CULTUEE: Soil, light sandy loam. Position, well-drained aunny
218
—;
EN0Y0L0PJ3DIA OF OARDBNINO.
border at foot of Plant bulbs 3 in. deep and 4 in. apart in
S. wall.
March. Mulch surface
of bed with cow manure in April. After flower-
ing, cover with bell-glass or hand-light to ensure thorough ripening of
bulbs. Lift bulbs in Sept. & store in dry sand in cool, frost-proof place
tiU plauting time. Propagate by offsets removed at any time, planted
& treated as advised for normal bulbs. May also be grown in pots as
advised for Ixias.
SPECIES OULTITATED I. montanum, blue, June, 1 ft., Europe.
:
—
Ixora, (West Indian Jasmine). Ord. Rubiaceae. iStove flowering
shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1690. Flowers fragrant.
CliLTUEE Compost, two parts good fibrous peat, one part fibrous
:
loam & silver sand. Position, shady part of stove whilst growing, light
situation when at rest. Pot, Feb. or March; good drainage indispen-
sable. Prune iuto shape in Feb. Water freely March to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Syringe twice daily March to Aug. Apply liquid
manure once or twice a week to healthy plants in fl.ower. Temp., March
to Sept. 75° to 85° Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings
;
ENOYOLOPMDIA OF OARDENINO.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould & sand.
:
tains,
Japan Allspice (Chimonanthus fragrans). —See Chimonanthus.
Japan Clover (Lespedeza bicolor). — See Lespedeza.
Japanese Aralia (Fatsia japonica). —See Fatsia.
Japanese Barberry (Berberis japonica'. —See Berberis.
Japanese Cedar (Oryptomeria japonica). — See Cryptomeria.
Japanese Climbing' Fern (Lygodium scandens).—See Ly-
godiura.
Japanese Clover (Lespedeza bicolor). — See Lespedeza.
Japanese Cucumber (Cucumis sativus). —See Cucumis.
Japanese Golden Bell Tree (Forsythia suspensa).— See
Forsythia.
Japanese Groundsel (Senecio japonicus). —See Senecio.
Japanese Hare's-foot Fern (Davallia Mariesi). — See
Davallia.
Japanese Hop (Humulus japonica). — See Humulus.
Japanese Lady'S-Slipper (Cypripedium japonicum). — See
Cypripedium
Japanese Larch (Lari.x leptolepis). — See Lari.x.
Japanese Lilac (Syringa japonica). —See Syringa.
Japanese Maple (Acer palmatum). — See Acer.
Japanese Monlc's-hood (Aconitum japonicum). —See Aeoui-
tura.
Japanese Primrose (Primula japonica). —See Primula.
Japanese Privet (Ldgustrum japonicum). —See Lignstruni.
Japanese Quince (Pyrus japonica).— See Pyrus.
Japanese ITose (Rosa rugosa). — See Rosa.
Japanese Snow-flovver (Deutzia gracilis). —See Deutzia.
Japanese Speedwell (Veronica subsessihs).—See Veronica.
Japanese Spindle-tree (Euonymus japouicns). —See Euony
mus.
Japanese Toad Lily (Tricyrtis hirta).—See Tricyrtia.
220
;
ENCYOLOPJEDIA OF GARDENING.
•Japanese Vine (Vitia Coignetise).—See Vitis.
Japanese Wind-flower (Anemone japonica).—See Anemone.
Japanese Wineberry (Rubus phseuicolosus).—See Rubus.
Japanese Yew (Taxus cuspidata).—See Taxus.
Japan Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). — See Louicera.
Japan Laurel (Ancuba japonica). —See Aucuba.
Japan Lily (Lilium speciosum).—SeeLilium.
Jasione
annuals &
(Sheep's-bit
herbaceous perennials.
Scabious) —Ord. Canipanulacese. Hardy
CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES : Soil, ordinary. Position, well-
drained suQny beds or borders. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in April or
Sept. where plants are to grow.
CULTURE OP PERENNIAL SPECIES Soil, good light loam. Posi-
:
& leaf-mould, with little sand'. Position, well-drained pots, with shoots
trained to trellis or up rafters, or in beds or borders with shoots trained
up walls or rafters. Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Prune moderately,
Feb. Water freely March to Oct., moderately Oct. to March. Temp.,
March to Sept. 65* to 75°; Sept. to March. 55° to 65°. Syringe daily
from March to Aug.
CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES Compost as above. Posi-
:
CULTURE OF HARDY
SPECIES. Soil, ordinary rich. Position,
well-drained borders at base of S. or S.W- walls. Plant, Oct., Nov.,
Feb. or March. Prune moderately after flowering, removing shoots
that have flowered only. Propagate stove & greenhouse species by cut-
tings of firm shoots, inserted in well-drained pots of sandy peat under
bell-glass in temp, of 65° to 75", March to Sept. ; hardy species by cut-
tings of shoots 3 to 6 in. long inserted in well-drained pots of sandy
soil in cold frame or in sheltered borders outdoors Sept. to Dec. layer- ;
Plant, Oct., March or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in
sandy soil in cold frame July to Sept. ; division of roots Oct. or March.
SPE0IB8 CULTIVATED: J. biunata (Syn. diphylla), white, spring, 6 in., N.
America.
Jerusalem Artichoke (Heliauthns tuberosus).—See Helian-
thus.
Jerusalem Cherry (Solanum Pseudo-caiDsicum).— See Sola-
num.
Jerusalem Cowslip (Fulmonaria officinalis). —See Fulmo-
naria.
Jerusalem Cross (Lychnis chalcedonica). —See Lychnis.
Jerusalem Sage (Phlomis fruticosus). —See Phlomis.
Jessamine (Jasminum officinalis). —See Jasminum.
Jesuit's Nut (Trapa natans).—See Trapa.
Jew-bush (Pedilanthus tithymaloides). —See Pedilanthus.
Jew's Mallow (TKerria japonica). — See Kerria.
Job's Tears (Coix laohryma).—See Coix.
Jonquil (Narcissus jonguilla).—See Narcissus.
Judas-tree (Cerois siliquastrum).—See Cercis.
Juslans (Walnut-tree; Butter-nut)?^Ord. Juglandaceae. Hardy ^
deciduous nut-bearing & orn. foliage trees. Walnut introduced in 1592.
CULTUBB OF WALNUT: Soil, sandy & calcareous, or stiii loams on
gravelly subsoil. Position, S. or SW., open, not shaded by trees or
buildings. Plant, Oct. or Nov., placing roois 3 to 4 in. below surface
of ground previously deeply trenched. Pruning unnecessary. Apply
liquid manure to established trees from June to Oct., or \Va. of super-
phosphate of lime to the square rod in June. Gather nuts for pickling
before shell gets too hard. Ripe nuts place in thin layers in dry posi-
tion till husks fall off, then pack in alternate layers with sand in
barrels, casks, or jars sprinkled with salt. Grafted or budded trees
bear earlier than seedlings. Culture of other species, same as above.
USEFUL DATA: Juglans regia & nigra good for town gardens.
Timber used for making gun stocks, furniture & veneering. Value of
timber. Is. to 2s. 6d. per cubic foot. One bushel of nuts will yield
5,000 seedlings. Average life of a walnut tree, 300 years. Average
weight of timber per cubic foot, 471b.
Propagate by seed (nuts) sown 2 in. deep in light soil outdoors in
Nov., transplanting seedlings follojWng Oct. ; budding in Aug. ; grafb
inMarch.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: J. oinerea (Butter-nut), 30 ft., N. America; nigra
(Black Walnut), 30 ft., N. America; regia ("Walnut), 50 ft., Caucasus to Himalayas.
June-berry (Amelanchier canadensis). —See Ainelanchier.
Juniper (Juniperus communis) .^See Juniperus.
Juniperus (Juniper; Savin) — Ord. Ooniferae. Hardy evergreen
coniferous trees. Habit, pyramidal or bushy. Leaves, needle-shaped,
narrow, scale-like, green or variegated.
CULTURE Soil, good ordinary. Position, open, well-drained shrub-
:
222
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
beries or lawns for erect species, rockeries or banks for dwarf species.
Plant, Sept., Oct., or Nov.
HEDGE CULTURE Soil, ordinary, trenched two spits deep & 3 ft.
:
wide.- Plant, Sept. to Nov., 18 in. apart. Ht. 1 to 3 ft. Junipers form
excellent screen trees- Propagate by seeds sown J in. deep in beds of
liglit soil in cold frame in April, transplanting seedlings singly into
small pots when 2 in. high & planting outdoors a year afterwards ; cut-
tings of young branches inserted in sandy soil in cold frame or under
hand-light in Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES CULTrfATED: J. bermudiana (Bermuda Cedar), 20 ft., Bermuda;
sinensis, 13 ft., China and Japan; einensis aurea, leaves golden; communm
(Common Juniper), 5 ft., Europe; communis fastigiata Irish Juniper), 5 ft.; excelsa,
20 to 30 ft., Asia Minor; excelsa stricta (upright growing): oooidentalis, 12 ft.,
N. America; macrocarpa, 12 ft.. Orient; oxycedrua, 15 ft., S. Europe; sablna
(Savin), i ft., Europe and N. America; virginiana (Red Cedar), 30 ft., N. America;
and its yarieties, argontea, aureo-variegata, glauca, pendula, and viridis.
Jupiter's-flOVtfer (Lychnis Flos-Jovis).— See Lychnis.
Justicia. — Ord. Acanthacese. Stove flowering &, orn. foliage
plants.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould & sand.
Position, well-drained pots in light stove Sept. to June, sunny frame
June to Sept. Pot, March or April. Water moderately Sept. to March,
freely other times. Temp-, Sept. to March 55° to 65° ; March to June,
65° to 75°- Prune shoots to 1 in. of base after flowering. Nip off points
of young shoots occasionally May to Aug. to induce bushy growth.
Apply liquid or artificial manure twice a week to plants in flower. Pro-
pagate by cuttings of young shoots inserted singly in small pots of
sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 75° March to July.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: J. oalyootricha (Syn. flavicoma), yellow, winter, 3 ft.,
Brazil. See also the genus Jacobinia.
Kadsura. — Ord. Magnoliaceae. Half-hardy trailing, flowering
shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1846. Flowers succeeded by
scarlet berries.
CULTURE: Soil, peaty. Position, well-drained borders against S.
or W. walls.Plant, Sept. Oct., or April. Prune straggling shoots
moderately in April- Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots 2 to 3 in.
long, inserted in silver sand under bell-glass iu cold greenhouse or
frame, July to Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: K. chinensis, white, summer, 6 ft., Japan; chinensis
Tariegata, leaves variegated.
Ksempferiai — Ord. Scitaminaceoe. Stove herbaceous peren-
nials. Orn. First
foliage. introduced 1728. Flowers fragrant.
Leaves, egg or lance-shaped, green bordered or flaked with white above
and purple beneath.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts fibrous loam & peat with little
:
cow manure & rive"- sand. Position, well-drained pots in light green-
house, close to glass. Pot, March. Water freely April to Aug., mode-
rately Aug. to Nov., very little afterwards. Prune old plants after
flowering, shortening shoots to 1 in., & repot when new shoots are 1 in.
long. Temp., March to Sept. 55" to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 50°.
Propagate by seeds sown in well-drained pots or pans of sandy soil, just
covered with fine mould, in temp. 60° to 70° in March or April, seedlings
to be kept close to glass & have little water ; cuttings of shoots 2 to 3 in.
long, exposed to sun for few days, then inserted in June, July, or Aug.
in well-drained pots of sandy soil, placed on greenhouse shelf & given
very little water.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: K. oarnea, flesli, summer, 18 in., S. Africa; flammea,
orange-scarlet, summer, 2 ft,, Somaliland; marmorata (Syn. grandiflora), white,
bummer, 2 ft., Abyssinia,
Kale —
(Borecole). See Brassica,
KallYlia, (Calico Busk; American Laurel; Swamp Laurel; Moun-
—
tain Laurel; Sheep Laurel), Ord. Erieacese. Hardy evergreen flower-
ing shrubs. First introduced 1734
GULTUKE Soil, sandy peat & leaf-mould free from lime or chalk.
:
Position, moist &, cool, partially shaded. Plant Sept., Oct., April, or
May. Pruning unnecessary. Foliage of K. latifolia poisonous to
cattle.
POT CULTURE Compost, two parts sandy peat, one part leaf -mould
:
ENOYOLOPJEDIA OP OARDENINO.
CULTUEE Compost, equal parts peat & loam, little silver sand.
:
BNOYCLOPMBIA OF GARDENING.
shoots, inserted in sandy soil under hand-light or in cold Crame iu
April or May; layering branches in Sept. or Oct.
BPE0IE8 CULTIVATED : K. bipinnata, yellow, summer, 10 ft., China ;
paniculata,
yellow, July, 10 to 15 ft., China.
Kohl-Rabii —See Brassica.
Kolpakowsky's Tulip (Tulipa kolpakowskyana). — Sec
Tulipa.
Korolkow's Tulip (Tulipa Korolkowi).—See Tulipa.
Kramer's Lily (Lilium Krameri).—See Lilium.
Kum-quat (Citrus japonica). —
See Citrus.
LablChea^ —Ord.' Leguminosse. Greenhouse flowering shrub-
Nat. Australia. First introduced 1840.
CULTUEE Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & sand. Position,
:
Laburnum), yellow, June, 15 to 20 ft,, Europe, and its varieties Parksii and
Wateri. L. vulgare (Common Laburnum or Golden Chain), yellow, spring, 20 to
30 ft., Europe, and its varieties foliis-aureis or aureum (golden-leaved), queroifolium
(Oak-leaved), Carlieri (long racemes), serotinum (late flowering), monstrosum fasti-
giatum (erect growing).
Lace-bark Pine (Pinus burgeana).— See Pinus.
Lace Fern (Cheilanthes myriophylla elegans). — See Cheilanthes.
Lace-leaf Plant (Ouvirandra fenestralis). See Ouvirandra. —
Lachenalia Cowslip; Leopard Lily). Ord. Liliaceae.
(Cape —
Greenhouse bulbous flowering plants. Deciduous- Nat. S. Africa.
First introduced 1752.
OTJLTUEE Compost, two parts fibrous sandy loam, half -part leaf-
:
mould, half-part decayed cow manure, & one part tiver or coarse silver
sand. Position, well-drained pots, pans, or baskets light. Pot, Aug., ;
plactng six bulbs ^ in. deep in a 5 in. pot, or 1 to 2 in. apart in pans
or baskets. After potting, water & place pots in cold frame until Nov.,
then remove to airy shelf in greenhouse. Temp., 45° to 55°. Water
moderately when growth begins; freely when well advanced. Apply
weak stimulants occasionally when flower spikes form; discontinue
when in bloom. After flowering gradually withhold water, place pots
in sunny position outdoors, & keep quite dry to ripen bulbs. Growing
period, Sept. to June; resting period, June to Sept- Forcing (L. tri-
color) :Pot & treat as above until Nov., then remove into temp, of
55° to 65°. Propagate by offsets removed & placed in separate pots at
potting time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. anrea, yellow, spring, 1 ft.; lilaoina, lilao, spring,
227 1
ENCYCLOPMDIA OF GARDENINO.
8 in. J pendula, yellow, red, and purple, 6 in.; trioolor, red and yellow, spring,
1 ft.; tricolor, quadrioolor, red, green, and yellow; Tiolaoea, yiolet and green,
spring, 1 ft.
well manured. Position, south borders for spring & winter crops ; open,
sunny for summer crops- Sow seeds J in. deep in light soil in temp.
65° in Jan., Feb., or March, for planting outdoors in March, April, &
May; in bed of rich soil in sunny spot outdoors in March, April, May,
& June, for planting out in April, May, June, & July; outdoors in Aug.
& Sept., for planting out in Sept. & Oct.; in cold frames in Oct., for
planting out in March. Plant, 10 in. apart in rows 12 in. asunder.
Blanch cos varieties by tying bast round outside a week before re-
required for use. Surround each newly planted seedling with a cordon
of soot or lime. Water freely when first planted, if weather dry.
Cabbage varieties best for poor dry soil ; cos for heavy & rich soil. Suit-
able artificial manures Superphosphate of lime applied before planting
:
at the rate of li lb. per square rod; nitrate of soda when plants begin to
—
grov/ freely, at rate of IJlb. to square rod apply latter in showery
weather. For producing seed, plant in poor soil m
April or Hay. Seed
retains vegetative powers for four years; best heart produced by plants
grown from two-year-old seed. Winter lettuce ought to be grown in cold
frames during winter, & planted out in March. Crop reaches maturity
in 10 to 12 weeks. Seeds germinate in 8 days.
Market Culture Soil, deeply ploughed or dug & well manured
:
ENOYOLOPMDIA OF OARDBNINO.
Lady's Seal (Polygonatum multiflorum). —See Polygonatum.
Lady's Slipper ((^pripedium calceolus). —See Cypripediiim.
—
Lselia. Ord. Orchidacese. Stove orchids. Evergreen. First in-
troduced 1831.
CULTURE Compost, two parts coarse fibrous peat, one part living
:
daily, March to Aug. ; & twice a week, Aug. to Nov. & Feb. & March
once a week other times. Syringe freely in summer. Temp., March to
Sept. 75° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Crowing period, spring to
winter. Resting period, winter. Flowers appear top of new pseudo-
bulb. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED L. albida, white and rose, fragrant, winter, Mexico
:
anceps, rose, crimson, purple, and yellow, winter, Mexico, and its Tarieties alba
(white), Amesiana (white and purple), peroivaliana (rosy pink and mauve purple),
and sanderiana (white and crimson) aiitumnalis, rose, purple, white and yellow,
;
fragrant, autumn, Mexico ; oinnabarina, red, spring, Brazil ; crispa, white and
purple, autumn, Brazil; digbyana, yellow and white, summer, Honduras; dor-
maniana, brown and purple, spring, Brazil purpuracea, purple, autumn, Mexico
;
harpophylla, red, April and May, Brazil majalis, rose and purple, summer,
;
BNOrOijOPMDtA OF QABBMiJilfO.
STOTE SPECIES: L. FIoe-Beginffi (Queen's Flower), rosy purple, summer, 10 to
20 ft., Trop. Asia.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: L. iudica (Indian Lilac), pink, summer, 6 to 10 ft.,
Trop. Asia; indica alba, white.
Lasurus (Hare's-tail Grass).— Ord. Gramineae. Hardy orn.
annual grass. Inflorescence borne m egg-shaped heads, white, downy
June to Sept. Very useful
in dried state for winter decorations.
CULTUEE Soil, ordinary.
: Position, open dryish borders. Gather
inflorescence for drying in Aug. Propagate by seeds sown Jin. deep
outdoors in April, where plants are required to grow, or in well-drained
pans of light soil in cold frame in Oct., planting outdoors in April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. ovatus, 1 ft., S. Europe (Britain).
Lamarckia. —
Ord. Gramineae. Hardy orn. annual grass.
First introduced 1770. Inflorescence plume-like, silky & golden; June
to Sept. Useful in a dried state for winter decorations.
CULTUEE Soil, ordinary.
: Position, patches in open sunny borders.
Gather inflorescence for winter use in Aug. Propagate by seeds sown
Jin. deep outdoors in April where plants are required to grow, or in
well-drained pans of light .soil in cold frame in Oct., planting outdoors
in April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. aurea, 8 in., S. Europe.
Lamb Mint (Mentha viridis).— See Mentha.
Lamb's Lettuce (Valerianella olitoria). —See Valerianella.
Lamb's Tong^ue (Stachys lanata). —See Stachys.
Lamium —
(Dead-Nettle). Ord. Labiatae. Hardy perennial herbs.
Flowering & orn. foliage. Leaves, egg or heart-shaped, with serrated
margins, golden, bronze, green, & white.
CULTUEE Soil, ordinary. Position, dryish, sunny borders. L.
:
loam, on© part equal proportions of sand & charcoal. Position, shady
in large well-drained pots, tubs, beds, or borders, with shoots trained
to trellises or up walls or rafters of greenhouse. Pot or plant, Feb.
or March. Good drainage very essential. Water freely, April to
Sept. moderately afterwards.
; Syringe daily from March until flowers
develop. Prune away dead or sickly shoots only in March. Ven-
tilate freely, April to Oct. Temp., Oct. to March, 40° to 50°; March
to Oct., 55° to 65°. Foliage must be kept free from insects.
OUTDOOR CULTURE Soil, equal parts peat & loam. Position,
:
—
Larix (Larch). Ord. Coniferae. Hardy deciduous trees. Grown
largely for timber purposes. First introduced 1629.
CULTURE Soil, gravelly, stony, or any except heavy clay. Posi-
:
tion, hill slopes or banks, sheltered from north; low, damp situations
not suitable. Plant in autumn. Distance for planting, 3 to 4 ft. each
way. Best age to plant, two years old. Land best trenched a good
spit deep before planting. Number of trees required to plant an im-
perial acre at 3 ft., 4,840; at 4 ft., 2,722. Average cost of two-year-old
trees per 1,000, 12s. 6d. Cost of planting trees per acie, 20s. Thinning
should commence at five years old. Each imperial acre should contain
about 1,200 trees at tenth year ; 900 at fifteenth year ; 600, at twentieth
year; 450, at twenty-fifth year; and 300 in thirtieth year; latter num-
ber to be permanent crop. Trees attain maturity when 30 to 40 to 70
231
;;
ENCYCLOPJUDIA OF GABDENING.
years old. Bears seed when 30 to 40 years old. Number of seeds in
a pound, 5,000. Weight of a bushel of seed, 141b. Average height,
130 ft. Weight of timber per cubic foot, 33 lb. Number of cubic feet
timber to a ton, 58. Average price per cubic foot, 9d. to Is. Timber
u.sed for fencing, pit wood, scaffold poles, and boat building. Quantity
of seeds to sow 100 ft. square of bed. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in.
deep in beds 4 ft. wide with 1 ft. alleys between, in March. Transplant
seedlings when two years old.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. dayurioa, 10 to 20 ft., Siberia; europsea (Common
Laroh), 60 to 120 ft., Europe; and its varieties glauca pendula, pendula and
sibirica (Siberian Larch) G-riffithii (Sikkim Laroh), 30 to 40 ft., Himalayas
;
coal & sand. Position, well-drained pots in shady part of stove. Pot,
Feb. or March. Water freely, March to Sept. ; moderately afterwards.
Syringe once daily in winter; twice other times. Temp., March to
Sept, 65'^ to 75°; Sept. to March, 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown
Jin. deep in rich light soil in temp, of 80° to 90°, Feb., March, or
April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : L. Commersonii, 7 ft., Mauritius and Bourbon ; Verschaf-
feltii (Syn. L. aurea), 7 ft., Mauritius.
Lathyrus (Everlasting Pea; Sweet Pea). — Ord. Legumiuosse.
Hardy annuals & herbaceous perennial climbers. Sweet Pea intro-
duced 1700.
CULTUEE OF SWEET PEA: rich ordinary, well manured.
Soil,
Position, groups in sunny borders, shoots supported by tree branches
against sunny walls or fences; in sunny wyidow boxes; in rows in open
garden. Sow seeds three or four in a 3-in. pot in light soil in temp.
55 to 65° in March., transplanting seedlings outdoors in May; or 2ip.
deep, and 3 to Bin. apart in March or April, where plants are to grow.
Water liberally in dry weather. Apply liquid manure once or twice
weekly to plants in flower. Remove seed pods as they form, to ensure
plenty of flowers. Grow other annual species thus.
POT CULTUEE Sow four seeds 1 in. deep in 3-in. pots in temp. 4j°
:
to 55° in March. Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould &
sand. Transfer four seedlings, when 2 in. high, to a Sin. pot. Sup-
port shoots with small tree branches. Water liberally. Apply liquid
manure when flowers show. Grow in cool greenhouse or window when
in flower.
EXHIBITION OR SPECIAL CULTURE
Grow in circular groups
:
2 ft. wide and 3 ft. apart, or in trenches 18 in. wide and 2 ft. deep.
Dig out soil to depth of 2 ft. Fork into subsoil 2 in. of rotten manurej
232
—
UNOYCLOP^DIA OF GARDENING.
then till up hole or trench to within 2 in. of top. Add a handful each of
superphosphate and kainit to each hole, or lineal yard of trench, &
fork in. Sow seeds 1 in. deep & 3 in. apart in March in groups or
trenches ; or five seeds in a three-inch pot of good soil in cold frames
in March, & plant out seedlings 4 to 6 in. apart in April. Stake early.
Feed with half-ounce of sulphate of ammonia to gallon of water. Give
3 gallons to each group or lineal yard of row once a week. Nip off
points of shoots when top of sticks is reached. Remove spent blooms
daily.
CULTUEE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary deep rich.
Position, against sunny walls, fences, arbours, or tree stump or banks.
Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Apply liquid manure occasionally
in summer. Water freely in dry weather. Prune away stems close
to ground in Oct. Top-dress with decayed manure in March. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown in light soil in temp. 55° to 65° in March, trans-
planting seedlings outdoors in May ; or outdoors in April ; by division
of roots in March or April.
ANNUAL SPECIES: L. odoratus (Sweet Pea), various, 6 to 10 ft., Italy;
tiiig:itanus (Tangier Pea), purple and red, summer, 4 to 6 ft., Tangrier.
PEEBNNIAL SPEOIES : L. grandiaorus, rofly crimson, summer, 5 ft., S. Europe;
latifolius or Sylvestris platyphyllus (Everlasting Pea), red, crimson and violet/ 8 to
10 ft., Europe; latifolius altus, white; Isetlflorus, flesli, summer, 10 ft., California;
magellanicus (Lord Anson's Pea), purple, June to Sept., 6 to 8 ft.. Straits of
Magellan; rotundifolius, rosy pink, summer, 6 ft., Asia Minor; undulatus (Syn.
Sibthorpii), rosy purple. May and June, 2 to 3 ft., Dardanelles; splendens, carmine-
red, summer, Oalifomia.
Lattice-leaf Plant (Ouvirandra fenestralis). See Ouvirandra. —
Laurel (Prunus Laurocerasus). See Prunus. —
Laurus (Bay Tree; Sweet Bay; Victor's Laurel; Poet's Laurel).
Ord. LaurinesB. Hardy evergreen tree. Orn. foliage. First intro-
duced 1562. Flowers, male & female born on separate trees, yellow,
insignificant. Berries, dark ;purple; ripe, Oct. Leaves, lance-shaped,
dark green, aromatic; used tor flavouring purposes.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, open, sunny lawns, sheltered
:
S. Europe.
—
Lavatera. (Tree Mallow). Ord. Malvaceae. Half-hardy biennials
& annuals. Flowering & orn. foliage. Leaves, hand-shaped, green, or
variegated with white.
CULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES: Soil; ordinary. Position,
warm, sheltered, dryish borders. Plant, June.
CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES Soil, ordinary light rich. Posi-
:
tion, sunny beds or borders. Sow seeds J in. deep where plants are re-
quired to grow in Slept, or April. Propagate biennial species by seeds
sown in pots or boxes of light soil in temp, of 55° to 60° in March or
April; or in sunny position outdoors, April or May.
BIENNIAL SPECIES: L. arborea (Tree Mallow), purple, autumn, 8 to 10 ft..
Europe (Britain).
ANNUAL SPECIES: L. trimestris, rose, summer, 4 to 6 ft., 8. Europe; trlmestris
alba, white.
Lavender (Lavandula vera). —See Lavandula.
Lavender Cotton (Santolina chamsecyparissus). — See Santo-
lina.
Lavender Grass (Molinia caerulea).—See Molinia.
Lawn Pearl-wort (Sagina subulata). —See Sagina.
Lawn Spurrey.—See Sagina.
Lawson's Cypress (Cupressus lawsoniana). See Cupressus. —
Layia —
(Tidy-tips Flower). Ord. Compositae. Hardy annuals.
First introduced 1834.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary.
: Position, sunny bed or borders. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light mould in temp. 55° to 65°
in April, transplanting seedlings outdoors end of May ; or outdoors in
April, where plants are required to grow.
SPECIES CULTIVATED L. oalliglossa (Syn. Oiyura ohrysantliemoiaes), yellow
:
summer, 1 ft., N. America; elcgans, yellow and white, Bummer, 1 ft., California
platyglossa (Syn. Callichroa platyglofi&a), yellow, summer, 1 ft., California.
Lead Plant (Amorpha cauescens). See Amqrpha. —
Lead-WOrt> —See Plumbago and Ceratostigma.
Leaf-floweringr Cactus (Epiphyllum truncatum). — See
Epiphyllum.
Leather Flower (Clematis viorna).—See Clematis.
Leather-wood (Cyrilla racemiflora).—See Cyrilla.
Lebanon Cedar (Cedrus Libani).—See Cedrus.
Ledum (Labrador Tea; —
Marsh Rosemary). Ord. Ericaceie. Hardy
flowering shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1762.
CULTURE: equal parts peat, leaf -mould, & sand.
Soil, Position,
open, well-drained beds or borders in company with azaleas, kalmias,
etc. Plant, Oct., Nov.. or March, disturbing roots as little as possible.
Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep, in a well-drained pan of sandy
234.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
peat in a cold frame in March ; by layering in Sept. ; division of roota
in Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. glandulosum, white, spring-, 3 to 6 ft., California;
latifolium (Labrador Tea), wliite, April, 3 ft., N. America; palustre (Marali Kose-
rnary), white, May, 2 ft., N. Europe.
Leea. —Ord. Ampelidaceae. Stove Shrub. Orn. foliage. Nat.
Borneo. First introduced 1880. Leaves, feather-shaped, bronzy-
gi"een, striped with white above, and dark-red below.
CULTURE Compost, two parts loam, one part well-decayed manure
:
Leek.—See Allium.
—
Leioptiyllum (Sand Myrtle). Ord. Ericaceae. Hardy flowering
shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1736.
CULTUEE Soil, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, & sand. Position,
:
seeds 2in. deep & 2 in. apart in drills 18 in. asunder early in April.
Allow the plants to grow till quite yellow, then pull up, dry thoroughly
in the sun, gather pods & store in a dry place till required for use.
SPECIES CULTIVATED L. esoulentea, blue, June to Aug., 1 ft.. Orient.
Lenten Rose
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
ground, about six weeks. Propagate by seeds sown in well-drained
pans of sandy loam & peat in a cool shady frame in March or April
division of the roots in March or April.
SPECIES CtTLTITATED: L. rediviTa, rose, eummer, 6 in., California Tweedyi, ;
Plant, Oct., Nov., Feb., or March. Prune into shape after flowering.
Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light soil in temp. 45° to 55°
in 'March or April; cuttings of side shoots inserted in light soil and
similar temp, in April, also of firm shoots inserted in sandy soil under
hand-light lu Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED L. formosa, white and purple, May to Aug., succeeded
:
—
LiatriS (Button Snake-root). Ord. Oompositse. Hardy perennial
herbs. First introduced 1732.
CULTUEE Soil, light, rich, ordinary. Position, open sunny beds
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Water moderately, Oct. to April; freely afterwards. Apply weak
stimulants once or twice weekly during flowering period. Syringe
foliage twice daily, March to Sept. Temp., Sept. to March 50° to 60"
March to June 60° to 70°. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots 1 in
to 2 in. long, inserted in well-drained pots filled with sandy soil in
temp. 75° to 85°, Feb. to May.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : L. floribunda (properly Jaoobinia panoiflora), yellow,
winter, 2 ft,, Brazil; penrhoaieneifl, crimson, wiiiter, 2 ft., hybrid.
Licuala. —Ord. Palmacese. Stove palms. Orn. foliage. First
introduced 1802. Leaves, fan-shaped, green.
CULTURE Compost, two parts peat & one of loam & sand. Posi-
:
Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. Ibota (Syn. amuronsis), 3 ft., Japan; japonioum,
6 to 8 ft., evergreen, Japan; japonioum coriaoeum, evergreen, 3 to 4 ft., Japan;
luoidum, 8 to 12 ft., evergreen, China; luoidum tricolor, variegated; ovalifolium
(Oval-leaved Privet), 6 to 8 ft., evergreen, Japan; ovalifolium variegatum, leaves
blotched with yellow or white; ovalifolium aureum (Golden Privet), golden leaved,
much used for window boxes and hedges sinense, 10 to 20 ft., evergreen, China
;
Britain, deciduous.
Lilac (Syringa vulgaris). See Syringa. —
Lilium (Lily).— Ord. Liliaceas. Hardy and half-hardy bulbous
flowering plants. First introduced 1596.
OLASSIFICATION OF LILIUMS Erect, cup-shaped flowers (Isoli- :
340
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
rion group). —L. bulbiferum, L. concolor & Tars., L. dauricum & vars.,
li.philadelphioum, L. elegans & vars. Trumpet-shaped flowers (Euli-
riou group). —L. Browni, L. candidum & vara., L. cordifolium, L. gigan-
teum, L. Krameri, L. longiflorum & vars., L. Parryi, L. washing-
tonianuni & var. Recurved flowers (Martagon group). — L. candadense,
Ii. caruiolicum, L. caroliueum, L. chalcedonicum, L. Hansoni, L. Hum-
boldti, L. Leichtlini, L. martagon & vars., L. monadelphum & var-,
L. pomponum, L. pyrenaicum, L. superbum & vars., L. tenuifolium,
—
L. testaceura. Flowers drooping' (Archelirion group). L. auratum &
vars., L. specioaum & vars., L. tigrinum & vars., & L. roseum.
OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, enriched with decayed
manure, for L. bulbiferum, L. candidum, L. chalcedonicum, L. croceum
& L. testaceum; rich loam for L. auratum, L. martagon, L. monadel-
f)hum, L. pomponum, L. tenuifolium, L. tigrinum, & L. pyrenaicum;
oam, peat, and leaf-mould for L. Browni, L. giganteum, & L. dauri-
cum, L. Hansoni, L. longiflorum, L. Parryi, L. pardalinum, L. specio-
sum, L. superbum, L. Leichtlini. Peat, leaf-mould, & sand for L. cana-
dense, L. concolor, L. Humboldti, L. washingtonianum. Position, shady
beds or borders for L. Browni, L. cauadense, L- Hansoni, L. pardalinum,
L. auratum, L. concolor, L. polyphyllum, L. superbum, L. washing-
tonianum, L. Leichtlini; others in sun or shade. Plant, Oct. to March,
in groups of 3, 6, or 12 bulbs. Plant stem-rooting lilies like auratum,
Batemanniaa ,Brownii, croceum, Dalhousoni, elegans, Hansoni,
Henryi, Krameri, longiflorum, nepalense. speciosum, & tigrinum 6 in.
deep & 6 in. apart; L. giganteum only just beneath the surface; all
others 4 in. deep & 6 in. apart. Place a handful of silver sand inider
each bulb and a little around it.
Special Beds; Remove soil to depth of 18 in. and circumference
of 12in. for 3 bulbs, 24 in. for 6 bulbs, 3 ft. for 12 bulbs. Place 6in.
of cow manure in bottom and compost on this. In case of heavy, wet
subsoils, allow surface of bed to rise 4 in. above ordinary level. Mulch
with decayed cow manure in April, first removing few inches of surface
soil. Protect choice kinds during winter with covering of cinder ashes
or strawy manure. Cut down flower stems when leaves turn yellow.
Water in very dry weather. Apply liquid manure once or twice weekly
when plants are in flower.
Tbeatment of Impobted Bulbs : Remove injured scales & sur-
round bulbs with thin layer of cocoauut-fibre refuse in shallow box
in cool position until latter become plump, then plant out. Transplant
L. candidum in Aug. or Sept.; others in Oct. or Nov. Lilies should
only be transplanted when unhealthy.
POT CULTURE Ckjmpost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, de-
•
cayed manure, & sand. Pot, Sept- to March, placing one bulb of L.
auratum, L. speciosum, or L. Harrisi, in a 5 or 6 in. pot, or three in an
8 or 10 in. pot; and three of L. longiflorum, L. philippense, or L. neil-
gherense, in a 6 or 8 in. pot. Put | drainage, then half-fill with com-
post, place bulbs thereon, & cover with J in. of compost. After potting,
place pots in cold frame, greenhouse, or shed, & cover with 2 in. of
cinder ashes or cocoanut-fibre refuse. Allow them to remain thus till
crrowth begins, then remove to light airy part of greenhouse or to a
window or cool room till they flower, or until June, then stand outdoors.
Water moderately when growth begins; freely when in full growth.
Top-dress with compost of equal parts loam, leaf-mould, & decayed
manure when shoots are 3 in- high, filling pots to within 4 in. of rim.
241
;;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Apply liquid manure twice weekly to plants in full growth. Suitable
stimulants Soot- water, gruano-water (J oz. to a gallon), liquid cow or
:
"
TENDER SPECIES Those best grown under gla^s are — L. longifloram Hairiei
:
2 to 3 ft., Japan; oordifolium, white, Aug., 3 ft., Japan; oroceum (Orange Lily),
orange, June, 3 ft., 8. Europe; Dalhousoni, purple, summer, 5ft., hybrid; dauricum
(Syn. daTuricum), yellow, red, and black, June, 3 ft., Siberia; elegans (Syn. thun-
bergianum), scarlet, July, 1 to 2 ft., Japan, and its numerous Tarieties; giganteum
(Giant Lily), white, July, 10 to 12 ft., Himalayas; Hansoni, yellow, June, 3 to 4 ft.,
Japan; Henry), orange-yellow, July, 6 to 10 ft., W. China; Humboldti, yellow and
purple, July, 5 ft., Oalifornia; japouicum, rase, summer, 2^ ft., Japan, and its
varieties Alexandra (white) and Colchesteri ; longiflorum, white, June, 3 ft., Japan
I/eichtlini, yellow and purple, July, 3 ft., Japan; Lowil, white and violet, summer,
3 ft., Burma; Martagon (Turk's Cap Lily), purple, summer, 3 ft., Europe; Marta-
gon album, white ; monadelphum Bzovitzianum, yellow, June, 4 ft., Caucasus
pardalinum (Panther Lily), orange -crimson, July, 4 to 6 ft., California; Parryi,
yellow, summer, 3 ft., California; parTum, yellow, July, 4 ft., California; pom-
ponium (Scarlet Fompono Lily), red, summer, 3 ft., Lombardy; pyrenaicum, yellow,
Bummer, 3 ft., Pyrenees; roseum (Syn. thomsonianum) lilao, spring, 18 in., Hima-
,
layas; rubellum, pink, May, 1 to 2 ft., Japan; spccioeum (Syn. lancifolium^, white
and red, summer, 3 ft., Japan, and its varieties album Eraetzeri, crueutum, Mel-
pomene, maoranthrum, roseum superbum and rubrum; testaceum (Nankeen Lily),
yellow, summer, 4 to 6 ft.; superbum (Swamp Lily), ora.nge and crimson, summer,
6 ft., U. States; tenuifolium, scarlet, summer, 1 ft., Siberia; tigrinnm (Tiger Lily),
orange, red, and black, sammer, 3 to 5 ft., Japan, and its varieties flore pleno
(double), Fortunei, and splendens; umbellatum, red, June, 3 ft.; and waBuing-
tonianum, white, July, 4 ft., Oalifornia.
Lily, —See L'ilium.
Lily of the Valiey.~See Convallaria.
—
Lily Tiiorn (Catesbaea spinosa). See Catesbaea.
—
Lily Tree (Magnolia conspicua). See Magnolia.
Lime-fruit-tree (Citrus medica acida).— See Citrus.
Limestone Fern (Polypodium calcareum). —See Polypodium.
Lime Tree (Tilia europaea). —See Tilia,
Limnanthemum (Marsh-flower; Fringed Buck-Bean Fringed ;
242
;;
BNOTCLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
Position^ tub or tank of water in greenhouse. Temp., Oct; to March
45° to 55°; March to Oct. 55° to 65°. Plant in spring.
CULTURE OF HAEDY
SPECIES Soil, ordinary. Position, ponds,
;
and white, April to Sept., 1 ft., fragrant; rosea, rose, summer, 1 ft.
LimnOCharis.— Ord. Alismaceae. Stove aquatic perennials.
First introduced 1822.
CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould
& sand. Position, in shallow tubs, cisterns, or aquariums. Plant, 6
to 9 in. below surface of water, in March or April. Temp., March to
Sept. 60° to 70° ; Sept. to March 50° to 60°. Propagate by seeds sown
in soil below water in March or April ; division of plants in April-
SPECIES CULTIVATED L. emarginata (Syn. Plumeri), yellow, July, S. America.
:
beds or borders. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in patches in April, for flower-
ing in summer; in Aug., for flowering in spring. L. tristis, a pretty
dwarf annual for beds or rockeries.
POT CULTURE OF L. CYMBALARIA: Compost, two parts loam,
one part of equal proportions of dried cow manure, old mortar, & sand.
Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in 3 or 5 in. pots in March or April. Place pots
in shady window or greenhouse until seedlings appear, then remove
to light & suspend in a basket. Water moderately at first, freely after-
wards; keep nearly dry during winter. This species is a perennial.
Propagate perennial species by seeds sown in ordinary soil in sunny
position outdoors in Sept., March, or April; division in Oct. or April-
ANNUAL SPECIES L. aparinoides, yellow and black, summer, 18 in., Europe
:
and N. Africa; bipartita, red, -violet, purple,, rose and white, summer, 1 ft.,
Algeria; multipunotata, or Brousonetti, yellow and brown, summer, 6 in., Algiers;
reticulata, purple and yellow, summer, 2 to 4 ft., Portugal.
PERENNIAL SPECIES: L. alpina, blue, -violet, and yellow, summer, 6 in.,
Alps ; Cymbalaria(Ivy-leaved Toad-flax or Mother o' Millions}, lilac, summer,
trailing, Britain; dalmatica, yellow, summer, 3 to 5 ft., Dalmatia; pallida, blue,
summer, 3 in., Italy saxatilis, yellow and brown, summer, trailing, Spain
;
one part equal proportions of broken crocks, charcoal, & sand. Posi-
tion, moist shady part of stove, in wardian case, or under bell-glasses.
Pot very firmly in well-drained pots, Feb. or March. Water abun-
dantly March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp., March to Sept.
55° to 65°; Sept. to March 50° to 55°. Propagate by spores sown on
fine sandy peat, in well-drained pans under bell-glass, in temp. 55 to
65°, at any time-
SPECIES CULTIVATED : L. linearis, 6 in.. New Zealand ; triohomanoides, 6 in.,
New Zealand.
Lins (Calluna vulgaris). —See Calluna.
Linnsea (Twin-flower).— Ord. Caprifoliaceae. Hardy trailing
flowering shrub. Evergreen.
CULTURE: Soil, sandy peat. Position, moist rockeries or banks,
or as edgings to beds of N. American shrubs. Plant, Oct. to March.
Water freely in dry weather.
POT C QLTURE Compost, two parts peat & one part leaf-mould &
:
beds or borders. Sow seeds \ in. deep in April, in lines or masses where
plants are required to flower.
CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES Soil, good ordinary. Posi- :
mould, one part decayed manure & sand. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in
April in 6 in. pots, filled with above compost to within J in. of rim.
Place pots in cold frame or shady window till seedlings appear, then
remove to full light. Water moderately at first, freely afterwards.
Apply weak stimulants when in flower. Support shoots by inserting
small twiggy branches between them. Sow again in July, plunging
pots to rim in garden soil, and keep well supplied with water to flower
in autumn. Propagate perennial species by seeds sown J in. deep out-
doors in April, also by division in March or April; shrubby species by
cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass outdoors
*
in summer-
FIELD CULTURE OF FLAX : Soil, deep, well-tilled loam. Rota-
tion, follow potatoes or cereals; requires an interval of nine years be-
tween successive crops. Manures Farmyard ploughed in previous
:
ties, cocoineum (scarlet), splendens, rose, and rubrum, red; usltatissimum (Common
Flax), blue, June, IS in., Europe.
PERENNIAL SPECIES: L. alpiuum, blue, summer, 6 in., Europe; flatum, yellow,
summer, 18 in., Austria; narbonense, blue. May to July, 2 ft., S. Europe; perenne,
blue or white, summer, 18 in., Britain.
SHRUBBY SPECIES: L. arboreum, yellow, June, 1 ft., Crete; monogynum,
candidissimum, white, summer, 1 ft.. New Zealand.
Lion'S-ear (Leonotis Leonurus). — See Leonotis.
(Leonotis leonurus).-
Lion'S-turnip (Leontice Albertii).—See Leoutice.
Lip Fern (Cheilanthes califoruica). —See Cheilanthes.
Lippia. (Sweet-scented "Verbena; Herb Louisa). — Old. Verben-
aceae. Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Fragrant foliage. Introduced
1781-
CULTURE Compost, two parts loam, one leaf-mould & sand. Posi-
:
245
;
ENOYOLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
eary in Nov. Propagate by seeds sown ^ in. deep in sandy soil outdoors,
Oct., Nov., March or April, transplanting seedlings two to three years
afterwards layering shoots, Sept. to Nov.
;
peat, & silver sand. Position, well-drained pots or bed in warm green-
house. Pot or plant, March. Train shoots up roof or wall. Water
freely during spring & summer, moderately autumn & winter. Syringe
morning & evening during early period of growth. Plant likes plenty
of sunshine. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 75°; Sept- to March 50°
to
60 . Propagate by division of the plant at potting time.
SPECIES CULTIVlTED: L. modesta, orange, April, 3 to i ft.. S. Africa.
ins (Sedum teleDhiumV--SeR
Live-Ions: sJnm
telephium).-^See Sedum. ' *
246
;
bnoyolopjbdia of oabdenino.
Liver Leaf (Anemone Hepatica triloba). —See Anemone.
Livistona. —Ord. Palmace86. Warm greeukouse palm. Orn.
foliage. Leaves large, fan-shaped. First introduced 1816.
CTTLTUEE Compost, two parts loam, one part peat, little sand.
:
Sept. to March 55° to 60°. Propagate by seeds sown J in. deep in rich
light soil in temp. 80° to 90° in Feb. or March.
SPECIES OTJLTITATED: L. sinensis (Syn. Latania borbonica), 5 to 10 ft.,
China and Japan.
Lizard Orchis (Orchis hiroina).—See Orchis.
Llavea. — Ord. Filices. Stove evergreen fern. First introduced
1853- Fronds, large, three times divided; upper portion contracted,
fertile; lower portion broad, barren.
CXJLTTJEE Compost, equal parts loam, peat sand. Position, well-
:
& sand. Pot, Oct. or Mardi. Position, cold frame, Oct. to March;
247
;
;
ENCYOLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
cool greenhouse^, March till past flowering, then outdoors. Water very
little Oct. to March, freely afterwards. Apply stimulants. May to
Aug-
OULTUEE OF HALF-HAEDY SPECIES Soil, ordinary. Position,
:
beds, etc., outdoors, June to Oct. Plant, June, 3 to 6 in. apart. Lift
plants in Sept., place in small pots, & store in greenhouse to furnish
cuttings in spring. Cut off flower stems a fortnight before lifting.
POT CULTURE Compost, equal parts good soil, leaf-mould & sand.
:
mould, peat, & sand. Position, pots, beds, or rockeries in shady part
of stove. Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Water abundantly April to
Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 80°; Sept.
to March 60° to 70° Syringe tree species twice daily, Feb. to Sept.
CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES Compost, as above- Pot, :
ENCTCL0P.T1DIA OF OASDENINQ.
STOTB SPECIES : L. attenuata, TropioB gibba, New Caledonia, and its Tarietiee,
;
Platyptera and rosea; L'Hermmieri, Tropical America.
GEEENHOUSB SPECIES: L. boryana, Tropics; discolor, Australia, and ita
varieties bipinnatifida and riuda; lanoeolata. New Zealand; pumila. New Zealand.
HARDY SPECIE,?: T,. alpina, New Zealand, etc.; Spioant (Hard Fern), Britain;
Spioant trinerva.
Lomatia. —Ord. Proteaceae. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Orn.
foliage. First introduced 1792. Leaves, feather & egg-shaped, green
or glaucous.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & sand. Position,
well-drained pots in sunny airy greenhouse. Pot, Feb. to April. Prune
into shape when necessary, Feb. Water moderately Sept. to April,
freely afterwards- Ventilate freely April to Sept., moderately after-
wards. Temp., March to Oct. 55° to 65"; Oct. to March 45° to 55°.
Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in sandy
peat under bell-glass in temp. 60° to 70°, June to Sept.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. Bidwillii, 10 ft., N.S. Wales; elegantissima, 8 ft,.
New Zealand; longifolia, 8 to 10 ft., N.S. Wales.
Lombardy Poplar (Populus nigra pyramidalis). See Populus.—
London Plane (Platauus acerifolia). See Platanus.—
London Pride (Saxifraga umbrosa). See Saxifraga. —
—
Lonfcera (Honeysuckle). Ord. Caprifoliaceae. Hardy & half-
hardy, erect & twining, deciduous & evergreen shrubs. Flowering &
orn. foliage. Flowers fragrant.
CULTURE OF TWINING SPECIES Soil, rich ordinary.
:
Position,
S- or W.
walls or fences for evergreen kinds fences, walls, or arbors in
;
any aspect for deciduous kinds. Plant, Oct. to April. Top-dress with
well-decayed manure in JMarch or April. Prune L. fragrantissima
slightly after flowering; other kinds in Feb., shortening shoots of pre-
vious year's growth to within 1 or 3 in. of base. Water freely in dry
weather. Apply weak liquid manure occasionally in summer, to
healthy plants.
POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or well-decayed manure & saud. Pot, Oct. to Dec. Position,
cold frame or greenhouse, Nov. to Feb.; warm greenhouse, Feb- to
June; sunny place outdoors, June to Nov. Water freely, Feb. to Oct.
moderately afterwards. Apply stimulants occasionally when in flower.
Prune previous year's shoots to within 1 or 2 in. of base in June.
CULTURE OP L. SEMPERTIRENS IN GREENHOUSE
Compost, :
same as for pot culture. Plant, Oct. to March. Position, small well-
drained bed, or tub with shoots trained up rafter or trellis. Prune
slightly after flowering. Water freely March to Sept., moderately
afterwards- Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 40°
to 50°.
CULTURE OF SHRUBBY SPECIES Soil, ordinary. Position, open
:
249
mNCYOLOPMBlA OF OA EVENING.
with yellow; Periolymennm (Oommon Honeysuckle), red and yellow, June to Sept.,
6 to 10 ft., Britain; sempervirens (Evergreen Honeyfiuckle), scarlet and yellow.
May to Aug., 10 to 15 ft., N. America hardy only in S. of England ; Standisliii,
;
white and purple, spring, 8 to 10 ft., China; tartarica, rosy, April and May, 8 to
10 ft., Siheria.
SHRUBBY SPEOIBS: L. alpigena, red, April and May, 6 ft.,Europe; angusti-
folia, yellow,April and May, 4 to 6 ft., Himalayas; bella, rosy yellow, April and
May, 4 to 6hybrid; Morrowii, yellow, June, 4
ft., to 6 ft,, Japan; Xylosteum
(Flag Honeysuckle), yellow. May and June, 4 to 6 ft., Europe.
Loofah Gourd (Luffa oigyptica). See Iiuffa. —
—
Loosestrifep See Lysimachia and Lythrum.
—
Lopezia. Ord. Onagraceaa. Hardy annuals. First introduced
1804.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Propagate ty
:
seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in April in patches or lines where plants are
required to flower, or in light soil in temp. 55° to 65° in March, trans-
planting outdoors in May.
SPECIES CULTITATED L. cordafa, purple, Aug., 18 in., Mexico cornata, red,
: ;
loam, one part leaf-mould, half-part each pounded charcoal & sand.
Pot, Feb- or March. Position, pots in light airy part of sunny green-
house. Water moderately March to Sept., very little afterwards.
Apply weak stimulants to healthy plants
55°
flower. Temp., March to m
Sept. to 65°; Sept. to March 45* to 55°.
CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES Soil, ordinary rich. Position, :
drained pots of sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65° in sum-
mer. Hardy species by seeds sown 1-16 in- deep in April where plants
are required to grow; division of plants in March or April.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES L. Bortholetii (Syn. peliorynohni), scarlet, summer,
:
2 ft.. Canaries.
.
HAEDT SPECIES : L. oorniculatufl (Bird's-foot Trefoil), yellow, summer, creen-
'^
ing, Britain.
250
MNOrCLOPMBlA OF GARDENING.
Lotus (Nymphsea lotus).
Lotus-tree (Diospyros lotus). —See Diospyros.
—See Nymphsea.
Love-apple (Lycopersicum esculentum). — See Lycopersicum.
Love Grass (Eragrostis elegans).
Love-in-a-Mist (Nigella damascena).—See Nigella.
—See Eragrostis.
Love-lies-bleeding' <Amaranthus caudatus).--See Amaran-
thus.
Love Pea (Abrus precatorius).
Lovie-tree (Cercis siliquastrum). —See Cercis.
—See Abrus.
—
Luculiai Ord. Rubiacese. Greenhouse evergreen sbrubs. Flower-
ing & orn. foliage. First introduced 1823.
CULTTJEE: Oompoat, equal parts fibrous loam, peat, charcoal, &
sand. Position, in large well-drained pots, or preferably in beds 2 to
3 ft. wide & 18 in. deep. Put 6 in. of drainage into latter. Pot or
plant, Feb., March or April. Prune shoots moderately after flowering
to within 2 or 3 in- of base. Water freely April to Nov., withhold
entirely afterwards. Syringe foliage twice daily, April to Sept. Temp.,
April to Sept. 60° to 70°; Sept. to Dec. 55° to 65°; Dec. to April 45°
to 55°. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in well-drained pans of
light sandy soil in temp, of 60 to 70° in Feb., MarcTi or April; cuttings
of young shoots inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 70°
to 80° in June or July. Seedlings flower when 3 to 5 years old.
SPECIES OTJLTIVATBD: L. gratissima, rose, autumn, 8 to 10 ft., Himalayas;
pinoeana, rose, autumn, 10 ft., Himalayas.
Luffa (Loofah). —
Ord. Cucurbitacese. Stove climbing annuals
bearing curious gourd-like fruits-
CULTTJEE Sow seeds in a compost of equal parts leaf-mould & loam
:
in a temp, of 75° in' Feb. Transfer seedlings when third leaf forms
singly into 3 in. pots, and later on to 8 or 10 in. pots, using three parts
of loam to one of leaf-mould. Train shoots up roof. Water freely.
Syringe daily. Feed with weak liquid manure when fruit has formed.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: L. iKgyptioa, yellow, spring:; fruits long and club
sliaped. Tropics.
Lunaria (Common Honesty; Money Flower; Satin Flower). Ord. —
Cruciferae. Biennial & perennial flowering & orn. fruiting plants.
First introduced 1595. Seed pods flat, oval, containing a satiny parti-
tion; very useful for drying for winter decorations.
CULTTJEE OP BIENNIAL SPECIES Soil, ordinary- Position, par- :
ENOYOLOP^DIA OF GARDENING.
Protect, Nov. to April, with layer of bracken or litter around
base of
Peru; nootkatensis, blue, purple, and yellow, summer, 1 ft., N. America; poly-
phyllua (Perennial Lupin), blue, summer, 3 to 6 ft., California; polyphylUls albll.s,
moss, with little sand & charcoal. Position, well-drained pots, pans,
or baskets, in light part of greenhouse. Pot when new growth com-
mences- Water deciduous species freely from time new growth begins
until Nov., then occasionally; evergreen species freely from March to
Nov., moderately Nov. to March. Syringe once or twice daily whilst
making growth. Ventilate freely May to Sept. Temp., April to Oct.
55° to 65°; Oct. to April 45° to 55°. Growing period, Feb. to March;
resting period, Oct. to Feb. Plants may be grown in sitting-room or
cool conservatory when in flower. Flowers appear at base of new
pseudo-bulb when latter begins to form. Propagate by division of
pseudo-bulbs immediately after flowering.
SPECIES CULTIVATED L. aromatica, yellow and orange, June, 1 ft., Mexieo
:
Deppei, green, purple, yellow, and crimson, March to July, 1 ft., Mexico macro-;
green, white, and, purple, winter; Skinneri, white, rose, and crimson, Oct, to
March, 1 ft., Guatemala; Skinneri alba, white; tetragona, green, white, purple,
and crimson, fragrant, summer, 1 ft., Brazil.
Lychnis (Campion; German Catchfly; Rose Campion). Ord.
.
—
Caryophyllacese. Hardy annuals &_perennials.
CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES Soil, light rich loam for L. :
alpina & L. Lagascae; open dryish beds, borders, or banks for other
species. Plant, Oct. to Deo. & Feb. to May. Cut down flower stems
of L. chalcedonica & L. vespertina in Oct. or Nov. Top-dress border
species with well-decayed manure in March or Ajiril. Apply weak
liquid manure occasionally to border species when in flower. Lift &
replant border species every other year.
CULTURE OF ANNUALSPECIES Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
;
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF GARDENING.
April, transplanting seedlings into flowering position, Aug. to Nov.
division of plantB, Sept. to Dec. & Feb. to April.
PEEENNIAX SPECIES: L. alba (Syn. Tespertina), White Campion, white, May
to Aug., 3 ft,, Britain; alpina, rosy pink, summer, 6 in., Europe (Britain); ohalce-
donioa (Scarlet Lychnis or Jerusalem Cross), scarlet, summer, 3 ft., KuBsia, and its
varieties alba (white) and flore-pleno (double) ; coronaria (Syn. Agrostemma
coronaria), crimson, July and Aug-., 2 to 3 ft., S. Europe, and its varieties, atrosan-
guinea (crimson-red), alba (white), and flore-pleno (red); dioiea (Red Campion),
purple, rose, summer, 3 ft., Britain; Flos-cuculi (Eagged Eobin), rose. May and
June, 1 to 3 ft., Britain, and its double variety, flore-pleno fulgens, vermilion.
;
12 in. apart in single rows, Oct. to Feb. Trim into shape, June & July.
L. europaeum an excellent climber for positions near the sea. Propa-
gate by cuttings of firm shoots 6 to 8 in. long, inserted in ordinary
soil in shady position in Sept. or Oct.; layering shoots. Sept- to Nov.;
by removing suckers with roots attached, Oct. to Feb.
SPECIES CITLTITATED: L. afrum, crimson and violet, June and July, 6 to 8 ft.,
S. Africa; sinense (Syn. L. barbaruaa), the Common Box-thorn or Duke of
Argyll's Tea-tree, purple and yellow, summer, 10 to 12 ft., succeeded by scarlet
berries, China.
LycopersiCUlYI —
(Love Apple; Tomato). Ord. Solanacea. Ten-
der annual. Nat. S. America. First introduced 1596. Fruit, vari-
ously shaped, red or yellow edible.;
POT CULTURE Compost, two parts decayed turfy loam, one part
:
Place compost in ridge 18 in. wide & 12 in. high in centre on staging
near front of house, or in beds on floor 2 ft. wide & 18 in. deep, enclosed
with dry bricks or turves. Plant 12 in. apart for single stems; 3ft.
apart for 3 or more stems. Eemove all side shoots from single stem,
also any that issue from the side of the three-stemmed plants- Water
very little till fruit has set, then freely. Apply stimulants only when
fruit has formed. Fertilise as for pot plants. Ventilate freely when
temp, reaches 90°. Top-dress when several bunches of fruit have formed
with similar compost to that advised for pot plants. Temp., Feb. to
June., 55° to 65°.
CULTITEE IN FRAMES Compost, as above. Plant in heated frame
:
Triple-stemmed, 8 tc 15 lb.
Market Cultube ;Best type of house Span-roof (15 to 25 ft.
:
phosphate, & 6 oz. of kainit to each three square yards before planting.
Stop main stems of plants grown in pots after third truss Tias set;
others when they reach the roof. Plant firmly. Best results obtained
from plants reared from seed. Soil should be removed after third
crop. Average prices: Oct. to Jan., 5s. to 6s.; Feb. to May, 6s. to
12s. ; May to Sept., 3s. to 5s. per 12 lb.
Suitable Mantjees fob Tomatoes: 1. Cue part nitrate of potash,
two parts nitrate of soda, two parts double superphosphate
of lime. Use 1 oz. to a gallon of water, or apply dry at same rate to
six pots. 2. One part nitrate of soda, one part dried blood, one part
kainit, & two parts superphosphate of lime. Apply to plants in beds
at rate of 2 oz. per square yard when fruit has set. Apply above
quantities once a week.
USEFUL DATA Seeds germinate in 10 to 12 days. One ounce of
:
254
MNOYOLOPMBIA OF GARDENING.
seed will yield 2,000 plants. Seeds will retain germinating powers
for six years. Propagate by seeds or cuttings.
SPKOIES OULTIVATBB: L. esoulcnteum.
Lycopodium Ord. Lycopo-
(Fir Club Moss; Stag'shorn Moss). —
diaceae. Stove & hardy perennial mosses. Orn. foliage. Habit,
creeping or erect, stems clothed with scale-like, dark green leaves.
OULTUEE OF STOVE SPECIES Compost, equal parts loam, peat,
:
tum, Tropics.
HAEDT SPECIES: L. claTatum (Club or Stag's-horn Moss), creeping, Britain;
Selago (Fir Club Moss), 3 in., Britain. See also the genus Selaginella.
LycOris —
(Golden Lily)^ Ord. AmaryllidaceiB. Greenhouse flower-
ing bulbs. Deciduous. First introduced 1758.
CULTURE Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part equal pro-
:
portions of leaf-mould & cow manure. Pot dry bulbs Sept. to Dec,
afterwards repotting annually immediately after flowering. Bury
bulbs about two-thirds of their depth. Water moderately from time
flowers show till leaves appear, then freely ; keep quite dry after leaves
fade. Temp., Sept. to April 55° to 65°. Place pots from April to
Sept. in light sunny cool position. Propagate by offsets treated as
bulbs, Sept. to Dec.
SPECIES OTJLTITATBD L. aurea (Syn. Amaryllis aurea), yellow, Aug., 1 ft.,
:
OMna; radiata (Syn, Nerine japouica and Amarjrllis radiata), scarlet, June, 18 in.,
China and Japan; and its varieties alba (white), and Tariegata (orimson and
white); squamigera, rosy lilac, fragrant, summer, 2 ft,, Japan,
Lygodium (Climbing Fern).— Ord. Stove & greenhouse
Filices.
climbing ferns. Deciduous & evergreen. First introduced 1793.
Fronds, slender, twining; divisions tongue or hand-shaped.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, sand, & charcoal.
Position, well-drained pots or beds in shade with fronds twined round
sticks, p'illars, string, or trellis. Plant or pot, Feb. to April. Water
freely Feb. to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp.: Stove species.
Sept to March 55° to 65°; March to Sept, 65° to 75°; Greenhouse
species, Sept. to March 45° to 50°; March to Sept.
55° to 65°. Propa-
gate by spores sown on surface of fine sandy peat under bell-glass in
temp. 75° to 85° any time; division of plants at potting time.
STOVE SPECIES: L. dichotomum, Trop. Asia; reticulatum, Polynesia.
GREENHOTJSE SPECIES : L. japonicum (Syh. L. scandens), Japan, etc, palma-
tum, U, States.
Lyonia.—Ord. Ericacese. Hardy-flowering shrubs. Evergreen.
First introduced 1748.
255
ENCYCLOPJUDIA OF OARDENlNd.
CULTURE: Soil, peaty. Position, moist shady borders. Plant,
Sept. to Nov. & Feb. to April. Pruning unnecessary. Propagate by
seeds sown on surface of sandy peat under bell-glass in shade in cold
frame or greenhouse in Oct. or April; layering shoots, Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES OULTIVATED: L. ligustnna (Syn. L. panioulata), white, June, 4 to
8 ft., N. America.
Lyon's Shell-flovwer (Chelone Lyoni). —See Chelone.
Lyre-tree (Liriodendrou tulipifera). —See Liriodendron.
Lysimachia. (Yellow Loose-strife; Creeping Jenny Yellow ; Pim-
pernel). — Ord. Primulaceae. Hardy erect or creeping herbaceous peren-
nials.
CULTURE OF HERBACEOUS SPECIES : Soil, ordinary rich. Posi-
tion, moist shady borders, margins of ponds or streams. Plant, Oct.
to April. Cut down flower stems, Nov.
OUTDOOR CULTURE OF CREEPING JENNY. Soil, ordinary. —
Position, moist shady rockeries or margins of beds, ponds, or streams.
Plant, March to June.
INDOOR CULTURE Compost, two parts good ordinary soil or loam,
:
Europe; vulgaris (Yellow Loose-strife), yellow, July and August, 3 ft., Britain.
CREEPING SPECIES L. nemorum (Yellow Pimpernel), yellow, May to July,
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Mackerel Mint (Meutlia viridis).—See Meutha.
Macleania.—Ord. Tacciniaceae. Greenhouse trailing flowering
shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1848.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts turfy loam, peat & sand. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots with shoots drooping over front of staging, or in
suspended baskets. Pot, March or April. Water freely March to Sept.,
moderately afterwards. Prune straggling shoots into shape March.
Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 55*". Propa-
gate by cuttings inserted in fine sand in temp. 55° to 65° in summer.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. pulohra, yellow and scarlet, spring, 8 to 10 ft.,
Colombia; speoiosissima, yellow and scarlet, spring, trailing, Colombia.
Madura —
(Osage Orange). Ord. Urticacese. Hardy deciduous
tree. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1818. Flowers, yellowish green,
inconspicuous. Fruit, round, golden yellow, 3 to 5 in. in diameter;
rardy borne in this country. Leaves, egg-shaped, bright green.
CXTLTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, in open sheltered shrub-
beries or hedges. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune into shape when neces-
sary, Nov. to Feb.
HEDGE CULTUEE Plant 12 in. apart in single row. Soil to be
:
trenched two spits deep & 3 ft. wide. Trim into shape, July & Nov.
Propagate by cuttings 6 to 8 in. long, inserted in ordinary soil, in
shady position, Oct. to March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. aurantiaoa, 10 to 16 ft., N. America.
Macrozamia (Swan River Feru Palm; Giant Fern Palm).
Ord. Cyoadaceae. Greenhouse evergreen perennials. Orn. foliage.
First introduced 1846. Leaves, feather-shaped, green; very graceful.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts peat, loam & sand. Position, well-
:
and Japan; acuminata (Cucumber Tree), green and yellow. May to July, 30 to
60 ft., N. America, and its variety cordata, yellow and purple, April; Campbellii,
rosy crimson, fragrant, April, 20 to 30 ft., Himalayas, does best in greenhouse;
Fraseri, creamy yellow, fragrant. May, 30 to 40 ft., S. United States; hypolenoa,
creamy white, fragrant, spring, 30 to 40 ft., Japan; Lennei, rosy purple, April and
May, 10 to 15 ft., hybrid; macrophylla, white and purple, fragrant, June, 20 to
30 ft., N. America; obovata, white and purple, fragrant. May, S ft., Japan;
obovata purpurea, deeper coloured; parviflora, white and rose. May, 8 ft., Japan;
stellata, white, fragrant, March to May, 6 ft., Japan; tripetala (Syn. M. Umbrella),
the Umbrella Tree, white, fragrant, April and May, 20 to 30 ft., S. United States;
Watsoni, creamy white, fragrant, June, 4 ft., Japan; soulangeana, white and
purple. May, 20 ft., hybrid.
EYEBGKEEN SPECIES: M. grandiflora, white, fragrant, July and Aug., IS to
20 ft., S. United States ; glauca (Sweet Bay), creamy white, fragrant, June, 20 ft.,
E. United States.
Mahaleb Cherry.—See Prunus.
Maianthemum (Twin-leaved Lily-of-the-Valley). Ord. Liliaceae.
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Leaves & habit similar to the Lily-of-the-
Valley.
OULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, shady borders in the
open, or under shrubs. Plant, Sept. & Oct. Water freely in dry
weather. Propagate by division of creeping root-stocks in Sept. or
April,
SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. oomrallaria (Syn. Smilacina bifolia), white. May,
6 in., N. Europe.
Maiden-hair Fern (Adiantum capillus-veueris & A. cuneatum).
—See Adiantum.
IVIaiden-hair Grass (Briza media).—See Briza.
Maiden-hair MeadOW-Rue (Thalictrum adiantifoUa
minus). —See Thalictrum.
Maiden-hair Spleen-wort (Asplenium trichomanea).— See
Asplenium.
Maiden-hair Tree (Gingko biloba).—See Gingko.
Maiden Oalc (Quercus sessiliflora).—-See Quercus.
Maiden Pinic (Dianthus deltoides). See Dianthus.
Maiden's Wreath.—See Prancoa.
—
Maid's Love (Artemesia Abrotanum). See Artemesia. —
Maize .(Zea Mays). See Zea,—
Malabar Glory Lily (Gloriosa superba).—See Gloriosa.
Malcomia (Virginian Stock).— Ord. Cruciferaa. Hardy annual.
Pirst introduced 1713.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, edging to sunny beds, masses
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
POT CULTURE Compost, two parts good ordinary soil, one part
:
in borders. Sow seeds J in. deep & 4 to 6 in. apart, where required to
grow, in April or May. Water freely in dry weather. Apply stimu-
lants occasionally when plants show flower. Propagate also by seeds
sown i in. deep in pots or boxes of li^ht soil in temp. 55° in March,
transplanting into flowering positions m
May or June.
SPEOIES CULTIVATED: M. malaooides, rosy pink and purple, summer, 1 ft.,
S. Europe; trifida, purple, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Spain; trifida alba, white, trifida
grandiflora, orimson.
Maltese Clover (Hedysarum coronarium). See Hedysarum. —
Malva —
(Musk Mallow). Ord. Malvaceae. Hardy annual & peren-
nial flowering plants.
CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny or partially shaded beds or borders. Plant, Oct. or March.
Mulch with manure in autumn.
CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny. Plant, May or June. Propagate annual species by seeds sown
i in. deep in light, sandy soil in temp. 55° in March or April ; peren-
nial species by seeds sown similarly, or by cuttings inserted in cold
frame in July or Aug.
ANNUAL SI'BOIES: M. orispa, white and purple, summer, 3 to 6 ft., Europe;
mauritanioa, purple, June, 4 to 6 ft., 8. Europe.
PERENNIAL SPECIES : M. Aloea, rosy purple, summer, 4 ft., Europe, best
grown as an annual; moschata (Musk Mallow), rose, summer, 3 ft., Britain:
mofiohata alba, white.
Malvastrum (False Mallow).— Ord. Malvacea). Hardy peren-
nials. First introduced 1811. Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny rock-
eries for dwarf species; sunny well-drained borders for tall species.
Plant, Oct. or March. Protect in severe winters with a layer of cinder
ashes, manure or leaf-mould. Propagate by seeds sown | in. deep In
light, sandjr soil in temp. 55° in March or April; cuttings inserted in
cold frame in July or Aug.
SPEOIES CULTIVATED: M. oocorneum, scarlet, July to Sept., 6 in., U. States;
Gilliesii (Syn. Modiola geranoides), red, summer, 6 in., S. America; lateritum
(Syn. Malva laterita), salmon-pink, summer, 1 ft., Monte Video.
Mammillaria (Nipple Cactus; Elephant's Tooth Cactus).— Ord.
Cactacese. Greenhouse succulent perennials. First introduced 1690.
Flowers, generally expanding about 11 a.m., and closing at 1 p.m.
somewhat fugitive. Stems leafless, cylindrical or globular, bearing at
even distance over their surface small tubercles or teats, crowned with
rosettes or stars of spines.
259 k2
ENOYOLOPJSDIA OV GARDENING.
CULTURE : Compost, equal parts sandy loam, rough old mortar &
pounded bricks. Position, sunny, airy greenhouse or window. Pot,
March or April, in well-drained pots just large enough to accommodate
roots. Eepot every third or fourth year only. Water moderately,
March to Sept.; once a fortnight, Sept. to Dec, none afterwards.
Syringe on evenings of warm days, June to Sept. Apply soot water
to healthy plants, June to Sept. Ventilate freely in summer. Temp.,
March to Sept., 60° to 70°; Sept. to March, 50° to 55°. Propagate by
seeds sown J in. deep in well-drained pans or pots of sandy soil in temp.
75° in March, keeping soil moderately moist ; bjr cuttings of the tops of
the plants inserted in small pots of sandy, gritty compost in spring;
by grafting on Cereus speciossimua at any time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. bioolor, pnrijle, June, 6 to 12 in., Uexioo;
ohlorantha, greenish yellow, smnmer, 6 in., Mexioo; cirrMfera, rose, Bummer, 4 in.,
Mexico ; olava, green, red, and yellow, June, 1 ft., Mexico compressa (Syn.
;
yellow, June, 2 to 3 in., Mexico; elegans, 2 in., Mexico, grown for ite stem only;
elephantidens, violet-rose, autumn, 6 in., Paraguay; elongata, yellow, summer,
3 in., Mexico; fissurata, rose, 2 in., Mexico; floribunda, rose, summer, 5 in.. Chili;
gracilis, yellow or white, summer, 2 in., Mexico; Grahami, rose, July, 3 in.,
Colorado; haageana, carmine-rose, June, i in., Mexico: lon^mamma, citron-yellow,
June, 4 in., Mexico; macromeris,, carmine, Aug., 4 in., Mexico; maorothele, yellow,
June, Mexico; micromeris, white or pink, Aug., 4 in., Mexico; multiceps, yellow
and red, summer, 1 ft., Mexico; ncumanniana, rose, summer, 6 in., Mexico; Ottonis,
white. May, 3 in,, Mexico ; phellosperma, 5 ft., Mexico pulchra, rose, .Tune, 4 in.,
;
Mexico; pusilla, yellowish white and red. May, 2 in., Mexico; pyonaoantha, yellow,
July, 6 in., Mexico; sanguinea, crimson, June, 6 in., Mexico; Scheerii, yellow and
cream, summer, 7 in., Mexico; Schelhasii, white and rose, summer, 4 in., Mexico;
sohiediana, white, summer, 3 in., Mexico; semperviva, 3 in., Mexico; senilis, scarlet,
summer; stella-aurata, white, summer, 2 in., Mexico; subpolyhedra, yellow and red,
summer, 8 in., Mexico sulcolonata, yellow, summer, 4 in., Mexico tetraoantha,
; ;
rose, July, 9 in., Mexico; tuberculosa, pale purple, May, 6 in., Mexico; turbinata,
yellow, June, Mexico ; uncinata, purple. May and June, 4 in., Mexico ; vetula,
yellow. May and June, 3 in., Mexico; -villifera, rose and purple. May, 3 in., Mexico;
viridis, yellow. May and June, 4 in., Mexico; vivipara, purple. May and June, 3 in.,
N. America; wildiana, rose, summer, 3 to 4 in., Mexico; Wrightii, purple. May,
Mexico zucoariniana, purple. May and June, 3 in., Mexico.
;
green and white, 2 to 3 ft., S. America; bioolor, leaves olive green, 1 ft., Brazil;
bioolor makoyana, leaves green, blotched dark colour bicolor massangeana, leaves,
;
green and white; Ghantrierl, leaves grey and dark green, 1 ft.
Marattia —
(Ash-leaf Fern). Ord. Filices. Greenhouse evergreen
ferns. Ht., 3 to 5ft. Fronds, 5 to 12ft. long, feather shaped; leaflets
twice or three times divided.
CULTUKE Compost,
: two parts peat, equal parts loam, leaf -mould
&sand. Position, large well-drained pots or moist beds. Pot or plant,
Feb. or March. Shade from sun essential. Water freely, March to
Oct., moderately afterwards. Syringing not required. Temp., Feb.
to Oct. 60° to 70°; Oct. to Feb. 50° to 60. Propagate by spores sown
on surface of sandy peat in shallow well-drained pans placed under bell-
glass in temp. 65° to 75° any time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. alata, Central America; attenuata (Syn. Cooperi),
New Caledonia; fraxinea, Tropics.
Mare'S-tair (Hippuris vulgaris). See Hippuris. —
Marguerite (Chrysanthemum frutescens). —See Chrysanthemum.
Marsyricarpus (Pearl Berry; Pearl Fruit).— Ord. Eosaceie.
Hardy evergreen trailing shrub. Orn. fruiting. First introduced
1829.
CTJLTUEE Soil, equal parts leaf-mould, loam & sand. Position,
:
sunny rockery, with shoots trailing over stones. Plant, Feb. to May.
Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in shallow boxes of light sandy
soil in cold frame in autumn or spring; cuttings of young shoots,
261
BNCYOLOFMBIA OF OABDENINO.
1 to 2 in. long, inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in cold frame in
summer ; layering branches in Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. Betosus, green, summer, berries white, 2 to d (t.,
Ohili.
Marica (Toad-cup Lily).—Ord. Iridacese. Stove herbaceous peren-
nials. First introduced 1789.
CULTURE : Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould & sand. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots in light part of stove. Pot, Feb. or March.
Water freely, March to Oct. ; keep dry, Nov. to Feb. Apply weak
stimulants occasionally when in flower. Temp., 65° to 75°, March to
Sept. ; Sept. to March, 55° to 65°. Propagate by division of rhizoma-
toug roots, Feb. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. brachypua, yellow and red, summer, 18 in., Trini-
dad; oserulea, blue, yellow, brown, and orange, summer, 2 ft., Trop. America;
northiaua, white, yellow, and red, summer, 3 to 4 ft., Trop. America.
Marigold —
(Calendula officinalis). See Calendula.
—
Mariposa-lily (Calochortus venustua). ^See Calochortus.
Marjoram (Origanum vulgare). See Origanum. —
Marrubium —
(Horehound). Ord. Labiatce. Hardy perennial
medicinal herb. Leaves & young shoots used as a popular remedy for
coughs.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny dry borders. Plant,
:
manure & sand. seeds lin. deep singly in 2-inch pots & place
Sow
in temp, of 60° to 70°, Feb. or March. Transfer to 5-in. pots in
April or May; to 6 or 7-in. pots in June. Pot firmly. Position, light
sunny greenhouse or window. Water moderately at first, freely when
in full growth. Apply weak stimulants occasionally to healthy plants
in flower. Temp., Feb. to May, 60° to 70°; afterwards, 55° to 65°.
OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny well-
drained sheltered beds or borders. Sow seeds 1 in. deep singly in 3-in.
pots, or 3 in. apart in shallow boxes of light soil in temp, of 60° to 70°
in Feb. or March, transplanting •seedlings 8 to 12 in. apart early in
262
; ;
BNGTCLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
June. Mulch with cocoanut-fibre refuse or decayed manure after
planting. Water in dry weather.
SPEOIES CULTIVATED M. fragrans (Unioorn Plant), orimaon-purple, summer,
:
2 ft., Mexico.
Marvel-Of-Peru (Mirabilis Jala^a).—See Mirabilis;
Maryland Cassia (Cassia marilaudica).—See Cassia.
Maryland Pink Root (Spigelia marilandica).—See Spigelia.
Masdevallia (Spectral-flowered Orchid). — Ord. Orchidacese.
Greenhouse epiphytal orchids. Evergreen. First introduced 1842.
CULTtfEE: Compost, for robust species (M. Coccinea, etc.), two
parts fibrous peat, one part sphagnum moss & sand; for other species
(M. Chimsera, etc.), equal ^arts peat, moss & lumps of charcoal, & a
little sand. Pot annually in Feb. or March. Position, well-draiued
pots for M. Coccinea; teak-wood baskets, lined with moss, for M.
Chimsera. Shade from sun essential. Water freely, April to Sept.
moderately afterwards, and keep atmosphere moist all the year round.
Syringe staging, floors & pots daily in summer. Temp., Nov. to March,
45° to 55°; March to Nov., 55° to 65°. Ventilate freely in summer.
Resting period, none. Flowers amiear at base of last-made leaves.
Propagate by division of plants in Feb.
SPEOIES CULTIVATED: M. amabilis, rose, crimson, orange, and yellow, sum-
mer, 6 in., Colombia; bella, yellow, crimson, and white, spring, 6 in., Colombia;
oaadata, yellow, purple and red, summer, 4 in., Colombia; Cnestertonii, yellow,
purple and pink, spring, 6 in., Colombia Cbimsera, yellow and purple, spring, 8 in.,
;
half a part each of old mortar & sand. Sow seeds thinly in 5-in. pots
filled with above compost. When seedlings are lin. high, thin to 3
in each pot. Water moderately. Position, sunny vrindow or green-
house.
CULTURE OP PERENNIAL SPECIES : ordinary.
Stoil, Position,
dryish sunny banks, borders, or rockeries. Plant, Oct. or March.
265
MNOYOhOFMDIA OF OARDSNINO.
Propagate by seeds sown i in. deep in ordinary soil outdoors in March;
division of roots in Oct. or March. .
borders. Plant, May or June. Lift roots in Sept. or Oct., & store
like dahlias in cool frost-proof shed or greenhouse until planting
time. May be grown entirely outdoors in warm sheltered parts of
England. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light sandy soil
in temp. 65° to 75° in January, Feb., or March, or in similar soil in
temp. 55° to 65° in Aug. or Sept. ; by cuttings inserted in light sandy
soil under bell-glass in temp. 65° to 65° in spring or summer
266
ENCTOLOP^DIA OF GARDENING.
SPECIES OULTITATED M. major, brown, summer, 4 to 6 ft., 8. Africa.
Melissa (Common
:
65° till May; place in cold frame, & plant outdoors in June. SoU,
ordinary. Position, sunny well-dfained borders, or, sow outdoors in
sunny brvrders in April or May.
SPEfclES CULTIVATED: M. bartonloideB, yellow, summer, 1 ft., U. States;
Lindleyi (Syn. Bartonia aurea), golden yellow, summer, 1 ft., California; ornata,
white, fragrant, Aug., 1 ft., N. America.
Menyanthes (Buck-bean; Bog Bean; Bog Trefoil; Marsh Tre-
foil; —
Water Trefoil). Ord. Gentianaceee. Hardy perennial aquatic.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary mud or bog. Position, shallow streams,
:
pools or ponds, marshes & bogs. Plant, Sept. to Nov. & March or
April. Propagate by inserting pieces of creeping stems in the mud,
March to Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. trifoliata, white, red and purple, fragrant, March
to June, Europe (Britain).
Menziesia.—See Babdecia.
Menzies' Spruce (Picea pungens).—See Pjcea.
Merendera (Pyrenean Meadow
Saffron),—Hardy bulbous peren-
nials. First introduced 1820. Flowers fragrant.
CULTURE: SmI, light sandy loam, enriched with decayed manure
or leaf-mould. Position, moist beds or rockeries, shrubberv borders,
or lawns near shade of trees. Plant bulbs 3 in. deep &
3 in; apart in
J"ly, %/^^-, ^^«s down in June & July, & ^oes not reappear
JP^'^g?
until after plant has flowered. Propagate by seeds sown Jin. deep in
bed of fine soil outdoors in Aug. or Sept., or in pans or boxes of
268
-
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OARDMNtNO.
similar soil in cold frame at same time, transplanting seedlings 3 in.
apart when two years old; division of bulbs in Aug. Seedling bulbs
do not flower until four or five years old.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. buliioooaiujn, rosy lilao, autumn, 3 in., Spain;
bulbooodiuui bulbicoides, larger flowered; oaucasioa, rosy purple, spring, 3 in.,
Cauoasus; persioa, lilao, Nov., 3 in., Persia.
Mertensia, (Virginian Cowslip). — Ord. Boraginaceae. Hardy
perennial herbs.
CULTUKE: Soil, sandy peat & loam. Position, partially shady
rockeries or borders. Plant, Oct. & Nov., March & April. Lift &
replant in fresh soil every four or five years. M. siberica will thrive
in ordinary soil in partial shade. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep in sandy peat in cold frame in autumn; division of roots in Oct.
or March.
SPECIES OtJLTIYATED: M. pulmonarioides (Syn. M. virginioa), the Virginian
Cowslip, purple and blue. May, 13 to 18 in., S. America; sibirioa, purple and blue.
May, 18 in.; sibirioa alba, wbite; sibirioa atro-cserulea, blue.
Mesembryanthemum (Pig Marigold; Ice Plant).— Ord.
PicoidaeeBe. Greenhouse & hardy annuals & herbaceous & shrubby
perennials. Mostly evergreen & trailing. First introduced 1690.
CULTURE OP GREENHOUSE SHRUBBY AND SUCCULENT-
LEAVED SPECIES Compost, equal parts old mortar, pounded crocks,
:
border or rockery. Sow seeds J in. deep in sandy soil in temp. 55° to
65° in March, transplanting seedlings outdoors in June.
CULTURE OF HARDY SPECflES Soil, ordinary.
: Position, sunny
well-drained borders in S. of England. Plant, May. Propagate
annual species by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in spring in similar compost
to that advised for plants ; shrubby & herbaceous species by seeds, also
by cuttings inserted in old mortar & sand in temp. 55° to 65°, March to
Sept.
GBBBNHOtrSE SHETJBBT SPECIES: M. aureum, yellow, June, 1 ft., S. Africa;
blandum, white, June, 18 in. ; Bolusii, yellow and red, July, 1 ft. ;Brownii,
orange-red, summer, 1 ft. coccineum, scarlet, July, 18 in. ; Oooperi, rosy purple,
;
summer, 1 ft.; oruciatum, yellow, 6 in., summer; deltoides, pink. May, 18 in.;
eohinatum, yellow, Aug., 1 ft.; multiflorum, white, Aug., 3 ft.; tigrinum, yellow,
autumn, 6 in. Tiolaceum, purple, July, 1 ft.
;
269
;
ENCYOLOPMBIA OF OARDENINO.
GREENHOUSE 8UC0ULENT-LEATED SPECIES.— M. densum, pink, June, 6 in.
floribundum, pink, July, 6 in. ; spcotabile, red, May, 1 ft. ; cordifolinm -janegatum,
leaves golden yellow.
ANNUAL SPECIES: M. Crystallinum (Ice Plant), wMte, July; pomendiannm,
yellow, July, 1
ft. pyropeum (Syn. M. tricolor), rose and white, June, 6 in.
;
Mexican —
Cig'ar-flower. See Cuphea.
Mexican ivy (Cobsea scaudens). —See Cobsea.
Mexican Liiy. —See Furcrsea.
Mexican Marig'Old (Tagetes mexicana).—See Tagetes.
Mexican Mocic-orange (Fhiladelphus micropbyllus). —See
Philadelphua.
Mexican Oranse-flovver (Choisya ternata).—See Choisya.
Mexican Poppy (Argemone mexicana). —See Argemone.
Mexican Soap-piant (Agave saponaria). —See Agave.
Mexican Tiger Flower (Tigridia pavonia). — See Tigridia.
Meyenia. —See Thuubergia.
Mezereon (Daphne mezereum). —See Daphne.
Michaelmas Daisy. —See Aster.
Michauxia (Michaux's Bell-flower). —Ord. Campanulaceae. Hardy
perennials. First introduced 1787.
CTJLTUEE : Soil,moist sandy loam. Position, warm sheltered
sunny borders. Propagate by seeds sown J in. deep in sunny position
outdoors in April, transplanting seedlings into flowering position fol-
lowing July or Aug. or by sowing seeds in April where plants are
;
required to grow.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. oampanuloidea, white, July, Asia Minor. Best
grown as a hiennial,
Michaux's Bell-flovtfer (Michauxia campanuloides). —See
Michauxia.
Miconia.^—Ord. Melastomaceae. Stove evergreen orn. foliage
plants. First introduced 1858. Leaves, broad, upper surface velvety
green, under side reddish purple.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts fibrous peat & leaf-mould, fourth
:
part silver sand. Position, pots in moist shady plant stove. Pot, Feb.
or March. Water moderately in winter, freely other times. Syringe
foliage March to Sept. Temp., March to Sept. 75° to 85°; Sept. to
March 60° to 70°. Propagate by seeds sown in fine light compost in
temp.- 85° in March or April; cuttings of shoots of stems inserted in
light soil in temp. 80° to 90° in spring.
Species OULTltATED: O. flammea, leaves green, 1 to 2 ft., Brazil; hookeria-
num, leaves green and white, 1 to 2 ft. ; magnifloa, leaves bronzy ereen 2 to 3 ft
J B
Mexioo. ,
270
;
BNOYCLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
Nov., March, or April. Propagate by seeds sown J in. deep in sunny-
position outdoors. March or April, or in sandy soil in cold frame, April
division of roots, Oct. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. albescens, blue and white, autumn, 2 to 3 ft.,
Himalayas.
Microlepia.—See Davallia.
Micromeria, —Ord. Labiatae. Half-hardy shrubby perennials.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
: rockeries. Plant,
Oct., Nov.,March, or April. Propagate by cuttings inserted in ordi-
nary sandy soil under hand-light m
cold frame, Sept. to Nov.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. Piperella, purplish white, July to Oct., 3 in., S.
Europe.
Mignonette (Reseda odorata).—See Reseda.
Mikania, (German —
Ivy; Parlour Ivy). Ord. Compositae.
hardy perennial flowering climber. Pirst introduced 1823.
Half-
Brazil; ouneata, brown, yellow, white, and rose, Feb., 12 to 18 in., Brazil; phalse-
nopsis, white and purple. May, 1 ft., Colombia; Uegnelli, rose, purple, and white,
autumn, 1 ft., Brazil; Uoezlii, white, purple and green, autumn, 1 ft., Colombia;
schroederiana, yellow, brown, purple, and white, fragrant, 1 ft., Sept., Costa Bica;
speotabilis, rose and purple, summer, 8 to 10 in., Brazil; spectabilis moreliana,
purple, November, 1 ft.; speotabilis bicolor, white and rosy purple; spectabilis
rosea, rose; vexillaria, white, rose, yellow, and orange, spring, 18 in., Colombia;
Warsoewiczii, brown, purple, white, and lilao, spring, 1 ft., Colombia.
Mimosa (Sensitive Plant; Humble Plant}.—Ord. Leguminosae.
Stove perennials. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1638. Leaves,
feather-shaped, green, sensitive.
271
;;:
ENCYGLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
CULTUEE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam & sand. Position,
for sensitive plants (M. pudica & M. sensitiva), well-drained pots- in
light part of stove ; for M. marginata similar, but with shoots trained
up roof. Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely, March to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Temp., March to Oct. 65° to 75°. Propagate by
seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light soil in temp. 65° to 75°, Feb. or March
cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil in temp. 65° to 75°, at
any time. M. pudica & M. sensitiva, though strictly perennials, are
generally treated as annuals.
SPEOII^ CULTIVATED: L. marginata, pink, summer, 6 to 10 ft., Mexico;
pudica (Sensitive or Humble Plant), rose, summer, 12 to 18 in., Brazil; sensitiva,
purple, summer, 3 to 6 ft., Brazil.
Mimulus (Cardinal Flower; Monkey Flower; Musk; Harrison's
Musk). — Ord. Scrophularinaceae. Greenhouse & hardy annual &
perennial herbs. First introduced 1826. Flowers, fragrant.
POT CULTURE OF MUSK: Compost, two parts loam, one part each
of leaf-mould & decayed cow manure & sand. Pot, Feb. to April.
Position, shady window or greenhouse. Water freely, March to Oct.
moderately, Oct. to Dec; keep nearly dry afterwards. Apply stimu-
lants two or three times weekly. May to Sept. Suitable stimulants
Soot water, liquid guano, nitrate of soda, cow & horse manure. Temp.
March to Oct. 50° to 65°; Oct. to March 40° to 50°.
OUTDOOR CULTURE OP MUSK: Soil, ordinary rich. Position,
moist shady border. Plant, April or May.
CULTURE OP SPOTTED MIMULUS Sow seeds on surface of light
:
soil ; slightly cover with fine mould & place in temp. 55° to 65°, Feb.,
March, or April. Transplant seedlings when three leaves have formed
1 in. apart in shallow boxes of light mould. Place in temp. 55° until
May, then transfer to cold frame. Plant, outdoors, 4 in. apart, in
June. Position, shady bed or border. Soil, light, moist, well en-
riched with decayed manure. Mulch with cocoanut-fibre refuse or
decayed manure. Apply stimulants occasionally, July to Sept.
CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES (M. cardinaUs, etc.): Soil,
ordinary rich. Position, moist, shady border. Plant, March to
June. Apply stimulants occasionally, June to Oct. Mulch with
decayed manure in Oct. May be grown in pots similar to common
musk.
CULTURE OF SHRUBBY SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam, one
leaf-mould, decayed cow manure & sand. Position, well-drained pots
in light airy greenhouse; shoots trained on sticls or trellis. Pot,
March. Prune, Feb. Water moderately Oct. to March, freely after-
wards. Temp., Oct. to March 40° to 50° March to Oct. 50° to 60°.
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Minorca Box Tree (Buxug balearica).—See Buxus.
Minorca Holly (Ilex balearica).—See Clematis.
Mint (Mentha viridis).— See Mentha.
Mirabilis (Marvel of Peru).— Ord. Nyctaginaceae. Half-hardy-
perennials. Tuberous rooted. First introduced 1596.
CULTUKE Soil, good, ordinary. Position, sunny beds or borders.
:
summer, and leaves green, 6 to 7 ft.; japonica folius-striatus, leaves striped white
and green, 3 to 4 ft. japonioa zebrina, leaves banded green and yellow, 3 ft.
;
sinensis (Syn. Eulalia graoillima), leaves, green, graceful, 3 to 5 ft., China and
Japan; sinensis unvittata, leaves with yellow band down centre.
Missouri Currant (Bibes aureum). See Bibes. —
Missouri Evening'-Prlmrose (CEnothera missouriensis
macrocarpa). —See CEnothera.
Missouri Hyacinth.—See Brevoortia.
Mistletoe (Viscum album). — See Visoum.
Mistletoe Cactus.— See Bhipsalis.
MitCheila (Chequer-berry; Deer-berry; Partridge-berry).—Ord
Bubiaceae. Hardy evergreen trailing herb. First introduced 1761,
Flowers succeeded by small scarlet berries.
CULTUBE Soil, equal parts peat &
: leaf-mould. Position, shady
borders or rockeries. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Propagate
by division of roots in Oct. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED; M, repens, white and purple, fragrant, summer, 3 in.,
N. America.
Mitel la (Mitre-wort; Bishop's Cap). Ord. Saxifragacese. — Hardy
perennial herbs. First introduced 1731.
CULTUBE: Soil, sandy peat. Position, partially shaded rockeries.
Plant, March or April. Propagate by division of the roots, March or
April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. diphylla (Mitre-wort), white, spring, 6 in.; N.
America.
Mitraria (Mitre Flower; Scarlet Mitre-pod). Ord. Gesneracese. —
Hardy evergreen flowering shrub. First introduced 1848.
CULTUBE two parts fibrous peat, one part sand. Position,
: Stoil,
moist sheltered borders or rockeries. Plant, Sept. or April.
POT CULTUBE: Compost, two parts sandy peat, one part leaf-
mould & sand. Pot, Sept. or Oct. Position, well-drained pots in
273
ENOYCLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
shady cold greenhouse or fernery. Water freely, March to Oct.;
moderately afterwards. Propagate by cuttings of shoots inserted in
light soil under bell-glass in cold shady frame or greenhouse, April to
Sept. ; division of roots in April.
SPECIES OULTITATBD M. oocoines, scarlet, May to Aug., trailing, Chiloe.
—
:
stone, one part silver sand. Position, well-drained pote in shady part
of greenhouse, or in beds in wardian cases in dwelling room. Pot or
plant, Feb. or March. Water moderately, Oct. to Feb., freely after-
wards. Temp. March to Sept. 55° to 65° ; Sept. to March 45° to 55°.
Propagate by spores sown on surface of fine sandy peat in pans &
placed in temp. 75° to 85° any time.
SFEOIES OnLIIYATED U. oaSrorum, S. Africa.
:
BNOYCLOPMBIA OF GABDENINO.
annuals climbers. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1568. Fruit, round,
oblong, or cylindrical, reddish orange; Sept.
INDOOR CULTUEE: Compost, two parts decayed turfy soil, one
part horse droppings or decomposed manure. Position, pots or beds
with shoots trained up roof of sunny greenhouse. Pot or plant, April
or May. Size of pots, 8 or 10 in. Water freely. Syringe twice
daily. Moist atmosphere essential. Apply stimulants occasionally
when fruit forms. Nip off point of shoot at first joint beyond fruit.
Shade from hot sun. Temp., 65° to 75°.
OUTDOOR CULTTJEE: Soil, ordinary, rich. Position, against
sunny walls, trellises, arbours, or trailing over banks. Plant, June.
Water freely in dry weather. Apply stimulants occasionally when
fruit forms. Pruning of shoots not required. Propagate by seeds
sown singly in 2-in. pots filled with light soil in temp. 65° to 75° in
Feb. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED M. Balsamina (Balsam Apple), yellow, June, 4 ft,,
:
the Shingle Plant, yellow, aummer, Trop. America deliciosa, yellow, summer, fruit,
;
delicious, Mexico.
Montbretia.— See Tritonia.
Monterey Cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa). —See Cupressus.
Monterey Pine-tree (Piuus insignis).—See Pinus.
Monthly Rose CRosa. indica).—See Eosa.
Moon Creeper (Menispermum canadense). —See Menispermum.
Moon Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum). —See Chrysanthe-
mum.
Moon Fern (Botrychium lunaria) .—See Botrychium.
Moon-seed (Menispermum canadense). — See Menispermum.
Moon-Vtfort (Botrychium lunaria). —See Botrychium.
Morsea (Butterfly Iris; Wedding Flower). —Ord. Iridaeese. Half-
hardy bulbous plants. First introduced 1597.
CULTURE: Soil, light rich sandy. Position, sunny well-drained
border. Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing bulbs 4 in. deep & 2 in. apart.
Lift & replant bulbs annually. Mulch surface of bed in March with
cow manure.
POT CULTURE : Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or decayed cow manure. Pots, 4i in. in diameter, well-drained.
Place five bulbs 3 in. deep, in each pot in Nov., & cover with cocoanut-
fibre refuse in cold frame or under cool greenhouse stage until growth
begins. Water moderately from time bulbs begin to grow until
flowers fade, then gradually cease, keeping bulbs dry till Jan. Temp.,
Sept. to March, 40° to 50°; other times, 50° to 60°. Propagate by
offsets treated as advised for bulbs.
SPECIES. CULTIVATED: M. bioolor, yellow and brown, summer, 2 ft., S.
robinsoniana), the Wedding Flower, white, summer,
fl"°« ',J° t"'^?''^'"' S^^-?-, ^'i^
4 to 6 ft.. Lord Howes Islands; unguioulata (Syn. Vieusseiia unguioularis), white
and red, summer, 1 ft. '
folia, purple, July, 2 to 3 ft., Himalayas; persioa, red and wMte, 1 to 2 ft.,
Himalayas.
Mormodes. —
Ord. Orchidacese. Stove deciduous epiphyte'
orchids. First introduced 1837. Flowers, fragrant.
CULTURE Compost, good fibry peat. Position, pots or hanging
:
baskets, well drained. Water freely from time new growth begins
until leaves fall off; very little other times. Temp., March to Sept.,
65° to 85°; Sept. to March, 60° to 70°. Besting period, winter.
Flowers appear at base of new pseudo-bulb. Propagate by division
of plant at potting time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: M. luxata, lemon yellow and brown, July, Mexico;
luxata ebumea, creamy white; pardina, yellow and crimson, July and August,
Mexico.
Morning Glory (Ipomaea purpurea). See Ipomsea. —
Morus —
(Mulberry). Ord. Urticacese. Hardy deciduous trees.
Orn. foliage & fruit-bearing. First introduced 1548. One of the
oldest of cultivated fruits. Flowers, greenish white; May to July.
Fruit, oblong white, red, or black berries; ripe, Sept. & Oct.
CULTUEE OF MULBEEEY (M. nigra); Soil, light, deep moist
loam. Position, sunny, sheltered from north winds, in England;
against south walls in Scotland. Plant, Nov. to March. Depth of
roots below surface 6 in. Prune in Feb., simply thinning over-crowded
branches & shortening straggling ones. Shorten young shoots grow-
ing out of front of branches of trees grown against walls to 6 in. in
July. Top-dress surface of soil equal to spread of branches with
well-decayed manure in Oct. or Nov. Suitable artificial manure two ;
parts nitrate of soda, one part superphosphate, one part kainit. Apply
in Feb. or March at the rate of 4oz. per square yard. Gather fruit
when ready to drop. Spread layer of straw or lawn mowings for
fruit to fall upon.
CULTUEE OF OTHEE SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny sheltered shrubberies or singly on lawns. Plant, Oct. to
March. Prune as advised for mulberry. Propagate by seeds sown
temp. 55° 65° March, trans-
J in. deep in light sandy soil, in to in
planting seedlings outdoors in June or July, or in similar soil &
depth outdoors in May; cuttings 6 to Sin. long, partly of current &
partly of two-year-old. shoots removed from upper part of tree, &
inserted half their depth in light soil in sheltered position outdoors,
Sept., Oct., or March; layering shoots in Sept.; grafting in March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED M. alba (White Mulberry), 20 to 30 ft., Asia, and its
:
277
ENOTOLOP^DIA OF GARDENING.
sand. Position, greenhouse, Sept. to June; cold frame, June to
Sept. Pot, March. Water freely, March to Oct., moderately after-
wards. Apply stimulants occasionally a month after repotting until
flowers expand, then cease. Temp., Sept. to March 45° to 55°;
March to June 55° to 65°. Cut down shoots to within 3 in. of their
base after flowering. Young plants: Insert cuttings 3 in. long of
young shoofs in light sandy soil in temp. 65° in Feb. or March.
When rooted, place singly in SJin. pots. Nip off point of main
shoots, also of succeeding shoots when 3 in. long. Shift into 5 or 6 in.
pots when former pots are filled with roots. Water freely. Apply
stimulants occasionally. Place in cold frame, June to Sept. Pro-
pagate by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in a temp. 65° in spring.
SPEOIES CULTIVATED: M. riparium, white and purple, winter, 2 to 3 ft.,
S. Africa.
MosSi—See Selaginella.
Moss Campion (Silene acaulis). —See Silene.
Moss Pink (Phlox subulata and Silene acaulis).—See Phlox and
Silene.
Moss Rose (Rosa centifolia muscosa). —See Eosa.
Mossy Phlox (Phlox subulata).—S«e Phlox.
Mossy Saxifrage (Saxifraga hypnoides). —See Saxifraga.
Mother O' Millions (Linaria Cymbalaria).—See Linaria.
Mother-Of-Thousands (Linaria cymbalaria & Saxifraga
sarmentosa). —See Linaria &
Saxifraga.
—
Moth-plant (Phaleeuopsis schilleriana). See Phalaenopsis.
'Mountain Ash —
(Pyrus aucuparia). See Pyrus.
'Mountain Avens —
(Dryas octopetala). See Dryas.
Mountain Bladder Fern (Cystopteris montana). See —
Cystopteris.
Mountain Buckler Fern (Nephrodium montanum).—See
Nephrodium.
Mountain Centaury (Centaurea montana).— See Centaurea.
Mountain Clematis —
(Clematis montana). See Clematis.
'Mountain Elm (Ulmus —
montana). See TJlmus.
Mountain —
Flea-bane (Erigeron alpinus). See Erigeron.
{Mountain Forget-me-not (Myosotis rupicola).—See Myo-
sotis.
Mountain-Fringe (Adlumia cirrhosa).— See Adlumia.
Mountain Houseleek (Sempervivum montanum). —See Sem-
pervivum.
Mountain Ixia-Lily (Ixiolirion montanum). — See Ixiolirion.
Mountain Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis montana). — t^^e
Anthyllis.
'Mountain Mad-wort (Alyssum montanum). —See Alyssum.
Mountain Mint (Monarda didyma).— See Monarda.
Mountain Parsley Fern (Cryptogramme crispa). — See
Cryptogrammo.
'Mountain Pink (Dianthus cBsius).— See Dianthus.
Mountain Sage.—See Lantaua.
Mountain Sandwort (Arenaria montana).—See Arenaria.
Mountam Snow (Arabis albida).—See Arabis
Mountain Spider-wort (Lloydia alpiua).-See Lloydia
Mountain Spinach (Atriplex hortensis).—See Atriplex.
Mountain Sweet (CeanotfiuB americanus).—See Ceanothus.
278
MNOTOLOPMDIA OF OABDSNING.
Mountain Tea-plant (Gaultheria procumtens). —See Gaul-
theiia.
Mountain Violet (Viola lutea). —See Viola.
Mount Atlas Cedar (Cedrus atlantica).—'See Cedrus.
Mournful Widow
_
—
Mulberry. See Morns.
Mule —
Fern (Hemionitia palmata). See Hemionitis.
Mule Pink.—Hybrid varieties of Dianthus.
Mulgedium. —See Lactuca.
Mullein (Verbascum Thapsus).— See Verbascus.
Mummy —
Pea (Pisum elatius). See Pisum.
Musa (Banana; Plantain).— Ord. Scitaminacese. Stove herba-
ceous perennials. Orn. foliage & First introduced
edible fruiting.
Inflorescence, yellow, scarlet, green; Jan. to April;
succeeded
1690.
oblong,
by oblong pods borne in huge clusters. Leaves, very large,
manure & one part sand. Position, pots, tubs or beds in lofty sunny
stove. ~"Pot or plant, Jan. to April. Water copiously, Feb. to Oct ;
about once fortnightly afterwards. Syringe twice daily, leb. to
Sept.; once daily, Sept. to Feb. Moist atmosphere essMitial. Apply
or three times weekly, March to Oct.
Temp., March
stiWants twice
70°.
to Oct. 70° to 85°; Oct. to March 60° to
OUTDOOR CULTTJEE OF M. ENSETE
Position, sunny sheltered
:
mould or well-decayed cow manure & one part river sand. Pot, Aug.
to Nov., placing 18 to 20 small bulbs, lin. apart, in a 5-iu. pot; or
3 to 5 large-sized bulbs 1 in. deep in similar pots. Position, under
layer of cinder ashes from time of potting till growth commences,
then in cold frame, cool greenhouse or window till past flowering,
afterwards in sunny spot outdoors. Water moderately from time
growth commences till foliage fades, then keep dry. Eepot annually.
Apply weak stimulants once or twice during flowering period. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light sandy soil in boxes or cold
frames, or outdoors in Sept. offsets from old bulbs removed when
;
Trop. Africa; frondosa, yellow, Aug., 2 to 3 ft., India; niacrophylla, orange. May,
4 to 6 ft., Nepanl.
Mustard (Salading).— Stee Brassica.
Mutisia. —
Ord. Compositse. Greenhouse or hardy climbing
flowering shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced 1823.
CULTURE OP GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost two parts loam,
one part leaf-mould, half -part sand. Position, pots or beds; shoots
trained up rafters or round trellises. Pot or pl^nt, Feb. or March.
Prune slightly after flowering. Water freely, March to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Apply stimulants occasionally. May to Sept
Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 40° to 50°
CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary rich. Position,
well-drained border against sheltered, partially shaded wall. Plant
Oct., March, or April. Water freely xn dry weather. Protect from
slugs by placing layer of fine coke or cinders round base of stems.
Propagate greenhouse species by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in-
serted in sand under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65°, May or June-
hardy species by cuttings of similar shoots inserted in sand in shady
cold frame or greenhouse in April or May.
2:0
;
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
GBEBNHOUSB SPECIES M. olomatis, eoarlot, summer,
; G to 10 ft., Peru.
HARDY SPECIES: M. deourrons, orange, summer, 6 to 10 ft.. Chili.
JVIyOSOtidium (Chatham Islands Forget-me-not).—Ord. Bora-
ginacese. Hardy herbaceous
perennial. First introduced 1858.
CTJLTTTEE: Soil, Position, cool & damp sheltered bor-
ordinary.
der. Plant, Oct. or March. Water freely in dry weather. Propa-
gate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in April where plants are required to
grow. This plant should be disturbed as little as possible.
SPECIES CULTIVATED M. nobilo, blue and white, spring, 12 to 18 in., Chatham
:
Island.
MyOSOtiS (Forget-me-not; Scorpion Grass).- — Ord. Boraginaceae.
Hardy perennials.
CUiiTUEE OF M. ALPESTEIS moist gritty loam. Position,
: Soil,
partially shady roctery, surrounded by small pieces of sandstone.
Plant, March or April.
CULTTJEE OF OTHEE SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position, as
edgings to, or in masses in partially shady beds or borders. Plant,
Oct., Nov., or March, 4 to 6 in. apart. These are best treated as
—
biennials ^namely, raised from seed sown outdoors in April, May or
June, transplanted into the beds or borders in Oct. to flower following
year. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep outdoors in spring or
summer; cuttings inserted in sandy soil under hand-light in June or
July; division of roots in March or Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED M. alpestris (Syn. M. rupioola), blue and white,
:
fragrant, June and July, 3 in., Europe alpestris elegantissima, white, rose, and
;
blue alpestris striota, ereot growing, sky blue alpestris victoria, sky-blue, 6 in.
; ;
azorioa, blue, summer, 6 to 10 in., Azores; azorica alba, white; azorica Imperatrice
Elisabeth, bluish purple dissitiflora, sky blue, March to July, 8 to 10 in., Alps dis-
: ;
sitiflora alba, white; palustris, sky blue. May to July, 6 to 12 in., Britain; palustris
semperfiorenB, long flowering palustris Tom Thumb, sky blue, 3 to 6 in.
; sylvatica, ;
blue and yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Britain; and its varieties, grandiflora and
elegantissima. I
Myrica, (Candle-berry —
Myrtle). Ord. Myricacese. Hardy deci-
duous & evergreen shrubs. Leaves, lance-shaped, green, highly fra-
grant.
CULTTJEE Soil, moist sandy peat.
: Position, open sheltered bor-
ders. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune deciduous species, Nov. to Feb.
evergreen species, April. Propagate by seeds sown | in. deep in
ordinary soil in sheltered position outdoors in autumn cuttings in- ;
banks. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune into shape, Nov. to Feb. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in open sunny position
outdoors in March or April ; cuttings of firm young shoots inserted in
sandy soil outdoors, Aug. to Nov.
SPECIES CULTIVATED M. germanioa (Syn. Tamarix germanioa), pink, July,
:
6 to 8 ft., Europe.
Myrobalan Plum (Prunus cerasifera). See Prunus. —
MyrrhiS (Sweet Cicely). Ord. UmbellifcrtE. —
Hardy perennial
aromatic herb. Orn. foliage. Leaves finely divided, fern-like, fra-
grant.
281
ENOTOLOPMDIA OF aAIlDENINO.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, open sunny borders. Plant,
:
flowered; communis varieg;ata, variegated; Luma (Syn. Eugenia Lnma), 3 ft., Chili;
TJgni (Syn. Eugenia Ugni), 4 to 6 ft., Chili, hardy; Ugni Tariogata, Tariegated.
—
Nsegella. Ord. Gesneriaceae. Stove tuberous-rooted herbaceous
perennials. Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1840.
Leaves, heart-shaped, green or crimson, velvety.
CULTURE Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part loam, one
:
part leaf-mould, with a little decayed manure & silver sand. Position,
well-drained pots or pans in shadjr part of plant stove. Pot, March to
flower in summer; May to flower in autumn; June to flower in winter.
Place tubers 1 in. deep singly in 5 in. pots, or 1 to 2 in. apart in larger
sizes. Water moderately from time growth begins until plants are
3 or 4 in. high, then freely. After flowering, gradually withhold
water till foliage dies down, then keep dry till potting time. Apply
weak liquid manure once or twice a week when flower buds show.
Syringing not required. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to
March 55° to 75°. Store when foliage has decayed on their sides
under stage till potting time in temp, of 50° to 55°. Propagate by
seeds sown on surface of well-drained pots of sandy peat, in temp. 75°,
March or April; cuttings of young shoots inserted in pots of sandy
peat in temp. 75° to 85° in spring, division of rhizomes at potting
time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: N. oinnabariua, scarlet, summer. 3 ft., Mexico; multi-
282
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GASDBNIN0.
Nail-wort.—See Paronychia.
Naked-flowered Azalea (Ehododendrou nudiflora).— See
Rhododendron.
Naked-flowered Crocus (Crocus nudiflorus).—See Crocua.
Nandina (Heavenly Bamboo).— Ord. Berheridaceae. Half-hardy
evergreen flowering shrubs.
CULTURE Soil, peat & loam. Position, sheltered beds or borders
:
heavy soils; ^oz. of sulphate of potash for sandy soils. Apply above
quantities per square yard before planting.
CULTURE IN TURF Make holes 2 to 3 in. wide, 3 in. deep. Place
:
one bulb in each & cover with soil & turf. Plant, July to Oct. Grass
must not be cut until leaves turn yellow.
INDOOR CULTURE Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part
:
water m
open air or under glass. Stow seeds 1-16 in. deep in March
284
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
or Sept., & partly immerse pan in water; wholly when seedlings
appe.ar. Insert cuttings 2 to 3 in. apart in spring or autumn, partly
immerse at first, wholly after.
CULTTJEE IN TRENCHES: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny.
Dig trench 2 ft. wide, 1 ft. deep. Put 6 in. decayed manure in cSc 3 in.
of soil on this. Sow seeds thinly Jin. deep in April & Aug. Keep
well watered. Cress sown in April gather June to Sept.; in Aug.,
Nov_. to May. Propagate for beds by seeds sown on a shady border in
April, & kept moist; by division of the plants in May or Aug. Cress
marketed by the dozen bunches, each bunch containing as many shoots
as one hand will hold. Average price per doz. bunches, 6d., to Is.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : N. offloinale, white, June, Britain. See Tropseolum for
garden nasturtiums.
Natal Lily (Olivia miniatum).— See Olivia.
Native Ivy of Australia (Muhlenbeckia adpressa). — See
Muhlenbeckia.
Navel-wort (Cotyledon umbilicus).—See Cotyledon.
Neapolitan Cyclamen (Cyclamen neapolitanum). —See Cy-
clamen.
Neapolitan Daphne (Daphne coUina).—See Daphne.
Neapolitan Violet (Viola odorata pallida plena). — See Viola.
Necklace Poplar (Populus deltoidea).—See Populus.
Nectarine.—See Prunus.
Neil^'l6l'''y Lily (Lilium neilgherrense). —See Liliiim.
Neillla (Nine —
Bark). Ord. Eosaceee. Hardy evergreen shrubs.
Flowering& oru. foliage. First introduced 1690.
CTJLTUEE :Soil, ordinary. Position, open sunny shrubberies or
banks. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune flowering species moderately
after blooming; variegated variety in Feb. Propagate by seeds sown
Jin. deep in sandy soil in sheltered position outdoors, autumn or
spring; cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in sand under
bell-glass any time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED N. amurensis (Syn, Spirsea amurensis), white, summer,
;
and carmine; roseum grandiflorum, rose; and roseum plenum, rose, double.
NemastyliS. — Ord. Iridacese. Half-hardy flowering bulbs. De-
ciduous. First introduced 1875.
OTTTDOOE CULTTJEE: Sbil, light rich sandy. Position, sunny
285
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
well-drained border. Plant, Jan., placing bulbs 4 in. deep & 2 in.
apart. Lift & replant bulbs annually. Mulch surface of bed in
March with cow manure.
POT CULTTJBE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould or decayed cow manure. Pots, 4i-in. in diameter, well drained.
Place five bulbs 3 in. deep, in each pot in Nov., & cover with cocoanut
fibre refuse in cold frame or under cool greenhouse stage until growth
commences. Water moderately from time bulbs begin to grow until
flowers fade, then gradually cease, keeping bulbs dry till Jan. Temp.,
Sept. to Mar., 40° to 50° ; other times, 50° to 60°. Propagate by offsets
treated as advised for bulbs.
SPECIES OtTLTITATED: N. ooeleBtina, blue, summer, 6 in., California gemini- ;
—
Nemesia.. Ord. Scrophulariacese. Half-hardy annuals. Nat.
S. Africa. First introduced 1774. Flowers, fragrant.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny beds or rockeries.
:
BNOYCLOPMDIA OF GARDENIN 0.
to Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept. to March 65° to 75°. Water copiously,
March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Syringe twice daily all the
year round. Moist atmosphere very. essential. Shade from sun. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown on surface of mixture of fibrous peat & sphag-
num moss in well-drained pan covered with bell-glass & placed in a
moist frame heated to temp, of 80° to 85°; cuttings of one year old
shoots inserted singly in small pots plunged in bottom heat of 85° any
time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: N. alto-marginata, green, red, and white, Singapore;
bioalcarata, green, Borneo Curtisii, green, crimson, and purple, Borneo northiana,
; ;
green and purple, Borneo ;rafflesiana, green, red, and brown, India eanguinea, ;
blood red, Malaya; Veitohii, green, Borneo; Tentricosa, green, brown, and crimson,
Philippines. Numerous pretty hybrids.
Fern, Britain; cristatum (Syn. Aspidum cristatum and Lastrea oristata). Crested
Buok'er Fern, Britaih, and N. America; Filix-mas (Syn. Lastrea Filix-mas), Male
Fern, and its numerous varieties, Britain and the Temperate Zone; fragrans
(Fragrant Wood Fern), N. America; goldieanum, N. America; hirtipes (Syn.
Laetiea atrata), Trop. Asia; montanum (Syn. Lastrea Oreopteris), Mountain Buok-
287
FjNOyolopmdia of gardening.
ler Fern, and its varieties, Europe (Britain), and N. America; rigidum (Syn.
Lastrea rigidum), N. Temperate Zone; spinulosum (Syn. Lastrea dilatum). Prickly
Shield Fern, N. Temperate Zone (Britain); Thelypteris (Syn. Lastrea Theiypteris),
Female Buckler Fern, N. Temperate Zone (Britain).
Nephrolepis (Ladder JPern). —
Ord. Filices. Stove evergreen
ferns. First introduced 1793. Fronds, linear, narrow, once divided,
plain or crested.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould & sand, two parts
:
cow manure or leaf-mould, one part coarse sand. Pot, Aug. to Nov.,
placing one bulb half its depth in a 4J-in. pot, or three in a 6-in. pot;
good drainage essential. Position, light cool greenhouse, Sept. to
May cold frame or sunny spot outdoors. May to Sept. Water mode-
;
rately, Sept. to May, or as soon as flower spikes show; keep quite dry.
May to Sept. Apply stimulants occasionally during growth. Top-
dress annually with eq^ual parts sandy loam, decayed cow manure h
sand in Aug. Repotting only necessary every three or four years.
Season of growth, Sept. to May ; season of rest. May to Sept.
CULTURE OUTDOORS : Soil, light sandy, enriched with decayed
cow manure. Position, sunny well-drained borders at base of S. wall.
Plant, Aug. to Nov., 2 to 3 in. deep. Protect, Nov. to April, with
covering of dry litter. Top-dress annually in Aug. with leaf-mould or
decayed cow manure. Lift & replant every four or five years. Pro-
pagate by offsets removed when repotting & treated as old bulbs.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: N. appendioulata, pink, autumn, 1 ft.. Natal; onrvi-
folia, scarlet, autumn, 1 ft., S.Africa; ourvifolia Fotliergillii, deep scarlet; fili-
folia, red, autumn, 1 ft., S. Africa; flezuosa, pink, Sept., 2 ft., S. Africa;
flexuosa an^ustifolia, pink,Sept., 2 ft. ; flexuosa pulchella, pink and red, Sept..
3 ft.; samiensis (Guernsey Lily), salmon, autumn, 2 ft., S. Africa; samiensis
corusca, orange scarlet; sarniensia Plantii, crimson; sarniensis rosea, rose;
samiensis venusta, scarlet; pudica, white and pink, autumn, 18 in., S. Africa;
Moorei, scarlet, autumn, 1 ft., S. Africa; undulata, pink. May, 1 ft., S. Africa.
Numerous hybrids.
Nerium —
(Oleander; Rose-Bay). Ord. Apocyuaceae. Greenhouse
evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced 1596. Flowers, fra-
grant.
CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part well-decom-
posed manure, one part leaf-mould & one part sand. Position, pots,
tubs or well-drained beds in light sunny greenhouse or window; place
pot or tub plants outdoors, June to Sept. Pot or plant, Feb. or March.
Prune immediately after flowering, or in Oct., shortening shoots of
previous year's growth to within 3 or 4 in. of their b.ase. Temp
288
ENOYOLOPMDIA OF OABDENING.
Sept. to March 45° to 55"; March to June 55° to 65°. Water
copiously, March to Sept. ; moderately, Sept. to Nov. ; keep nearly
dry, Nov. to March. Apply stimulants once or twice weekly. May to
Sept. Remove young shoots that issue from base of flower trusses
as soon as they appear. No shade required. Syringe twice daily,
March to June. Propagate bjr cuttings of firm young shoots, 3 to 6 in.
long, inserted in bottles of rain water, suspended in sunny window or
greenhouse in summer; or singly in 2-in. pots in a compost of equal
parts peat, loam, leaf-mould & sand, placed under bell-glass in temp.
60° to 70, spring or summer.
SPECIES OCrLTITATED: N. Oleander lOleander or Rose Bay), red, Bummer,
6 to 12 ft.. Orient; and its varieties, album plenum (double white); Henri Mares
(double rosy pink) ; Madonna grandiflorum (double cream) ; and splendens (double
red); variegatum ((leaves variegated).
—
Nertera, (Fruiting Duckweed). Ord. Eubiaceae. Greenhouse &
half-hardy creeping perennial herb. Orn. fruiting. First introduced
1868. Berries round, bright orange red or crimson.
INDOOR CULTTJEE Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
:
decayed manure, & one part sand. Position, sunny or shady green-
house or window. Water freely when in full growth; moderately at
other times. Apply stimulants once or twice a week when in flower.
Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65° Sept. to March 40" to 50°.
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OABDENING.
and white, 10 to 13 ft., S. America; Buavolens, white, summer, 2 ft.,
Coloaeea), pink
S. America; wi^a&diodes, yoUow and white, summer, 8 £t., S. America; Sanderse,
summer, 3 to 3 ft., hybrid.
red, pinlc, carmine, etc.,
Nieremberg'ia (Tall Cup-flower; Trailing Cup-flower).— Ord.
Solanacese. Hardy and half-hardy creeping perennial herbs. First
introduced 1831.
CULTURE OF HAEDY
SPECIES Soil, equal parts sandy loam &
:
loam, one part well-decomposed cow manure & one part sand. Posi-
tion, well-drained pots or pans in shady part of greenhouse or cold
frame all the year round, or outdoors in shady spot. May to Oct. Pot,
Feb. or March. Water freely, March to Sept., moderately after-
wards. Propagate by seeds sown in light sandy soil in temp. 55° to
65°, Nov. to April; cuttings inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in
shady part of cool greenhouse in Aug., transferring when well rooted
singly into 2-in. pots, & placing in light airy position in greenhouse or
window.
HARDY SPECIES N. rivularis (Cup-flower), white, summer, 6 in., S. America.
:
Peru; lanoeolata, blue, white, and green, summer, 6 in., Peru; paradoxa, white,
summer, 12 to 18 in., Peru; prostrata, blue, summer, trailing. Chili; tenella, pale
blue, trailing, summer, Peru.
None-SO-Pretty (Saxifraga umbrosa).—See Saxifraga.
Nootka —
Fir (Pseudotsuga Douglasii). See Pseudotsuga.
Nootka Sound Arbor-vitse (Thuya plicata).—See Thuia.
Nootka Sound Cypress (Cupressus nootkateusis). — See
Cupressua.
291 l2
;
EXOVCLOPJllDIA OF GARDENING.
Nordman's Fir (Abies nordmanniana). —See Abies.
Norfolk Island Palm —
(Ehopalostyle Bauerij. See Ehopalo-
style.
Norfolk Island Pine-tree (Araucaria excelsa).—See Aiau-
caria.
Norfolk Island Tree-fern (Alsophila excelsa). —See Also-
pbila.
North American Crab (Pyrus coronaria).— See Pyrus.
North American Ox-eye (Heliopsis Isevis). —See Eeliopsis.
North American Sunflower (Actomeris squarrosa).— See
Actomeris.
Northern Fox Grape (Vitis Labrusca). —See Vitis.
Northern Rock-cress (Arabis petrsea).—See Arabis.
Northoscordium.—See Bloomena.
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides). —See Acer.
Norvt/aySpruce (Picea excelsa). —See Picea.
NothOChlaena (Cloak Fern; Gold & Silver Maiden-hair Ferns).
— Ord. Filices. Stove & greenhouse First introduced 1778.
ferns.
Fronds, once or thrice divided, upper surface green, underneath
covered with white powder or scales. Ht. 3 to 18 in.
C ULTUEE Compost, equal parts loam, leaf -mould, peat & sand,
;
with little charcoal & sandstone broken small. Position, pots in shady
part of house. Pot, Feb. or March. Water moderately, Oct. to
Feb., freely other times. Syringing not required. Temp., stove
species, Sept. to March 55" to 65" ; March to Sept. 65° to 75°^; green-
house species, Sept. to March 45° to 50°; March to Sept. 55° to 65°.
Propagate by spores sown on surface of fine sandy peat in pans under
bell-glass in temp. 75° to 85° any time ; division at potting time.
STOVE SPECIES: N. flaTens (Syn. Ohrysophylla), Central America; nivca (Silier
Maiden-hair Fern), Mexico and Pern; sinuata, Trop, America; tricIiomanDidee,
Jamaica and Cuba.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: N. dealbata (Syn. Cinoinalis dealbata), N. America;
Hookori (Syn. Cincinalis HoolEeri), N. America; lanuginosa, S. Earope and Aiu-
tralia; Marantse, S. Europe, N. Africa, etc.; Newberryii, California.
Nuphar (Yellow Water-Lily; Brandy Bottle).^Drd. Nymphaceae.
Hardy aquatic perennial herbs.
CULTURE : two parts strong rich loam, one part well-decayed
Soil,
manure. Position, sunny shallow streams, ponds or lakes. Depth of
water, 6 to 12 in. Plant, March or Oct. Methods of planting:
(1) Fill a shallow wicker basket with compost, place the plant in it &
a few stones on the surface, then lower into the water. (2) Place some
compost round the roots, then add a few stones & surround with can-
vas or matting & lower into the water. Propagate by seeds sown i in.
deep in rich soil in a shallow basket immersed in water, Oct. to April
division of the _plant in March.
SPECIES OULTITATED: N. adrena, yellow, July, N. America; luteum (Brandy
Bottle or Yellow Water-Lily), yellow, June, N. Europe (Britain) ; minimum, yellow,
July, Europe.
Nutmes-scented Geranium (Pelargonium fragrans).—
See Pelargonium.
Nuttallia (Oso-berry-tree).—Ord. Rosacese. Hardy deciduous
flowering shrub. First introduced 1848. Flowers, succeeded by
purplish plum-like fruit.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, shady or sunny shrubberies.
:
post, & lower to the bottom of pond or lake. (2) Inclose roots with soil
& large stone in piece of canvas or matting, tie securely & immerse as
above. (3) Place large hillock or mound of compost at bottom of pond
when dry plant tubers in centre, afterwards submerging with water.
Propagate stove species by seeds sown Jin. deep in pots of rich soil
immersed in water heated to a temp, of 65° to 75°, March or April.
Hardy species by seeds sown J in. deep in rich soil in shallow basket &
immersed in ponds or lakes in spring; division of tubers or rhizomes,
March or April.
STOYE SPECIES: N. ampla, white, Juljr, W. Indies; blanda, white, July, S.
America ; glgantea, blue, Bummer, Australia gracilis, white, summer, Mexico
; ;
Lotus (Egyptian Lotus), red or white, summer, Trop. Asia and Africa; stellata,
blue, summer, Trop. Africa; stellata zanzibarensis, blue.
;
(Britain) ; alba candidissima, white ; alba rosea, rose odorata, white and red,
;
294
MNQYOLOI'MDIA OF GAEDENINO.
where plants are to flower, or in boxes of light soil in temp. 55° to 65°
in April, transplanting seedlings outdoors in May. Thin seedlings
sown outdoors to 6 in. apart in June.
POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts good soil, one part leaf-mould,
well-decayed manure & sand. Position, well-drained 6 in. pots in cold
frame, greenhouse or window. Thin seedlings when 1 in. high to six
or eight in each pot. Water moderately at first, freely when in full
'
growth. Apply liquid manure twice a week when plants show flower.
CULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny beds or borders. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in shady position out-
doors in April, transplanting seedlings when 1 in. high, 3 in. apart each
way, in sunny border, again transplanting into flowering position fol-
lowing Sept. or March.
OULXURB OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, light sandy loam.
Position, sunnj, well-drained borders, beds, or rookeries. Plant, Oct.,
March or April. Water freely in dry weather. Mulch annually with
decayed cow manure. Lift and replant every three or four years.
Prune away straggling shoots of shrubby species after flowering. Pro-
pagate perennial species by seeds sown in light soil in shallow box
or well-drained pans in cold frame or under hand-light in March or
April, transplanting outdoors end of May or June ; cuttings of young
shoots inserted in sandy soil under hand-light in shade in spring or
summer; suckers removed with roots attached, spring or autumn;
division of roots, March or April.
ANNUAL SPECIES: (E. amoena (Syn. Godetia rnbicanda, rose and orimson,
summer, 1 to 2 ft., Galifomia; amcena rubicunda, lilao-parple ; bistorta, yellow
and red, slimmer, 1 ft., Oalifornia; tenella, purple, June, 6 in,, Oalifornia;
Whitneyi (Syn. Godetia Whitneyi), red and orinjison, summer, 12 to 18 in., Cali-
fornia, parent of the annuals known as Godetia Lady Albemarle, Duke of York,
Bridesmaid, etc. tetraptera, white, summer, 1 ft., Mexico,
;
Oalifornia; cEespitosa (Syn. eximia and marginata), white, fragrant, July, Cali-
fornia; fruticosa (Sun-drops), golden yellow, summer, 3 to 3 ft., TT, States, and its
varieties, major and Toungii; glauca, yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft,, N. America;
linearis, yellow, summer, 12 to 18 in,, V. States; missouriensis, yellow and red,
summer, trailing, N. America; rosea, rose, summer, 1 ft,, N. America; speoiosa,
white, summer, 2 to 3 ft,, N. America.
OKra, (Hibiscus esculenteus). —See Hibiscus.
Old Man (Artemesia Abrotanum). —See Artemesia.
Old Man Cactus (Pilocereus senilis).— See Pilocereus.
Old Man's Beard (Clematis vitalba).—See Clematis,
Old Woman (Artemisia argentea).—See Artemisia.
Olea (Olive; Oleaster). —
Ord. Oleaceae. Half-hardy evergreen
flowering shrub. First introduced 1570.
CULTURE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, sheltered sunny borders or
against S. or W. walls, S. of England only. Plant, Sept., Oct, or
April. Prune when necessary, April. Protect in very severe weather
with litter or mats.
POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould, and sand. Position, cool greenhouse, Sept. to May; outdoors,
June to Sept. Temp., Sept. to May, 40° to 50°. Water moderately in
winter, freely in summer. Syringe daily, April to Sept. Propagate
by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy peat in greenhouse in spring or
autumn; cuttings inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in shade in
greenhouse in summer.
295
TjNGYOlop^bia of gardening.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. enropsea (Wild OliTe). white, fragrant, rammer,
6 to 10 ft., S. Europe. o •
ENOYOLOPJilDlA OF OAlWBNlNti.
ANNUAL SPECIES: 0. liuifolia (Veius'a Navel-wort), white, June, 6 to 9 in.,
S. Europe.
PERENNIAL SPECIES O. Luciliaa (Rook NaTOl-wort), blue, BUmmer,
: 6 in.,
Asia Minor; verna (Creeping Forget-me-not), blue, spring, 6 in., Europe; -verna
alba, white.
Oncidium (Butterfly Orchid).— Ord. Orchidacese. Stove & green-
house epiphytal orchids. Flowers appear at base of new pseudo-bulb
directly latter is fully grown. First introduced 1791.
CULTUEE Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part of equal pro-
:
with compost and place plant on top, securing it firmly with copper
wire. Blocks Place roots next wood, cover with peat and sphagnum
:
moss, and secure firmly with copper wire. Water plants on blocks twice
daily in summer, once a day other times those in pots & baskets once
;
a day April to Sept., twice a week Sept. to Nov. and Feb. to April,
once a week afterwards. Syringe lightly daily in summer. Moist at-
mosphere highly essential. Shade from bright sunshine only. Ven-
tilate freely in summer. Temp, for stove species, Nov. to April 60° to
70°; April to Nov. 70° to 85°; for greenhouse species. May to Oct.
65° to 75°; Oct. to May 55° to 65°. Growing period, March to Sept.
resting period, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs at
potting time.
ST07B SPECIES O. ampliatum, yellow, red, and brown, March to May, 13
:
to 16 in.. Central America; jonesianum, white, brown, and red, Oct. to Feb., 1 ft.,
Paraguay; kramerianum, red, brown, and yellow, March to Oct., 8 to 10 in.,
Ecuador lanceanum, yellow, rose, purple, and brown, summer, 18 in., Guiana
;
Papilio (Butterfly Orchid), red, crimson, and yellow, March to Oot., 8 to 10 in.,
W. Indies.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: O. ooncolor, yellow. May, 6 in., Brazil; crispum, red,
brown, and yellow, June to Feb., 1 ft., Brazil; Forbesii, red, and yellow, autumn,
2 to 3 ft., Brazil; inourvum, white and yellow, fragrant, autumn, 1 ft., Mexico;
maoranthum, yellow, brown, white, and purple, spring, 18 in., Trop. America;
marshallianum, yellow and brown, summer, 1 ft., Brazil; ornithorynchum, rose,
lUac, and yellow, 1 ft., Mexico; phalfenopsis, white, purple and -violet, spring, 1 to
2 ft., Ecuador; Barcodes, yellow and bro-wn, spring, 1 ft., Brazil; sphacelatum,
brown and yellow, spring, 2 ft., Mexico splendidum, yellow and brown, winter,
;
I ft., Guatemala; superbiens, yellow, brown, and purple, spring, 1 ft., Colombia;
tigrinum, yellow and brown, -violet scented, autumn and winter, 1 ft., Mexico
varicosum, yellow and brown, winter, 1 ft., Brazil; varicosum Rogersii, superior
variety.
Onion.—See Allium.
Onion-plant (Ornithogalum — See Ornithoga-
longibracteatum).
lum.
Onoclea (Sensitive Fern; Ostrich Fern). —Ord. Filices. Hardy
deciduous fern. First introduced 1799. Fronds, barren ones, broad,
once divided, green; fertile ones, narrow, contracted, once divided,
brown.
OUTDOOR CSULTURE Soil, two parts good loam, one part leaf-
:
mould, one part sand. Position, well-drained pots in shady cold frame
or greenhouse. Pot, March or April. Water copiously, April to Sept.
moderately Sept. to Nov. keep nearly dry Nov. to March. Repot
;
297
EN070LOPMDIA OF OASDENING.
annually. Propagate by spores gathered just before the cases burst &
sown on surface of well-drained pan of sandy peat & leaf-mould with
square of glass, & kept moderately moist in shady position in cold
frame or greenhouse ; division of plants, March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. germanioa (Syn. Struthiopteria gsrmanioa), the
Ostrich Fern, 2 to 3 ft., N. Temperate Zone; eensibilie (Sensitive Fern), 2 to 3 ft.,
N. America and N. Asia.
Ononis (Eest-harrow). —Ord. Leguminosse. Hardy herbaceous
perennials & deciduous shrubs. First introduced 1570.
CULTUEE OP PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny borders, banks or rockeries. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April.
Cut down flower stems, Oct. Mulch with manure, March. Lift &
replant in fresh soil every four or five years.
CULTURE OP SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny borders or banks. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune into shape, Jan.
to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in ordinary soil in
semi-shady position .outdoors, March or April ; or in shallow boxes or
pans in cold frame or greenhouse in March ; perennials by division of
roots, Oct. to March.
PERENNIAL SPECIES O. arvensis (Rest-harrow), rose and white, enmmer,
:
6 in., Europe (Britain); Natrix (Ooat Root), yellow and red, summer, 1 to 2 ft.,
S. Europe.
SHUUBBT SPECIES O. f ruticoaa, purple, summer, 2 ft., Europe.
—
:
Position, sunny rockery, where roots can descend close to cool moist
stones and shoots trail over edge. Plant, March or April. Place a few
small stones on surface of soil around plant. Water occasionally in
dry weather. Mulch annually with decayed cow manure in March
or April. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy loam & grit in
shallow pans in shady cold frame or cool greenhouse in March, planting
outdoors in May ; cuttings of shoots inserted in sandy soil in close shady
frame or under hand-light in July or Aug.
SPECIES OULTIYATED: O. albo-roseum, white and rose, summer, 6 in., Asia
Minor; Bourgssi, yellow, summer, 6 in., Armenia; echioides (Golden Drop), yellow,
May, 1 ft., Europe; stellulatum, yellow and white. May, 6 in., Europe.
—
OnychiuiTli Ord. Filices. Stove & greenhouse evergreen ferns.
Fronds, four times divided, light and graceful, green.
CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat and loam, leaf-mould & sand
in equal parts. Position, well-drained pots, beds, or rockeries in shade.
Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Water copiously March to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Moist atmosphere essential. Temp for stove
species, March to Sept. 65° to 75°, Sept. to March 55° to 65°; for green-
298
ENOYGLOPMBIA OF GARDENING.
house species, March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 40° to 50°.
Propagate by spores sown on surface of fine sandy peat in well-drained
pans in shade & temp. 70° to 80° any time; division of plants at
potting time.
STOVE SPECIES: O. auratum, 1 ft., Malaya.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: O. japonioum, 1 ft., Japan and Himalayas.
OphiOglOSSUm (Adder's Tongue Fern; Adder's Spear).— Ord.
Filices. Hardy deciduous ferns. Fronds, barren, egg-shaped, pale
green; fertile, contracted, spike-like.
OUTDOOR CJULTUBB: Soil, moist loamy. Position, in tufts of
grass on partially shaded rockery. Plant, April to Aug. Lift plants
growing wild with large sod attached & plant in same. Water freely
in dry weather.
POT CULTURE Compost, sandy loam & leaf-mould in equal parts.
:
(Snake's- beard). —
Ord. Hsemodoraceae. Hardy
perennial herbs. Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1784.
Leaves, long, narrow, green & variegated with yellow or creamy white.
OUTDOOR CULTURE Soil, sandy loam. Position, edgings to or
:
groups in sunny borders. Plant, Oct. or March. Lift, divide & replant
every four or five years.
POT CULTURE Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
:
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF GARDENING.
Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferuni).—See Papaver.
Oplismenus (Variegated Panioum;).—Ord. Gramineas. Green-
house perennial, trailing grass. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1867.
Flowers insignificant. Stems, small, wiry, trailing. Leaves, green,
variegated with white and pink.
CTJliTUEE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, & sand.
Position, small pots with shoots draping front of staging, or in baskets
suspended from roof sun or shade. Pot, March. Water freely March
;
loam, one part powdered brick rubbish & old mortar. Position, sunny
airy greenhouse or window. Pot, March or April in pots filled ^ of
depth with potsherds, & just large enough to accommodate roots. Re-
pot every three or four years only. Water moderately March to Sept.
once a fortnight Sept. to Nov.; none afterwards. Apply stimulants
to healthy plants, June to Sept. Ventilate freely in summer. Temp.,
March to Sept. 60° to 70°; Sept. to March 50° to 55°.
CULTURE OP HARDY
SPECIES Soil, sandy loam, freely inter-
:
part leaf-mould & well-decayed manure & little sand. Position, sunny
window or outdoors June to Sept. Pot, Feb. or March. Good drainage
& firm potting essential. Water moderately Feb. to May, freely May
to Sept., moderately Sept. to Nov., keep quite dry Nov. to Feb. Apply
stimulants once a week May to Sept. Propagate by offsets removed
from old bulbs & repotted, Sept. to Feb.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: O. arabioum, white, fragrant, summer, 2 ft., S.
Europe; biflorum, white, April, 1 ft.. Chili and Peru; longibracteatnm (Onion
Plant), white. May, 1 to 2 ft., S. Africa; and ita variety variegatum.
HAUDT SPECIES: O. nutans, white, spring, 1 ft., Europe (Britain); nutans,
boucheanum, a superior form; pyrenaioum, yellow and green, June, 2 ft., S.
Europe; umbellatum (Star of Bethlehem), white. May, 1 ft., Europe, and its
varieties Leiohtlinii and splendens.
OrobUS.— See Vicia.
Orontium —
(Golden Club).- Ord. Aroideae. Hardy aquatic peren-
nial. First introduced 1775.
CULTURE: Soil, boggy. Position, margins of shallow ponds or
rivulets. Plant, Oct. to March, placing roots 6 to 12 in. below surface
of water. Propagate by division of root stock in Oct. or March.
SPECIES OULTiyATED: O. aqnaticum, green, May, 6 in., N. America
Orris-root (Iris floreutina).—See Iris.
Osagfe Orange (Maclura aurantiaca).— See Madura
Osier.—See Salix.
Osier Wiiiovtr (Salix viminalis).— See Salix.
Osmanthus (Fragrant Olive; Holly-leaved Olive).—Hardy ever-
green flowering shrubs. First introduced 1771.
CULTURE Soil, loamy. Position, sheltered sunny borders, or
:
(83™. Olea fragrans), white, fragrant, June to Aug., 6 to 10 ft., China and Japan.
OsmMnda (Eoyal Feru; Plowerin? Fern).— Ord. Pilicea. Green-
house and hardy evergreen & deciduous ferns. Fronds, feather-shaped,
plain or crested ; fertile portions contracted.
CULTUKE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
turfy loam and peat, little sand. Position, pots or beds in moist shady
part of greenhouse or fernery. Pot or plant, March or April. Water
copiously April to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp., 55° to 65°
April to Sept., 45° to 55° Sept. to April.
CULTURE OP HARDY
SPECIES Soil, one part each loam, leaf
:
mould & sand, two parts peat. Position, bases of sheltered moist
rockeries or margins of ponds in shade or partial shade. Plant, April.
Top-dress annuafly in April with compost of peat, leaf-mould & loam.
Remove dead fronds in March. Water plants growing otherwise than
on the margins of ponds copiously in dry weather. Propagate by spores
sown on surface of sandy peat & leaf-mould in well-draiued pans,
covered with sheet of glass or hand-light in shady part of cool green-
house at any time ; offsets from established plants in April.
GEEBNHOUSB SPECIES: O. bipinnata, 2 ft.. Hong Kong; javanioum, 2 to 4 ft.,
Java.
HARDY SPECIES: O. cinnamomea, 2 to 4 ft., N. America, West Indies, etc.;
Claytoniana, 2 to 3 ft.,N. America and Himalayas; regalia (Royal Fern), 3 to
6 Britain, etc.,
ft., and its varietiee corymbifera, cristata, palustris, and pur-
purascens.
Oso-berry-tree (Nuttallia cerasiformis).— See Nuttallia.
Ostrich Fern (Onoclea germanica). —See Onoclca.
Ostrya, (Hop Hornbeam). — Ord. Cupuliferae. Hardy deciduous
trees. Flowers, greenish white, hop-like ; May. First introduced 1622.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary moist. Position, by the side of streams,
:
—
Ourisia. Ord. Scrophulariaceae. Hardy perennial creeping herbs.
First introduced 1862.
CrULTURE: Soil, moist loamy. Position, partially shaded rockery,
with its roots placed close to a lump of soft porous stone. Plant, March
or April. Water freely in dry weather. Must not be exposed to sun-
shine. Propagate by division of roots in March or April.
SPECIES OULTIVATBD: 0. oseepitosa, white, summer, 6 in.. New Zealand;
coooinea scarlet, summer, 8 in., CUloe; Fearoei, orimson, summer, 8 in.
303
ENCYCLOPJEDIA OF GAUDENING.
Our Lady's Thistle (Silybum Marianum). —See Silybum.
Ouvirandra. (Lattice or Lace-leaf PlantV — Ord. Naiadaceae.
Stove aquatic perennials. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1855.
Leaves, broad, oblong, lace-like.
CULT [TEE: Compost equal parts loam and leaf-mould. Position,
in small pot immersed in tub or tank of water 12 to 18 in. deep. Pot^
Feb. or March. Temp, of water, 65° to 75°. Change water occa-
sionally. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 75° Sept. to March 55° to 65°.
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
CTJLTUEE IN SMALL PONDS Soil, peat or bo^.
: Position, slightly
drained pots immersed in water to witMn 2 in. of rim. Pot, Sept. to
Oct. Syringe or sprinkle foliage every evening in summer. Propagate
by cuttings of shoots inserted in sandy moist peat under hand-light in
shade in summer; layering shoots in autumn; division of plants in
Sept. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. maorooarpus (American Cranberry), pink, spring,
creeping:, N. America; palustris (Common Cranberry), pink. May, creeping, Britain.
—
Oxypetalum. Ord. Asclepiadeae. Stove and warm greenhouse
evergreen climbers. First introduced 1823.
CULTTJEE Compost, equal parts fibrous peat, loam, & sand. Posi-
:
Lambertii, wbite, blue and purple, summer, 1 ft., N. America; pyrenaica, purple
and lilac, summer, 6 in., Pyrenees; uralensis, purple, summer, 4 in., Europe.
Ozothamnus. — Ord. Compositae. Hardy evergreen flowering
shrub. Nat. Australia. First introduced 1827.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny sheltered borders or
against S. or W. walls, S. or W. of England only. Plant, Sept., Oct.
or April. Prune when necessary in April. Propagate by cuttings of
firm young shoots inserted in sandy soil under hand-light in shady
position in summer.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. rosmarinifolius, white, July and Aug., 6 to 10 ft.,
leaves fragrant, Australia.
PachystoiYia.. — Ord. Orchidacese. Stove terrestrial orchids.
First introduced 1866.
CULTUEB Compost, good fibry peat. Position, pots or hanging
:
baskets, well drained. Water freely from time new growth com-
mences until leaves fall off, very little other times. Temp., March to
Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Propagate by division
of plant at potting time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. thomsonianum, wbite and purple, 6 in., Trop.
Africa.
Pseonia. (Paeony; Peony; Piony).-^Ord. Eanunoulacese. Hardy
& shrubby perennials. First introduced 1548.
herbaceous
CULTUEE OP TEEE P.5;0NIES OUTDOOES Soil, two parts loam, :
one part decomposed cow manure. Position, sheltered nooks & sunny
shrubberies or borders. Plant, Sept., Oct. or March., in beds of above
compost, 18 in. deep and 2 ft. wide, well drained. Bury point of union
between stock and scion 3 in. below surface. Mulch in spring with
thick layer of cow manure. Protect in severe weather with covering
of litter. Plants flower three years after planting.
305
TSNOrOLOPMBIA OF GARDENING.
CULTURE IN POTS: Compost, two parts loam, one part decayed
cow manure and sand. Pot, Oct. or Nor. Place in cold frame till
March, then remove to greenhouse. Stand in sunny position outdoors,
June to Oct. Water freely March to Sept., moderately in winter.
Apply weak manure water occasionally, March to Sept. Plants flower
once in three years only. Temp, for forcing, 55° to 65°.
CULTUEE OP HERBACEOUS SPECIES: Soil, moist loam well
enriched with cow manure & trenched 3 ft. deep. Position, sunny or
shady borders. Plant, Oct. to April, 4 ft. apart each way. Top-dress
annually with well-decayed manure lightly forked into surface in Oct.
or Not. Mulch on dry soils in April. Apply liquid or artificial manures
occasionally, April to Aug. Water copiously in dry weather. Shade
blooms required for exhibition from sun. Propagate herbaceous
species by seeds sown iin. deep in boxes, pots or pans of sandy soil
in cold frame in Sept. also by division of roots in March or April. Tree
;
Oct. to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown \ in. deep in ordinary soil out-
doors, Oct. to Nov. ; cuttings of roots planted 3 in. deep & 6 in. apart,
Oct. to Feb. ; layering shoots, Sept. to Nov. removing suckers with
;
MNGYCLOPMBIA OF GARDHNINO.
lidacese.Stove & hardy, evergreen & deciduous bulbous plants. First
introduced 1596.
CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES Compost, two parts sandy loam,
:
one part decayed manure & half a part silver sand. Position, well-
drained pots in sunny part of stove. Pot, March. Repotting neces-
sary every three or four years only. Water abundantly, April to Sept.
moderately, Sept. to Dec.; keep quite dry, Dec. to March. Apply
liquid manure once a week. May to Sept. Temp., 70° to 80° March to
Sept., 55° to 65° Sept to March.
CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES Soil, three parts sandy loam, one :
tions leaf-mould, charcoal & sand. Pot, Jan. to April. Position, sunny
moist part of stove. Water moderately Oct. to Feb., freely afterwards.
Syringe twice daily, March to Sept. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to
85°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by offsets, Feb. to April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED P. Baptistii, leaTes yellow and green, 4 to 6 ft.. New
:
Panicum —
(Panick Grass). Ord. Gramineae. Hardy and half-
hardy annual & perennial grasses. Inflorescence, light, feathery,
graceful. Leaves, green.
CULTURE OP HARDY ANNUALS: Soil, ordinary. Position,
sunny borders. Sow
seeds J in. deep in patclies where required to
flower in March or April. Thin seedlings when 1 in. high to 2 in. apart.
Gather inflorescence in July or Aug. & dry for winter use.
CULTURE OF HARDY
PERENNIALS Soil, good ordinary. Posi- :
tion, sunny borders. Plant, Oct. or April. Lift, divide & replant
every two or three years. Propagate stove species by division; hardy
kinds of seeds sown outdoors in April or May, & by division of roots
in Oct. or March.
ANNUAL SPECIES: P. oapillare, 2 ft., W. Hemisphere.
PEEENNIAL SPECIES P. altiasimum, 3 to S ft.. Central America ;
: bulbosnm,
fi ft., Mexico; virgatum, 3 to 4 ft., N. America. See also the genus Opliamenus.
Pansy (Viola tricolor). —^See Viola.
Pantaloons Polyanthus. —See Primula.
Panther Lily (Lilium pardaliuum). —See Lilium.
Papaver (Poppy). — Ord. Papaveracese. Hardy annual & peren
nial herbs.
CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES Soil, good ordinary. : Position,
Bvnny beds or borders. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in patches where re-
307
ENCYOLOP^DIA OF GARDENING.
guired to grow; in April for flowering in summer; Sept. for flowering
in spring. Thin seedlings to 1 or 2 in. apart when j in. high.
CULTUEE OP PERENNIAL SPECIES Soil, deep sandjr loam. Posi-
:
tion, sunny borders for tall species as P. orientalis ; rockeries for dwarf
species as P. alpinum & P. nudicaule. Plant, Oct., March or April.
Top-dress with decayed manure in March or April. P. nudicaule best
raised from seeds annually. Propagate annual species by seeds as
above; perennial species by seeds sown in sunny place outdoors in
March or April ; division of roots in March or April.
—
ANNUAL SFEOIES. P. arenarium, orimson and blaok, suiniuer, 9 in., Gaucasas;
glaucum (Tulip Poppy), crim&on, summer, 18 in., Syria; Irovigatum, scarlet, black
and white, summer, 2 ft., Greece; pavoninium (Feaoook Poppy), scarlet and black,
18 in., Afghanistan; Bhseas (Corn or Shirley Poppy), various colours, 18 in.,
Britain; somniferum (Opium Poppy), various colours, summer, 3 ft., China.
PERENNIAL SPECIES P. nudicaule (Iceland Poppy), yellow, orange and white,
:
summer, 1 ft., Arctic Uegions; alpinum (Alpine Poppy), yellow, orange, salmon,
and white, summer, 6 in., Europe; orientale (Oriental Poppy), orange-scarlet, June,
3 ft., Asia Minor; pilosum, orange, summer, 2 ft., Greece; rupifragnm (Spanish
Poppy), terracotta, summer, 3 ft., Spain; rupiorens, cerise-scarlet, summer, 2 ft.,
hybrid. Alpinum and nudicaule best grown as biennials.
Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera).—See Betula.
Paper Mulberry (IBroussonettia papyrifera).—See Brousso-
nettia.
Pappoose-root (Caulophyllum thalictrioides). —See Caulophyl-
lum.
Paradisea (St. Bruno's Lily). — Ord. Liliaceae. Hardy herba-
ceous perennials.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary well enriched with leaf -mould and de-
cayed manure. Position, partially shady borders. Plant, Oct. or
March. Increased by division of roots in Oct. or March; seeds sown
in cold frame or greenhouse in spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. Liliastrum, white, fragrant. May and June, 1 to
2 ft., Alps; Liliastrum major, 4 to 5 ft., larger flowers than the parent. Formerly
known as Anthericum Liliastrum.
Paradise Apple (Pyrus malus prsecox). —See Pyrus.
Parag^uay Tea (Ilex paraguayensis).—-See Ilex.
Parasol Fig-tree (Sciadopitys verticillata). —See Sciadopitys.
Parchment Bark (Pittosporinmcrassifolium).—See Pittospo-
rium.
Pardanthus.— See Belamacanda.
Paris (Herb Paris). —Ord. Liliaceae. Hardy perennial herbs.
CULTUEE: Soil, sandy loam. Position, shady borders, woods, or
shrubberies. Plant, Oct. to March. Propagate by seeds sown in
moist position outdoors in autumn division of roots, Oct. or March.
;
6 in., Britain.
Paris Daisy (Chrysanthemum frutesceus).—See Clirysanthemum.
Parkinson's Chequered Meadow-Saffron (Colchi-
cum Parkinsoni). —See Colchicum..
Parlour Ivy (Mikania soandens).— See Mikania.
Parlour Palm (Aspidistra lurida).—See Aspidistra.
Parnassia (Grass of Parnassus).— Ord. Saxifragacea;. Hardy
perennial herbs.
CULTUEE: peaty or boggy. Position, moist shady borders,
Soil,
boga or margins of streams or ponds. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or
April. Propagate by seeds sown in moist boggy peat in shady position
outdoors m autumn or spring; division of roots in March or April.
308
ENUYCLOPyBDIA OF GARDENINO.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. oaroliniana, white, Bummor, 6 in., N. America;
palustris (Grass of Parnassus), white and green, summer, G in., Britain.
Parochetus (Blue-flowered Skamrock; Shamrock Pea).— Ord.
Leguminosas. Hardy trailing herbaceous perennial. First introduced
1820.
CULTURE Soil^ ordinary. Position, margins of sunny borders or
:
& peat, one-fourth silver sand. Pot, Feb. or March. Prune, Feb.,
thinning out weak shoots & shortening strong ones one-third. Position,
well-drained tubs or pots, or beds 18 in. deep & 2 ft. wide; shoots
trained up rafters or walls; sunny. Water copiously March to Sept.,
moderately afterwards. Syringe twice daily April to Sept. Apply
stimulants occasionally to healthy plants when in flower only. Temp.,
March to Oct. 65° to 75°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°.
309
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GABDENING.
CULTURE OP GREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, as for stove
species. Position, grown in pots, tubs or beds & shoots trained up
rafters. Prune, pot, & water as advised for stove species. Temp.,
March to Oct. 5b° to 65°; Oct. to March 45° to 50°.
CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES Soil, good ordinary, mixed with a
:
sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 65°, April to Sept. Hardy species,
by similar cuttings inserted in cold frame in summer layering young ;
shoots in summer.
STOVE SPECIES P. alata, orimson, white and purple, summer, 15 to 30 ft.,
:
Peru; edulis (Granadilla), white and purple, summer, 20 ft., Brazil; quadrangii-
larie, red, violet, and white, fragrant, Bummer, 20 ft., Trop. America; Tacemosa,
Boarlet, summer, 20 ft., Brazil.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: P. inoarnata, flesh, summer, 15 to 20 ft., Trop.
America.
HABDT SPECIES: P. oserulea, white, blue and purple, summer, 20 to 25 ft.,
Brazil, and its white variety. Lady Constance Elliot.
Passion-flower.—See Passiflora and Tacsonia.
Paternoster Pea (Abrus precatorius). See Abrus. —
Paullinia. —Ord. Stove evergreen twining plants.
Sapindacese.
First cultivated 1816. Leaves, finely divided, green, downy.
CULTURE Compost, two parts loam, two parts leaf-mould & sand.
:
loam & silver sand. Position, shady part of stove whilst growing, light
situation when at rest. Pot. Feb. or March; good drainage indispen-
sable. Prune into shape in Feb. Water freely from Marck to Sept,
moderately afterwards. Syringe twice daily, March to Aug. Apply
liquid manure once or twice a week to healthy plants in flower. Temp.,
March to Sept. 75° to 85°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by
cuttings of firm young shoots 2 to 3 in. long, inserted singly in small
pots m
sandy peat under bell-glass ip temp. 75° to 85°. March to JIay.
310
; •
MNOTOLOP^BIA OF OAMDBNINO.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : P. borbonioa, 3 to 4 tt., Bourbon.
Pavia.—See iEsoulus.
Pavoniai —Ord. Malvaceae. Stove evergreen
^ plants.
^ First intro-
duced 1778.
CTJLTXJEE : Compost, two parts loam, one part peat & sand. Pot,
March. Position, pots in shade. Water freely March to Sept., mode-
rately afterwards. Syringe daily in summer. Temp., March to Sept.
65° to 75°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by cuttings inserted
in fine sand under bell-glass in temp. 75° at any time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. coooinea, fioarlet, eummer, 1 to 2 ft., Brazil: multi-
flora, purple, autumn, 1 to 2 ft., Brazil.
Pea (Pisum sativum). —See Pisum.
Pea, Sweet.—See Lathyrus.
Peach (Prunus persiea). —See Prunus.
Peach-leaved Bell-flower (Campanula persicifolia).— See
Campanula.
Peach Trumpet-flower (Solaudra grandiflora).—See Solan-
dra.
Peacock Anemone (Anemone Pavonia). —See Anemone.
Peacock-flower (Csesalpinia pulcherrima).—See Ceesalpinia.
Peacock Iris (Iris Pavoma).—See Iris.
Peacock Treasure-flower (Gazania Pavonia).— See
Gazania.
Pear (Pyrus communis). —See Pyrus.
Pearl-berry (Margyricarpus setosus). —See Margyricarpus.
Pearl-bush (Bxochorda grandiflora).—See Exochorda.
Pearl Cud-vweed (Anaphalis margaritacea).— See Anaphalis.
Pearl-grass (Briza maxima).— See Briza.
Pearl-wort (Sagina glabra).—See Sagina.
Pearly Everlasting^ (Anaphalis margaritacea). —See Ana-
phalis.
Pedilanthus (Slipper Spurge; Jew-bush).^Ord. Euphorbiaceae.
Stove succulent shrub. First introduced 1874.
CULTURE Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part brick rubbish,
:
half a part decayed cow manure & silver sand. Pot, March or April.
Position, dry sunny part of stove. Temp., Sept to March 60° to 70°;
March to Sept. 60 to 80°. Water once in three weeks from Sept. to
March; once a week afterwards. No syringing or stimulants required.
Propagate by cuttings of shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, exposed to sun for one
or two days, then inserted singly in sand in 2 in. pots, & placed on a
shelf near the glass, any time during summer.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. tithymaloides, stems fleshy, 6 ft., S. America.
Peerless Daffodil (Narcissus iucomparabilis).'—See Narcissus.
Pelarg^onium.—Ord. Geraniaceae. Greenhouse & hardy her-
baceous, evergreen, shrubby, & tuberous-rooted perennials. Flowering
& orn. foliage. Popularly known as "Geraniums." P. grandiflorum
first introduced 1794; P. peltatum, 1701; P. zonale, 1710.
CLASSIFICATION OP TYPES: (1) Zonal.—Leaves roundish, cor-
date, lobed, pubescent, green, with or without horse-shoe mark near
—
margin of upper surface. Sub-classes Bicolor. Leaves green, edged
:
sheep or deer dung, diluted with two-thirds water, & applied twice a
week in summer, once a week in winter nitrate of soda, \ oz. to a
;
gallon of water, applied once a week, when soil is moist only, for
312
ENOYCLOPJiVIA OF GARDENING.
three or four weeks, then cease sulphate of ammonia, same as nitrate
;
of soda; soot-water (one peck each of sheep & oow dung, &
i peck of
soot to 36 gall, of water), diluted with half water, applied twice a
week.
CULTURE OF SHOW AND
FANCY PELARGONIUMS: Insert
cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, in July or Aug. singly in 2 in.
pots in cold frame or greenhouse. Sandy soil. When rooted, transfer
to 4 in. pots, and place on a shelf close to glass in temp. 45° to 50. Nip
off point of main shoot just before potting. When new' shoots are 3 in.
long nip off points. Transfer to 5 in. pots in Jan. Keep near glass.
When flowers show apuly liquid manure twice a week. Water mode-
rately until March, then freely until June, when give less. Temp.,
Sept. to March 45° to 50° ; March to May 50° to 55°. After flowering
stand in sunny place outdoors. Prune shoots to within 1 in. of base
in July. When new shoots form turn plants out of pots, remove loose
soil, & repot in 4 or 5 in. pots. Replace in greenhouse in Sept. Trans-
fer to 6 or 8 in. pots in Dec. or. Jan. CJompost, three parts good
fibrous loam, one part decayed horse or cow dung, half a part coarse
sand, & a tablespoonful of superphosphate to each bushel. Good
drainage and firm potting essential. Stimulants as above.
CULTURE OF IVY-LEATED PELARGONIUMS Insert cuttings :
two parts loam, half a part each of decayed manure and leaf-mould,
quarter part sand. Pot and treat as advised for zonals.
Peopaoatb by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in a well-drained pot or
pan, filled with light sandy soil, in temp. 55° to 65°, Feb. to April;
cuttings inserted as above directed in each section; grafting on
common kinds iu close frame or under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65°
in spring; tuberous-rooted kinds by division spring. m
HiRDT HBRBACEOTJS SPECIES: P. endlioheriannm, rose, summer, 2 ft..
Orient.
FRAGRANT-LEAVED SPECIES: P. oapitatnm (Rose-soented), rose and purple,
summer, 2 to 3 ft., S. Africa citriodorura (Citron-scented), white, summer, 2 to
;
S. Africa.
OTHER SPECIES P. inquinauB (parent of the Scarlet Geraniums), scarlet, rose,
:
and white, summer, 2 ft., S. Africa; peltatum (Syn. hederEefolium), parent of the
Ivy-leaved Geraniums, white or red, summer, S. Africa ; grandiflorum (parent of
the^ Show, Fancy, and Regal Pelargoniums), white and red, summer, 2 ft., S.
Africa; zonale (Horseshoe or Zonal Geranium), parent of the zonal, bicolor and
tricolor geraniums, various colours, summer, 2 ft., S. Africa.
Pelecyphora. —
(Hatchet Cactus). Ord. Cactaceae. Greenhouse
succulent perennial.First introduced 1843.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts sandy loam, rough old mortar &
:
ENOTGLOP^DIA OF OARDENINO.
March or April in well-drained pots just large enough to accommodate
roots. Repot every third or fourth year only. Water moderately
March to Sept., once a fortnight Sept. to Dec, none afterwards.
Syringe on evenings of warm days, June to Sept. Apply soot-water
to healthy plants, June to Sept. Ventilate freely in summer. Temp.r
March to Sept. 60° to 70° ; Sept. to March 50° to 55°. Propagate by
seeds sown \ in. deep in well-drained pans or pots of sandy soil in
temp. 75° in March, keeping soil moderately moist; by cuttings of
the tops of the plants inserted in small pots of sandy gritty compost
in spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED; P. aBseliformis, white and roee, June, 4 in., Mexico.
—
Pelexia. Ord. Orchidaceae. Stove terrestrial orchids. First
introduced 1823.
CULTUEE Cbmpost, two parts fibrous peat, one part loam & sand.
:
ENOYGLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
Propagate by inserting portions of creeping stems' in muddy soil in
ponds where required to grow.
8PE0IES OULTIVATED: P. virginion, 1 ft., N. America.
—
Peltaria. Ord. Cruciferae. Hardy herbaceous perennial herb.
First introduced 1601. Plant, garlic-scented.
CTJLTUEE: ordinary.
Soil, Position, sunny borders, beds or
rookeries. Plant, Oct., March or April. Propagate by seeds sown
4 in. deep outdoors, March or April, where plants are required to grow
division of plants in March or April.
SPECIES OtTLTITATED: P. alliaoea, white, summer, 1 ft., E. Europe.
PennJSetum. — Ord. Gramineae. Hardy perennial grasses.
Plowering & oru. foliage. Inflorescence very graceful and useful for
cutting and drying for winter decoration.
CULTURE OP P. LATIFOLIUM: Soil, sandy loam. Position, shel-
tered, well-drained borders in warm parts of the kingdom only. Plant,
April. Protect in severe weather with covering of mats, or lift in
Nov., place in large pots or tuba & remove to greenhouse, replanting
outdoors in April or May.
CULTURE OP P. LONGISTYLUM Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
:
borders. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in patches a foot or more in diameter
in March or April, where plants are to flower. Gather inflorescence
for winter use, end of July. This species is best treated as an annual.
Propagate P. latifolium by seed sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in
shallow boxes or pans in temp. 60° to 65°, March or April, transplanting
seedUngs outdoors in May or June division of root in April
;
part each light loam & sand. Pot, Feb. to April. Position, well-drained
pots in light part of stove. Water moderately Sept. to April, freely
at other times. Syringe daily April to Sept. Prune plants into shape
imnlediately after flowering. Nip off points of young shoots occa-
sionally during May, June & July to induce bushy habit of growth.
Temp., Sept to April 50° to 60°; April to Sept. 60° to 75°. Propagate
by cuttings of young shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted singly in 2-in.
pots filled with sandy compost & placed under bell-glass in temp, of
75°, spring or summer.
SPECIES CTILTiyATED: P. oamea, piiii, winter, 18 in., Trop. Africa; carnea
kermesina, rose and violet; carnea, quartiniana, pink.
Pentstemon —
(Beard Tongue). Ord. Scrophulariaceae. Hardy
perennials. First introduced 1794.
CULTURE Soil, two parts rich loam, one part decayed manure or
:
315
MNGYGLOP^DIA OF GARDENING.
8PE0IES CULTIVATED: P. azureus, blue, Aug., 1 ft., N. America; barbatns
(Syn. Ohelone barbata), scarlet, summer, 3 ft., U. States; Oobsea, purple and
white, Aug., 1 ft., U. States; confertus cacrulea-purpureus, purple and blue, 1 ft.,
summer. Rocky Mountains; glaber, purple, summer, 1 ft., U. States; gentianoides,
summer, 3 ft., Mexico! HartwegU, scarlet, summer, 2 ft., Mexico; Menziesii, lilac,
red and purple, June, 6 in., I*I.W. America. The kinds grown so largely in
gardens were originally derived from hybrids between F. Cobsea and P. Hart
wegii.
Peony (Fseonia officinalis).—See Paeonia.
Peperomia (Pepper-Elder). — Ord. Piperacese. StoTe herbaceous
perennials; creeping & erect; oru. foliage. First introduced 1815.
Leaves, roundish or egg-shaped; green, variegated with white.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam & peat with half a
part sand. Pot, March or April. Position, small well-drained pots
for erect species, shallow pans or beds for creeping species. Shade from
sun. Water moderately in winter, freely in summer. Syringe daily,
April to Sept. Temp.. April to Sept. 60° to 75°; Sept. to April 55"
to 65°. Propagate by cuttings of shoots or single joints with leaf
attached inserted in sandy peat & plunged in bottom heat in temp.
65° to 75° in spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. argyreia, leaves green and grey, 8. America; mar-
morata, leaves, green and white, Brazil^ metallica, leaves green, Peru; nummu-
larisefolia, round green leaves; Sandersii, leaves, green and white.
with ordinary light soil placed in temp, of 65° to 75° in Feb. or March.
Transplant seedlings when three leaves have formed singly into 2-in.
pots, or 2 in. apart in shallow boxes. Keep in temp. 55° to 65° till
May, then transfer to cold frame; gradually harden off & plant out-
doors in June. Adapted for masses in borders or for lines in, or edgings
to, beds.
316
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. nankineneifl, leaves bronzy purple, 1 to 3 ft., China;
nankinensis maorophylla crispa, leaves witli crisped edges.
Periploca (Silk-vine).— Ord. Asclepiadaoeae. Hardy deciduous
twiner. First introduced 1597.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, walls, arbours, summer-
house or trellises in any aspect. Plant, Oct., Nov., Feb. or March.
Prune away very weak or old distorted shoots only in March. Apply
liquid manure occasionally during the flowering season. Propagate by
cuttings inserted under bell-glass or hand-light outdoors, July to
Oct. ; layering shoots, Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. griEoa, green and brown, July, 10 to 15 ft., S.E.
Europe.
Peristeria, (Dove-Flower; Dove-Orchid). Ord. — Orchidaceae.
Stove evergreen orchids. First introduced 1826.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, leaf -mould, & fine crocks.
Pot, March or when new growth begins. Position, well-drained pots
or teak baskets. Water freely April to Sept.; keep nearly dry after-
wards. Temp., Oct. to April 60° to 65°; April to Oct. 65° to 75°.
Apply weak stimulants occasionally when plants are growing freely.
Growing period, March to Oct. Resting period, Oct. to March.
Flowers appear at base of new pseudo-bulb after resting. Propagate
by division of pseudo-bulbs, March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED P. cerina, yellow, fragrant, summer, Venezuela elata
: ;
{Dove Orobid), white and purple, fragrant, summer. Central America; Lindenii,
green and purple, spring; pendula, yellow and white, fragrant, summer, British
Guiana.
Periwinkle. — See Vinca.
Pernettya. (Prickly Heath). —Ord. Ericaceae. Hardy evergreen
berry-bearing shrubs. Iirst introduced 1825. Berries, crimson, blue,
black, rose, cream; autumn.
OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, peaty. Position, moist rockeries or
margins of open or shady shrubberies & beds. Plant, Sept. to Nov.,
or March to May.
POT CULTURE Compost, two parts peat, one part leaf-mould &
:
Persian Cyclamen
(Cyclamen persicum). See Cyclamen.
Persian Iron-vwood (Parottia persica). See Parottia. —
Persian Lilac (Syringa persica). See Syringa. —
317
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Persian Lily (Fritillaria persica).—See Fritillaria.
Persian Tulip (Tulipa clusianaj.—See Tulipa.
Peruvian Daffodil (Hymenocallis Amancaes). — See Hymeno
callis.
Peruvian Heliotrope (Heliotropium peruvianum). — See
Heliotropium.
Peruvian IMasturtium (Tropaeolum tuberosum).— See Tro-
Ijaeolum.
Peruvian Swamp Lily (Zephyranthes Candida).— See Zephy-
lanthes.
Peruvian Trumpet-flower (Datura suavolens). — See
Datura.
Petasites (Winter Heliotrope).^Ord. Compositae. Hardy peren-
nial herbs. Flowering & orn. foliage. Leaves, kidney or heartshaped.
large, downy beneath, green.
CULTURE : Soil, ordinary. Position, shrubberies or woodland, par-
tially shaded borders. Plant, Oct. or Nov. Propagate by division,
Oct. or Nov.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : P. fragrana, white, fragrant, Feb., 6 in., Mediterranean
Region.
Petrea —
(Purple Wreath). Ord. Terbenaceae. Stove-flowering
climber; deciduous. First introduced 1733.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts loam, leaf -mould, peat & sand
:
ENOYOLOPMDIA OF OABDENING.
pot or pan, in temp. 65° to 75° in Feb., March, or April; by cuttings
of young slioots inserted in ligkt sandy soil in pots, pans, or boxes m
temp. 55° to 65° any time in spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. nyotaginiflora, white, Aug., 2 ft., annual, Argen-
tina; -violaoea, purple, summer, perennial, Argentina. Last named parent of varie-
ties grown in gardens.
Peucedanum (Parsnip; Dill).— Ord. TJmbelliferae. Hardy bien-
nial esculent-rooted vegetable.
CtTLTURE : ordinary previously trenched three spits deep,
Soil, rick
& not recently manured. Position, open & sunny. First Method
Draw drills 1 in. deep & 15 in. apart. Sow seeds in groups of three
or four 12 in. apart, March or April. Thin seedlings when 2 in. high
to one -n each group. Second Method Dig out a trench 30 in. wide,
:
18 in. deep. Put 3 in. decayed manure in bottom, then 6 in. of soil
mixed with a little manure, & filled up with fine friable soil. Sow
two or three seeds in groups a foot apart down centre of the trench.
Reduce the seedlings when 2 in. high to one in each group. Third
Method: Make holes 3ft. deep. Sin. in diameter at top & 15 in. apart
each way. Fill the lower six inches of the hole with a compost of fine
soil, decayed manure, & a pinch of superphosphate. The remaining
space fill with similar material, but with the addition of soot & a pinch
of salt. Sow the seeds in groups of three or four, & thin to one plant
when 2 in. high. Suitable Artificial Manures 2f lb. kainit, 1 lb. sul-
:
phate of ammonia, 2^ lb. guano per square rod, to be applied half before
sowing and remainder after crop is thinned. Lift & store roots only
in event of bad weather; they retain their flavour better lifted as
wanted from the ground. Seed retains its vegetative powers for one
year only. Quantity required for a row 50 ft. long, 1 oz. Crop reaches
maturity in 24 to 27 weeks. Seed take 15 to 20 days to germinate.
Market Culttjbe: Soil, loam, deeply worked. Plough or trench
deeply in autumn, but add no stable manure. Harrow surface over iu
Feb. Manures 3 cwt. kainit per acre applied iu autumn, & 4 cwt.
:
lifting, 26s. per acre. Average yield per acre, 500 to 600 bushels.
Average returns per acre, ^650 to .£80.
CULTUEE OF DILL Soil, ordinary. Sow seeds 1 in. deep in drills
:
half a part sand. Position, well-drained pots near the glass March to
Oct.; in dry place under stage Oct. to March. Pot, Feb. or March.
319
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Water moderately March to May ; freely May to Oct. ; keep nearly dry
Oct. to March. Apply stimulants. May to Aug. only. Temp, for stove
species, 60° to 70° March to Sept.; Sept. to March 50° to 55°; for green-
house species, 55° to 65° March to Sept.; 40° to 50° Sept. to March.
Eepot annually, removing old soil away from bulbs. Place in small
pots first, shift into larger sizes later on. No shade required. Propa-
gate by seeds sown J in. deep in well-drained pots or pans of sandy soil
in temp, of 65° to 75° in spring ; offsets removed & treated as old bulbs
at potting time.
STOVE SPECIES: P. Carmioli, red and green, Bammcr, 3 ft., Costa Rica:
LehmaQili, scarlet, summer, 2 ft., Colombia.
GEBENHOUSE SPECIES P. chloraoea, purple, rose, and green, summer, 18 in.,
:
Ecuador.
Phsenocomai — Ord. Oompositoe. Greenhouse evergreen flower-
ing shrub. First introduced 1789.
CULTDEE Compost, two parts good brown fibrous peat, one part
:
silver sand & little charcoal. Position, well-drained pots in light part
of greenhouse; no shade. Pot, March or AprU. Pirm potting most
essential. Prune straggling shoots only, moderately in Feb. or March.
Water moderately Sept. to April, freely afterwards. No syringing
required. Admit air freely in summer. Shoots can be trained round
stakes or trellis. Propagate by cuttings of firm young shoots, inserted
in well-drained pots of sandy peat under bell-glass in temp, of 55°
to 65°, summer.
SPECIES OULTITATED: P. prolifera, crimson, rose, and purple. May to Sept.,
3 to 4 ft., S. Africa; prolifera Bamesii, superior form.
Phaius. —Ord. Orchidaceae. Stove terrestrial orchids. First in-
troduced 1778.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts leaf -mould, loam, & decayed cow
manure. Pot, March or April. Position, well-drained pots in warm,
moist part of stove during g^rowing period cool and dry part during
;
resting period. Cover drainage with layer of moss, & do not allow
, compost to be higher than half-an-inch below rim. Water freely April
to Sept.; moderately Sept. to Jan.; keep nearly dry Jan. to March.
Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to Jan. 60° to 70°; Jan. to
March 55° to 65°. Growing period March to Oct. Resting period
:
Oct. to March. Flowers appear at base of new bulb soon after growth
is completed. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs, March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED P. bicolor, red, white, rose, and yellow, summer, 18 in.,
:
Ceylon Blumei, brown, white, crimson, and yellow, spring, 2 ft., Java
; grandi-;
floruB, yellow, brown, rose, and purple, spring, i\ ft., Trop. Asia and Australia;
Humboldtii, rose, purple, brown, white, crimson, and yellow, summer, 18 in.,
Madagascar; maoulatus, yellow and brown, spring, 2J ft., N. India; simnlans,
white, rose, purple, yellow, and crimson, winter, 1 ft., Madagascar- tuberculosus
yellow and purple, winter, 2 ft., Madagascar; Wallichii, white, orange, purple,
and yellow, winter, 2 ft., India.
Phalsenopsis (Moth Orchid; Indian Butterfly-plant). Ord. —
Orchidacese. Stove evergreen epiphytal orchids. First introduced 1836.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts sphagnum moss, fibrous peat with
:
manured & dryish. Position, open, sunny. Draw drills 3 in. deep &
18 in. apart. Sow seeds 4 in. apart end of April, middle of May, be-
ginning of June & end of July. Thin seedlings when three leaves
appear to 12 in. apart, replanting thinnings to form another row or
rows. Water the drills thorou^ly if soil be dry before sowing the
seeds. Mulch with manure when seedlings appear. Water freely in
dry weather. Apply stimulants when pods form. Plants hear earlier
if sown along centre of early celery ridges than if sown in open garden.
POT CULTURE Compost, two parts good soil, one part decayed
:
manure. Size of pots, 8 in. Put 1 in. of crocks in bottom, next a layer
of half -decayed tree leaves or fresh horse droppings, then enough com-
post to half fill the pot. Dibble seeds J in. deep, 2 in. apart. Moisten
with tepid water. Water moderately when seeds sprout; freely when
1 in. high. Top-dress with equal parts soil & manure when plants
reach rim of pot. Apply stimulants after top-dressing has been done
a fortnight. Temp., 55° to 65". Support shoots with small twigs.
No shade required. Keep close to glass.
CULTURE OF RUNNERBEANS: Soil, light, deep, well manured.
Position, sunny or partially shady garden, arbour, trellis, or fences;
former besti Sow seeds first week-iu May 4 in. apart, and 3 in. deep
321 ji
ENOtGLOPJSDtA OP OAUDtlMlNG.
iu drills 6ft. asunder; in double rows 9 in. apart & 8 ft. asunder; in
trendies 9 in. wide, 12 iu. deep, containing 3 m. manure & 6 in. soil,
seeds being dibbled 2 in. deep, 4 in. apart in two rows 6 in. asunder.
Support plants with long stakes, or trellises, or strands of twine when
6 in. high, or nip off point of main shoot when 3 ft. high, and subsequent
shoots when 6 in. long to ensure dwarf habit. Mould up those sown in
drills. Mulch with manure. Water freely in dry weather, otherwise
flowers will fall off. Apply stimulants freely when pods form. Suit-
able artificial manures ^1) 3 lb. salt 1 J lb. each of nitrate of soda &
: ;
be applied when the plants are 3 in. high. Liquid manures \ oz. :
bushels (40 lb.) Average returns per acre, £Z0 to Je40. Average price
for picking per bushel, 5d. to 6d.
STOVE SPECIES ; P. oaracella .(Snail Flower), lilac, summer, climbing perennial,
India.
HARDY SPECIES P. multiflorua (Scarlet Eunner Bean), scarlet and white, sum-
:
mer, 8 to 12 ft., Mexico, perennial; vulgaris (Kidney, French, and Haricot Bean),
white and lilac, summer, 2 to 3 ft., S. America, annual.
Pheasant's-eye (Adonis autumnalis). —See Adonis.
Pheasant'S-eye Narcissus (Narcissus pocticus).— See Nar-
cissus.
Pheasant's-eye Pink (Dianthus plumarius auuulatus).— See
Dianthus.
Pheasant's-taii Grass (Apera arundinacea). —See Apera.
Pheg^opteris.—See Polypodium.
Phiiadeiphus (Syringa; Mock-orange). —
Ord. Saxifragacese.
Hardy deciduous flowering shrubs. First introduced 1596.
CULTURE ; ordinary good.
Soil, Position, sunny borders or fore-
courts. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune immediately after flowering,
thinning out shoots that have bloomed only. Apply soap suds or liquid
manure occasionally to old-established shrubs in summer.
POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-
mould, & sand. .Repot annually after flowering. Position, cold
greenhouse, Dec. to May, or warm greenhouse, Dec. to .ipril outdoors ;
S. Europe.
Phlox. — Ord. Polemoniaceae. Hardy & half-hardy annual and
perennial herbs. First introduced 1725. Phloxes for garden cultiva-
tion are divided into four classes, viz., Alpines, Early-flowering or Tall,
Late-flowering (tall), and Annual.
CULTURE OF ALPINE SPECIES Soil, deep, rich sandy loam, con-
:
part leaf-mould, & half a part sand. Pot, March. Position, cold
frame or greenhouse. Water moderately, Oct. to April; freely other
times. Admit air freely always.
CULTURE OF EARLY AND LATE-FLOWERING KINDS: Sbil,
deep rich moderately heavy loam; light soils not suitable. Position,
sunny or partially-shaded borders, former preferable. Plant, Oct.,
Nov., Feb., or March. Mulch liberally with decayed manure in
March or April. Apply liquid manure frequently. May to Sept.
Water freely in dry weather. Cut down stems in Oct. Lift, divide,
& replant in fresh rich soil triennially.
POT CULTURE Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part leaf-mould
:
or rotten cow manure, & one part coarse sand. Position, cold par-
tially-shaded greenhouse in summer; cold frame in winter. Pot,
March. Water, freely, April to Oct., very little afterwards. Apply
stimulants once a week. May to Sept.
CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in Ught
:
soil in box, pan, or pot, in temp. 55" to 65°, March. Transplant seed-
lings 2 in. apart in boxes or pots, gradually harden off & plant out-
doors. Gin. apart, in rich soil, in sunny position, in June. Nip off
point of main shoot after planting to induce bushy growth. Water
freely in dry weather. Mulch with manure or cocoanut-fibre refuse.
POT CULTURE Compost, two parts loam, one part decayed manure
:
or leaf-mould & little sand. Plant four seedlings in 5-in. pot in April.
Keep in temp. 55° until June, then place in cold frame or on outside
window sill. Water freely. Apply stimulants when Sin. high. Nip
off points of shoots when 3 in. high. No repotting required. Propa-
gate early & late kinds by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in
temp. 55° in autumn or spring by cuttings of shoots obtained from
;
BNOltCtOPJBDtA OP GAUDBNtNG.
ANNUAL SPECIES: P. Drummondii, tarious colours, summer, 1 It., Texas;
and its -varieties ouspidata (pointed petals), flmbriata (fringed petals), flora pleno
(double), grandiflora (large flowered), and nana (dwarf).
Phoenix (Date Palm).— Ord. Palmaoese. Stove palms. Orna-
mental foliage. First introduced 1597. Leaves, feather-shaped,
green.
CULTURE Compost, three parts good fibrous loam, one part old
:
border at base of south wall S. & W. of England & Ireland only. Plant,
March or April. Protect in winter by covering of ashes or dry fern
fronds placed around base of stem. Lift, divide, & replant every three or
four years. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in shallow pans or
boxes filled with light rich soil & placed in a temp, of 55° to 65°, Feb. or
March, transplanting seedlings outdoors. May or June by cuttings of ;
equal proportions of dried cow dung, leaf-mould, brick rubble, & silver
sand. Position, well-drained pots close to glass in warm greenhouse
or sunny window, Sept. to July; outdoors fully exposed to the sun,
July to Sept. Pot, April. Repot every three years only. Firm
potting & good drainage essential. Water freely. May to Oct.; keep
nearly dry, Oct. to May. Apply weak stimulants to plants that have
been potted a year once a-week. May to Sept. Syringe plants daily.
May to Sept. Shade from sun tor a few weeks after repotting, also
for a short time after removal to open air. Temp., Oct. to April,
50° to 55°; April to Oct. 60" to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep in light soil in pan or shallow box placed in temp. 63° to 75° in
spring; by cuttings of stems dried in the suu for a day or two, then
326
ENCYCLOPMDIA OF OABDFNINO.
inserted singly in 2-in. pots filled with light sandy soil, & placed
on sunny shelf in greenhouse, April to Sept.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. AcltCTmanui. crimson, summer, 3 to 4 ft., Mexico;
ang-ulig-er, yellow, fragrant, autumn, 1 to 2 ft., Mexico; crenatus, white, fragrant,
summer, Honduras; grandis, white, fragrant, 2 to 3 ft., Honduras; Hookeri, white,
fragrant, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Brazil latifrona, creamy white, summer, 6 to 8 ft.,
;
Mexico phyllanthioides, rose and white, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Mexico. Also numerous
;
green; Castillonis (Syn. Bambusa Castillonis), leaves green and white; fastuoaa
(Syn. fastuosa), leaves green; marliacea (Syn. Bambusa marliaoea), leaves
Bambusa
green; mitis (Syn. Bambusa mitis), leaves green; nigra (Syn. Bambusa nigra),
leaves green; viridi-glauccscens (Syn. Bambusa viridi-glaucescensj, leaves green.
Phyllotaenium. — See Xanthosoma.
Phymatodes. —See Polypodium.
PhysaliS (Ground or Winter Cherry; Eed Winter Cherry; Cape
Gooseberry; Peruvian Cape Gooseberry). Ord. Solauaceae. Green- —
house & hardy perennial herbs. Fruit of Cape Gooseberry edible, a
globular berry inclosed in an inflated calyx.
CULTURE OP HARDY
SPECIES: Soil, rich. Position, sunny
well-drained border. Plant, March or April. Lift, divide, & replant
in fresh soil every third year. Gather stems bearing fruits in Sept.,
& dry for winter decorations.
CULTURE OP GREENHOUSE SPECIES Soil, two parts loam, one :
mer, fruit scarlet, 1 ft., Europe; Franchettii, white, summer, fruit red, 18 in.,
Japan.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: P. peruviana (Cape Gooseberry), white, summer, fruit
purplish, 3 ft., Tropics; and its varieties edulis (fruit yellow), and violacea (fruit
violet).
Physostegia (False Dragon-head).— Ord. Labiatae. Hardy
herbaceous perennials. First introduced 1683.
CULTURE Soil, light ordinary. Position, cool partially-shaded
:
100 ft., Himalayas; nigra (Black Spruce), 60 to 70 ft., N.E. America; orientalis)
(Syn. Abies orientalis), Caucasus; pungens (Syn. Abies Menziesii). Blue Snruoe
70 to 80 ft., California. " '
329
BNOYOLOP^UIA OP GAUmNttiil.
one part sand. Position, well-drained pots or beds with branches
trained to wall. Pot, Feb. or March. Water moderately, Oct. to
April, freely afterwards. Syringe, April to Aug. Prune straggling
shoots moderately in March. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 60°;
March to Sept. 65° to 75°. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots in-
serted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 65° to 75° in summer.
Sl'KGIES CULTIVATED: P. acris (Wild Cluve), white and pink. May, 20 to 3(1
ft., W. Indies officinalis (Allspice), white, summer, 10 to 20 ft., W. Indies.
;
flora; peat & rough gravel for P. alpina; moist peat or peaty loam
for P. vulgaris. Plant, March or April. Water freely in dry posi-
tions in summer. Mulch with thick layer of cocoanut-fibre refiise in
May. Propagate by seeds sown on surface of shallow pans filled with
equal parts of sphagnum moss, peat, & sand, placed under bell-glass &
kept moist in temp, of 55°^ to 65°, Feb., March, or April; division of
plants at potting or planting time.
GIIEENHOUSK 8P15CIES P. caudata, o:ivmine, autumn, li in.. Mexico.
:
HARDY SPECIES: P. alpina, white and yellow. May, 4 in,, Europe (BritninU
grandifloi-a, blue and violet, summer, 4 in., Europe iBritain) -rulgaris (Bog Tiol't,
;
'
yiolot. summer, \ to 6 in., Britain.
Pink (Uiauthus pliimarius). See Diauthus. —
330
ENOYCLOPJEDIA OF GABBENING.
Pinus Deal; Tine Tree).— O'rd. Couiferae.
(Fir; Hardy orn.-
leaved trees. Evergreen. Habit, free and pieturesque. Leaves,
needle-like, two to five iu a wliorl. Cones, conical and erect.
CULTURE Soil and position, P. austriaca, laricio, montana, &
:
for deal flooring, etc. Seeds ripe in Nov. Number of seeds per
pound, 70,000. One pound of seed will yield 8,000 plants.
SPECIES COLTIVATED: P. bungeana (Lace Bark Pine), 70 ft., N. China:
cembra (Stone Pine), 100 to 150 ft., Central Europe; Coulteri, 60 to 70 ft,, Cali-
fornia; excelsa (Bhotan Pine), 100 to 150 ft., Himalayas; halepensis (Jerusalem
Pine), 50 ft., Mediterranean Region; insignis (Monterey Pine), 80 to 100 ft.,
California; Laricio (Corsican Pine), 100 to 150 ft., S. Europe; Laricio nigricans
(Syn. P. austriaca), i31ack Pine, 70 to 100 ft., N. Europe; pinaster (Cluster Pine),
60 to 80 ft., Mediterranean Region pinea (The Umbrella Pine), 40 to 60 ft., Medi-
;
terranean Region; ponderosa, 100 to 150 ft., British Columbia; strobus (Weymouth
Pine), 100 to 150 ft., N. America; sylyestris (Scots Pine), 50 to 100 ft., N. Europe
(Britain).
Pinxter-flower (Rhododendron nudiflora). —See Rhododendron.
Piper (Pepper Plant). — Piperaceae. Stove & greenhouse ever-
green shrubs. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1748. Leaves, large,
•green, or purple, marbled or blotched with white or bronze.
CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES Compost, two parts loam, one
:
ties not exceeding 2 it. in height 3 ft. for those not more than 4 ft.
;
high; 6 to 8ft. for those growing 5 to 6ft. high. Sow earliest sorts
on south border, Nov. & Jan., or in 4iin. pots in temp. 55° in Jan.,
hardening plants off when 3 in. high in cold frame & planting outdoors
in Feb. or March; second early sorts in open garden in Feb. & March;
main-crop, April & May; late crops, June & July. Draw mould up to
each side of row when plants are 6 in. high & place supports to them.
Mulch to width of 15 in. on each side of row with manure. Water
copiously in dry weather. Nip off points of shoots of 'tall kinds when
4 ft. high, & again when 5 ft. high. Early peas, seeds round, late
ditto, wrinkled (marrowfats). Quantity of seed required for a row
50 ft. long : 1 pint. Seeds retain their vegetative powers for 3 to 4
years, and seeds germinate in 10 to 20 days. Crop reaches maturity
in 18 to 24 weeks. Round-seeded sorts germinate more quickly than
wrinkled kinds. Protect seeds from mice and birds by soaking them
in paraffin oil for 4 hours before sowing.
Market Culture Soil, deeply worked and well - manured.
:
kainit 2 cwt. per acre, applied in autumn. When plants appear, apply
3 cwt. superphosphate per' acre, & a few weeks later 1 cwt. nitrate of
soda per acre. On poor soils apply 10 tons of farmyard manure per
acre in autumn, and superphosphate & nitrate of soda in spring.
Sow early sorts, Nov. to Jan.; mid-season, Feb. & March; late, April.
Distances to sow 3 in. deep, 2 to 3 in. apart in rows 2^ to 3 ft. asunder.
:
Hoeing, 3s. brushing haulm, 3s. 6d. ; picking per bushel (32 lb.), 4d.
;
to 6d. Average yield per acre, 150 bushels. Average return per acre,
iE20 to .£30. Weight of seeds per bushel, 56 to 63 lb,
CULTURE OF SUGAR PEAS Soil, same as for garden peas.
: Sow
inMarch or April, 2J in. deep in drills 6 in. wide & 6 ft. apart, & earth
up & stake in the usual way. Gather pods when fully developed &
cook like French beans. Rotation : Peas may follow potatoes, carrots,
parsnips, turnips, broccoli, or cabbage & be succeeded by cabbage,
;
white OP red, summer, Europe, etc. satiyum saccnaratum (Sugar Pea), white or
;
red, Bummer, Europe elatius (Mummy or Crown Pea), blush, summer, 4 to 6 ft.,
;
Mediterranean Region. The statement that seeds of latter were originally found
in an Egyptian mummy is a purely legendary one.
—
Pitcairnia,. Ord. Bromeliaceae. Stove perennial herbs. First
introduced 1777. Leaves, narrow or sword-shaped; margins prickly.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, rough peat, & leaf-
:
nnuYoioPMDtA oP oAiumNiNO.
zuola and Colombia; aphelandrrfora, red, summer, 1 ft., Brazil; fulgens, red.
May, 1 to 3 ft., Guadeloupe; musco.sa, red, winter, 1 ft., Brazil; Tiolacea, Tiolet,
summer, 1 ft., Brazil. There are 40 or more other species of little merit.
Pitcher-plants (Sarracenias and Nepenthes), whicli see.
Pittosporuin —
(Parchment-bark). Ord Pittosporiaceae. Green-
house evergreen &
half-hardy flowering shrubs. First introduced 1783.
GULTUEE OP GEEENHOTJSE SPECIES: Compost, two parts
fibrous loam, one part fibrous peat, half a part silver sand. Position,
pots or tubs in light airy sunny greenhouse. Pot, March or April.
Prune straggling shoots moderately immediately after flowering.
Water moderately, Sept. to April, freely afterwards. Syringe occa-
sionally, except when in flower, during summer. Temp., Oct. to April,
4-0° to 50° ;April to Oct. 60° to 70".
CULTURE OP HALF-HARDY SPECIES: Soil, deep sandy loam.
Position, well-drained border against S. walls S. & S.W. England;
pots in cold greenhouse, Oct. to May; sunny border outdoors. May to
Oct., N. of London. Plant, March or April. Propagate by cuttings
of moderately firm shoots, 2 to 3 iu. long, inserted singly in small pots
of sandy soil under bell-glass in shade in temp. 55° to 65° in summer.
GBEBNHOUSB SPECIES P. eriooarpam, yellow, fragrant, summer, 6 to 10 ft.
:
ENOYCLOPJEDIA OF GARDENING.
Platycerium Fern;
Stag's-horn Fern).
(Elk's-horn Ord. —
Pilices. Stove & greenhouse evergreen
First introduced 1808.
ferns.
Fronds more or less broad, divided; resembles stag's horn.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts fibrous peat & sphagnum moss.
:
long, of young shoots, inserted singly in small pots of light sandy soil
in temp. 55° in March or April; division of plants in April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. grandiflorum, blue, July, 1 ft., China and Japan;
and its varieties alba (white), and Mariesii (white and dwarf).
Platylobium (Flat Pea). — Ord. Leguminosae. Greenhouse
flowering shrubs. Evergreen. Nat. Australia. First introduced
1790.
C ULTURE Compost, three parts peat, one part loam & little silver
:
April. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March 45° to 50°.
Stand plants outdoors from July to Sept. to mature flowering shoots
for following year. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in well-
drained pots of sandy peat in temp, of 55° to 65° in March or April
cuttings inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 55°, April to
July.
.'iPECIES CULTIVATED: P. formosum, yellow, summer, 3 to 4 ft; graoile,
yellow, June, 3 ft.; obtusangulum, yellow and red, May, 1 ft.
Platyloma. — See Pelleea.
Platystemon (Californian Poppy; Cream Cups). Ord. Papa- —
veracPEP. Hardy annu^. First introduced 1833.
C'XJT/TURp : Soil, good ordinary. Position, sunny be^s, boilers, or
335
enoyclopjEdia of gardening.
rockeries. Sow seed Jin. deep in patches where required to grow
in April. Thin seedlings 1 to 2 in. apart when iin. high. Water
freely in dry weather. Mulch with decayed manure or cocoanut-fibre
refuse in June.
SPECIES OULTIYATED: P. californicus, yellow, July, 1 ft., California.
PleJone. —See Coelogyne.
Pleroma. — See Tibouchina.
Pleurisy-root (Asclepias tuberoaa). See Aaclepias. —
—
PleurothallUS. Ord. Orchidaceac. Stove epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1826
CULTUEE: Compost, sphagnum moss only. Position, small blocks
of wood suspended from roof. Place layer of moss on block, then roots
of plant, then another layer of moss, & secure with copper wire. Water
abundantly, March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Shade from
sun. Syringe blocks 2 or 3 times daily in summer; once daily in
winter & autumn. Temp., Nov. to March 45° to 55°; March to Nov.
55° to 60°. Propagate by division, Feb. to March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. barberiana, yellow, purple and white, spring, 4 to
6 ft., S. America; omata, yellow, purple and white, April, Trop. America;
punotulata, yellow, purple and brown, spring, Colombia Roezlii, blood purple,
;
spring, Colombia.
—
Plum. See Prunus.
Plumbago —
(Leadwort; Cape Leadwort). Ord. PlumtaginaceaB.
Stove & greenhouse evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced
1596.
CTJLTTJEE OF STOVE SPECIES Compost, equal parts fibrous peat
:
& leaf-mould, half a part each loam & sand. Position, pots, shoots
trained to stakes or balloon trellis, or in borders, shoots trained to
wall in light part of stove. Pot, Feb. to April. Prune shoots mode-
rately in Jan. Water freely, April to Oct., moderately afterwards.
Syringe daily, March to Sept. Shade from sun. Temp., March to
Oct. 75° to 85° Oct. to March 55° to 65°.
;
half a part silver sand. Position, pots in light part of stove or out-
doors during July & Aug. Pot Feb. or March. Water freely, March
to Oct., moderately afterwards. Temp., March to Oct. 70° to 85°;
Oct. to March 55 to 65°. Propagate by seeds sown in light sandy
soil in temp, of 75° to 85° in spring; cuttings of short young shoots
inserted singly in small pots filled with pure sand under bell-glass in
temp. 75° to 85° in summer.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. elata, yellow, summer, 10 to 15 ft., Trop. Africa;
regia, crimson, summer, 20 to 30 ft., Madagascar.
Poinsettia. See Euphorbia. —
Poison Ash (Chionanthus virgiuica). See Chionantlius. —
Poison Bay Tree (lUicium Floridanum). See Illicium. —
Poison-dart-,— See Aglaonema.
Poison Oak (Rhus toxicoudendron). See Rhus. —
—
Poivrea. See Combretum.
Poke (Phytolacca decandra). See Phytolacca. —
Polemonium
moniaceae.
(Jacob's Ladder; Greek Valerian).
Hardy herbaceous perennials.
Ord. Pole- —
CULTUEE Soil, good ordinary or deep rich well-drained loam.
:
Position, open sunny borders for P. cseruleum & vars. sunny well- ;
give one application of water only until growth begins, then remove
to a shelf near the glass in temp. 55° to 65°, & remove to temp. 50° to
55° when in bloom. (b) Place pots on bed of coal ashes in cold frame,
cover with 4 in. cocoanut-fibre refuse, & give no water until growth
begins. After this, remove the fibre refuse, water moderately, &
transfer most forward plants to the greenhouse. (c) Pot bulbs in
April, plunge pots just above rim in a sunny spot in garden, keep
moderately moist, lift pots in Sept. or Oct., & place in greenhouse to
flower. Water freely when in full growth. Syringe foliage fre-
quently. Apply stimiilants (|-oz. guano or Clay's fertiliser) once a
week when growing freely. After flowering, bulbs of no further
use.
OUTDOOR CULTUEE Soil, ordinary rich.
: Position, warm sunny
border. Plant bulbs 3 in. deep & 6 in. apart, March to April, to flower
in Aug. & Sept. Plant fresh bulbs annually. Propagate by offsets.
SPECIES CULTIVATED P. tuberosa (Tuierose), white, fragrant, autumn and
:
8 \Moa;
P. Ghamabuxus, yellow and purple, summer, 6
in., Alps.
HARDY SPICUIES :
Hardy her-
Polygonatum (Solomon's Sea!).— Ord. Liliacese.
baceous perennials. -„ i- n .i j
Position, partially-shaded
i
well-drained borders. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in light soil in temp,
6.5° in March, planting seedlings outdoors in June; or sow in open
border in April? Water freely in dry weather. Apply stimulants
during flowering period.
CULTUEE OF PEEENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, good rich ordinary.
Position of P. cuspidatum & P. sachalinense in large sunny or shady
moist borders, as isolated specimens on lawns, or on margins of ponds;
& P. baldschuanicum for covering arbours, pergolas, or tree trunks.
P. vaccinifolium in ordinary sunny borders or on rockeries. Plant,
Oct., Nov., March, or April. Mulch with decayed manure annually in
March. Apply stimulants occasionally during July & Aug. Water
copiously in dry weather. Prune away the dead points of shoots of
P. baldschuanicum in early spring. Propagate perennials by seeds, as
advised for annuals, or by division of roots in Oct. or March; green-
house species by cuttings inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass in
temp. 65° to 75° in spring.
A>.N'UAL SPECIES: P. orientale, rosy purple, Aug., 4 to 8 ft., Tropics.
PEEENNIAL SPECIES : P. afSne, rose, autumn, 5 to 8 ft., Himalayas ; alpinnm,
white, Aug., 4 ft., S. Europe; amplexicaule, rose, autumn, 3 ft., Himalayas;
baldschuanicum, white, autumn, 10 to 15 ft., climber, Bokhara; compactum, white,
autumn, 2 ft., tTapan ; cuspidatum, white, July and Aug., 6 to 8 ft., Japan;
sachalinense, white, summer, 8 to 10 ft., Sachalin Isles; Taccinifolinm, rose,
aulumn, 6 in., Himalayas. Latter to tc grown on a rockery.
Polypodium (Common Polypody; Oak Fern; Beech Fern). Ord. —
Filices. Stove, greenhouse & hardy ferns. Evergreen & deciduous.
CULTUEE OF STOVE AND GEEENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost,
equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, & silver sand. Pot, Feb. to April.
Position, pots, baskets, or rock beds. Shade from sun essential.
Moist atmosphere, Feb. to Sept. moderately moist afterwards. No
;
MNtif'oLop^biA oP adiiDMMd.
perennials. Double potentillas are hybrids between P. insignia &
P. argyrophylla atrosanguinea.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary deep
; ricli sandy. Position, sunny
rockeries for dwarf species (P. alba, P. alpestris, P. ambigua, P. cala-
bria, P. nitida, & P. pyreuaica); sunny borders for tall kinds (P.
argyrophylla atrosanguinea & vars., P. fruticosa, etc.). Plant, Oct.,
Nov., March or April. Mulch tall kinds with decayed manure annually
in- March. Water copiously in dry weather. Apply stimulants occa-
sionally during flowering period. 'Lift, divide, & replant border kinds
in fresh soil every three or four years. Propagate by seeds sown 1-16 in.
deep, in shallow pans or boxes of light sandy soil in temp. 55" to 65",
March, transplanting seedlings outdoors in May or June; or similar
depth in partially-shaded border outdoors in April; division of roots,
Oct., Nov., March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. alba, white, spring:, 6 in., Europe; alchemellioides,
wliite, summer, 6 in., Pyrenees; ambigua. yellow, summer, 6 in., Himalayas;
arp-yropliylla, yellow, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Himalayas; argyrophylla atrosanguinea,
crimson; fruticosa, yellow, summer, 3 to 4 U., Britain; hopwoodiana, yellow and
rose, summer, 18 in., hybrid; nepalensis, o*'.mson, summer, 18 in., Himalayas;
nitida, rose, summer, 6 in.; Europe; nitida alba, white; nitida grandiflora, pink;
nitida atrorubens, rose nitida rosea, rose. Many beautiful hybrids for which
;
border. Plant, 6 in. apart in rows Sin. asunder, Feb. Water freely
in dry weather. Remove flower stems directly they appear. Roots
to be lifted & replanted annually. Propagate by seeds sown -^ in. deep
in drills Sin. apart, March, April, or Sept., thinning seedlings when
2 in. high, 6 in. apart.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. officinalis (Syn. Sanguisorba ofaoinale), green and
purple, summer, 2 ft., Europe (Britain).
Pothos. — Ord. Aroide^. Stove evergreen climbing shrubs. Orn.
foliage. Pirst introduced 1821. Leaves, roundish or lance-shaped,
green, or variegated with creamy yellow.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts rough peat, sphagnum moss, char-
:
coal, & coarse sand. Position, pots with shoots trained to old tree
stems, trunks of tree ferns or walls. Pot, Peb. or March. Water
copiously, March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Syringe freely all
the year round. Temp., Sept. to March, 60° to 65°;' March to Sept.,
80° to S5°. Shade from sun essential. Propagate by division of roots,
-Feb. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. argenteus, leaves silvery grey, Borneo; aureus,
leaves variegated with yellow, Borneo celatoeauljs, stems
; clinging, Borneo
scandens, steins climbing, India.
Pot IVIarigfold (Calendula oflrcinalis). — See Calendula.
Pot Marjoram (Origanum Onites). —See Origanum.
Prairie Rose (Rosa setigera). — See Rosa.
Prairie Sun-flbw*fer (Helianthus rigidus). — See Helianthus.
Pratia. — Ord. Campanulaceae. Hardy herbaceous perennial
trailing plants. First introduced 1879.
OUTDOOR CULTURE Soil, two parts peat, one part leaf-mould &
:
leaf-mould & silver sand. Pot, March. Positioi:, cool or cold green-
343
SNCYOLOPJSDiA OF GAMdMN'ING.
house, frame, or window. Water freely, April to Sept., moderatelj
.
fliat and round, slightly scalloped on edge, and divided into five or six
lobes or segments; Tube or throat, thrum-eyed, that is, not showing
the pistil; Edging and centre of lobes or florets to be even in width,
and of same shade of sulphur, lemon or yellow as the eyes, and one
shade of yellow only in centre; Ground or body colour, black or red;
Plower-stem, stiff, strong, erect. Outdoob Culture: Same as for
Primrose. Pot Culture Compost, two parts good yellow fibrous
:
equal parts peat, leaf-mould, & loam in shallow pans or boxes in shady
345
;
ENOYCLOPiEDIA OF GARDEN IK G.
cold frame in March or April, or by division in spring; P. verticillata
& P. floribuuda by seeds sown as advised for P. sinensis, also by division
after flowering; primrose & polyanthus by seeds sown on surface of
light sandy soil, slightly covered in cold frame in March or April; or
outdoors in shady position in April, likewise by division after flowering.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: P. floribunda, yellow, spring, 6 in., Himalayas;
kewensis, yellow, spring, 6 to 12 in., hybrid; obconica, lilac, spring, 6 to 8 in.,
China; sinensis (Chinese Primrose), various colours, winter and spring, 6 to 9 in.,
China; verticillata, yellow, spring, 12 to 18 in., Arabia.
HARDY SPECIES: P. auricula (Auricula), various colours, 6 in., Europe;
variabilis (Polyanthus), various, spring, in., hybrid; vulgaris (Primrose), various,
(i
pulcherrima, dark lilac, are pretty varieties of it; elwesiana, Sikkim, purple,
June, partially shaded rookery, loam and leaf -mould farinosa (Bird's Eye Prim-
;
rose), British species, lilac with yellow eye, June and July, 6 in., rockery, loam
and peat, moist; floribunda, Himalayan species, golden-yellow, summer, 4 to 8 in.,
rockery, ordinary soil Forbesii, China, rosy purple with orange-white eye, March
;
to June, warm rockery, sandy loam and leaf -mould, hardy in mild districts only
glutinosa, Tyrol, bluish purple, June, rockery, sandy loam and peat, moist; grandis,
Caucasus, yellow, summer, 9 in., rockery, loam and leaf -mould involucrata, ;
Himalayas, creamy white, yellow centre, March to June, 6 in., moist border, loam
and peat; integrifolia, Pyrenees, rose, April to Jane, rockery, moist loam;
japonica, Japan, crimson, June, 1 to 2 ft., partially shady moist borders, deep,
rich loam (alba a pretty white variety) latifolia, Pyrenees, violet, fragrant, June,
;
4 to 6 in., sunny rockery, sandy peat and loam; marginata, Switzerland, lilac,
April and May, 2 to 4 in., rockery, moist sandy loam; minima, S. Europe, rose
or white, June, 2 in., rockery, moist sandy loam; Parryi, Rocky Mountains, purple,
yellow centre, spring, G to 12 in., shady rockery or bed, moist sandy loam and
peat; pubescens, a hybrid, rosy crimson, April, 3 to 6 in., rockery, moist loam;
(alba, Syn. P. nivalis, is a rare and pretty white variety of the latter) purpurea, ;
Nepaul, purple, March to June, 6 to 8 in., sunny rockery or border, sandy loam
and leaf-mould; rosea, Kashmir, rosy carmine, yellow centre, spring, 4 to 6 in.,
partially shady rookery or bed, moist loam and leaf -mould; Sieboldi (Syn. P.
amoena), Japan, rose with white eye, April and May, 6 to 12 in., partially shady
bed, well-manured sandy loam and leaf -mould; sikkimensis, Sikkim, pale yellow,
drooping, fragrant. May and June, 18 in. to 2 ft., shady beds or margin of water,
deep, moist peat and leaf -mould; spectabilis. Eastern Alps, rosy purple, July,
3 in., sunny rockery, sandy loam and leaf-mould; Stuarti, N. India, golden-yellow,
summer, 9 to 15 in., shady rookery or bed, moist sandy loam and leaf -mould;
visoosa (Syn. P. villosa), a Pyrenean species, rosy purple with white eye, spring,
4 in., shady rookery, sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould.
Prince's-Feather (Amaranthus hypochoudriacus). — See Ania-
ranthns.
Pritchardia. —Ord. Palmacese. Stove palms. Orn. foliage.
First introduced 1870. Leaves more or less fan-shaped, green.
CULTUEE Compost, two parts peat & one part of loam & sand.
:
part equal proportions silver sand, charcoal, broken pots, freestone, &
peat. Position, light airy greenhouse fully exposed to sunshine. Pot,
March. Drain pots one- third of depth vi^ith broken potsherds. Pot
firmly. Water moderately, March to Sept., occasionally afterwards,
keepingj soil just moist. No syringing or stimulants required. Stand
plants in sunny position outdoors during June, July, & Aug. Temp.,
frept. to March 40° to 50"; March to June 55" to 65° Propagate
by cuttings of firm shoots cut off close to a joint, pared quite smooth,
inserted thinly in small pots half-filled with drainage, & remainder
with pure sand, placed under bell-glass in cool part of greenhouse in
summer.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. oordata, purple, spring, 13 in., S. Africa; grandi-
flora, white, May, 6 to 8 ft., S. Africa.
Provence Rose (Rosa gallica provincialis). — ^See Rosa.
Prumnopitys. —Ord. Coniferse. Hardy and half-hardy ever-
green trees. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1863.
CULTURE OP HARDY SPECIES: Soil, good, deep loam, well-
drained. Po.'jition, sunny sheltered lawns. Plant, Oct., Nov., March
or April.
CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY SPECIES Compost, two parts loam,
:
and its varieties alba (white) and rubra, or webbiana (red) -vulgaris laciniata,;
3oz. soot per square yard, applied in March; (2) 1 part (by weight)
crude magnesium sulphate, 6 parts muriate of potash, 18 parts bone
superphosphate forked into the soil at the rate of 7 lb. per tree after
pruning; (3) Jib. kainit, %\t>. each of superphosphate & nitrate of
soda, \\ lb. salt, applied as advised for No. 2. Liquid manure Nitrate
:
of soda Joz. to gallon; guano 1 oz. to gallon; horse & cow manure
—
diluted one-third all applied in spring & summer. TJndee Glass:
Soil, planting, pruning, manuring, same as for outdoors. Temp, for
forcing : Jan. 40° to 50° ; Feb. 45° to 55° ; March & onwards, 55° to
65°. Disbud when shoots are an inch or so long. Syringe twice daily
until blossoms open, then cease; commencing again when fruit forms,
& discontinuing when it begins to ripen. Ventilate freely in summer.
Thin the fruit when the size of a hazel nut to 3 or 4 in. apart; &
again when as large as a walnut to a foot apart. Water border
thoroughly in Jan. or Feb., again in March, May, July, & Sept.
Apply stimulants, March, May, July, & Sept. Trees in Pots Com-
:
post, two parts decayed turfy loam, one part well-decayed manure, a
quarter part crushed bones, & a tablespoonful of superphosphate to
each bushel. Pot, Nov. Stand the trees in a sheltered corner till
Jan., when remove to greenhouse. Water moderately at first, freely
in spring & summer, none in winter. Pruning, manuring, etc., as
advised above.
CULTURE OF CHERRY: Soil, rich, sandy; stiff or gravelly unsuit-
able. Position, standards, pyramids, & bushes open & sunny;
May Duke & early kinds on S. & W. walls or fences;
Bigarreau & Morello on E. or N. walls. Plant standards 25 ft.
apart; pyramids, 15ft.; horizontal or fan-trained, 15ft.; bush-
trained, 5 to 8ft.; cordons, 18 in. Cost of trees, each: Cordons,
2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d. ; pyramids. Is. 6d. to 2s. 6d. ; fan-trained. 2s. 6d. to
3s. 6d.; standards. Is. 6d. to 3s. 6d. Time to plant, Oct. to Feb.
Depth for roots, 6 in. Stocks for standard trees, seedling Duke or
Morello; for dwarf trees, Mahaleb Cherry. Mode of bearing: Morello
bears fruit along full length of shoot of previous year's growth; other
kinds at base of shoots only, called " spurs." Pruning Standards,
:
simply remove branches when too thick; pyramids & bushes, cut back
all shoots to 3 in. in July, except those required to form branches,
which leave 6 or Sin.; cordons, cut all shoots except leading one
similarly; horizontal & fan-trained, cut back side shoots to 3 in.,
leading cues to 6 in. in July; Morello, remove old or weak shoots
only in Deo. Winter pruning consists of removal of dead or over-
313
: :;
:
ENOYOLOPJEDIA OF GARDENING.
crowded shoots & cutting back those omitted in summer. Protect early
cherries by nets or tiffany. Pot Culture: Plant in 10 or 12 in.
pots in Oct. Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part decayed
manure. Place trees in sheltered position outdoors till Jan., then
remove them to greenhouse or vinery. Temp., Jan. to March, 45" to
60°; March to June 55° to 65°. Water moderately. Ventilate
moderately before & after flowering, freely when in flower.
Maekbt Culture op Chebbt Soil, loam overlying chalk-'or gravel.
:
sites, £7; manure, .£5; planting and staking, IBs. to 20s.; total per
—
acre bushes, ^627 ; standards, ^616. Cost of cultivation per acre
Pruning, .£1; gathering fruit, .£9; annual manuring, .£5. Average
yield per acre, 4 tons. Average return per acre (gross), ^6100; net,
£S0 to i£83. Manures (per acre), steamed bone-meal, 3 cwts.; sulphate
of potash, IJcwt. chloride of soda, Jcwt.; sulphate of magnesia,
;
dwarfs, 302. Cost of trees per acre: Standards, £7; dwarfs, d615.
Cost of planting per acre: Preparing sites, £7; manures, £5; plant-
349
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF OABDENING.
ing and staking, standards, 32s. 6d. dwarfs, 73. 6d. ; total, ^£20 to
;
dE5; gathering fruit, £7. Average yield per acre, 7 tons. Average
returns per acre (gross), ^ElOO; net, ^£85. Manures (per acre):
Steamed bone-meal, 3cwt.; kainit, IJcwt., after pruning; nitrate of
soda, 2J cwt. after fruit lias set.
CULTURE OP DAMSON Soil, moderately rich deep loam.
: Posi-
tion, south aspect, well-drained site. Shape of trees, standard,
pyramidal, or bush. Plant bush-trained trees 5 ft. apart; pyramidal,
15 ft.; standards, 24 ft., in Nov., Dec, or Jan. Depth for roots, 6 in.
Prune in Dec, simply cutting away old branches or weak shoots &
moderately shortening strong ones. Manures, cost of trees, etc.,
same as for plums.
CULTURE OF APEICOT Soil, light well-drained loam, containing
:
Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould, half a part silver
sand. Position, cold greenhouse, Jan. to June; outdoors, pots plunged
to rim in garden soil, June to Nov. ; sheltered corner or pit, Nov. to
Jan. Pot, Nov. Repot annually. Water freely, March to Oct.,
moderately afterwards. Apply stimulants occasionally, April to Sept.
Temp, for forcing 55° to 65"
Pbopaqation : Peach and uectarine by budding in July or Aug.
350
;
Ml^OtOLOP^DIA OP GAliDENINO.
ou Seedling Almonds or Plums; Cherry by budding in July or Aug.
on the Mahaleb Cherry for dwarfs, or seedling cherry for standards;
riums by budding in July or Aug., on the seedling Damson or St.
Julien Plum, or Myrobalan Plum reared from cuttings; Darnsons by
seed; Almonds by budding on seedling Plums; other species by bud-
ding on the Myrobalan Plum Laurels and Myrobalan Plum by cut-
;
Pcrsica Isovis (Nectarine) ; communis (Plum), white, spring, 20 ft., native habitat
unknown; Oerasua (Cherry), white, April, 15 to 20 ft., Europe (Britain), etc.;
Armeniaca (Apricot), blush, Feb. and March, 15 to 25 ft., N. China; insititia
(Bullace), white, April, 10 to 20 ft., Europe (Britain); spinosa (Sloe), white, Jlarcb,
10 to 15 ft., Europe (Britain); spinosa 7ar. (Damson), white, spring, 20 ft.,
Britain.
PLOWEEING SPE01EI3: P. Amygdahis (Almond), rose, March and April, SO to
30 ft., S. Europe; Amygda-lus flore-pleno, double; Amygdahis amara {Bitter
Almond); Amygdalus dulcis (Sweet Almond); davidiana, rose, Jan. to March,
10 ft., China; nana (Dwarf Almond), rose, March, 3 ft., S. llussia; Persica fiore
roseo plena (Double Peach), rose, double, March, 10 to 20 ft.; Persica flore albo
plena, white, double; Persica foliis rubris, leaves purple; Avium flore pleno
(Double Gean Cherry), white, double, spring, 30 ft., Europe (Britain) ;Cerasus
Uhexii flore pleno (Double Cherry), white, double, April, 20 ft., Europe; Japonica
flore pleno albo (Double Chinese Cherry), pink, April, 3 ft., Japan; pseudo-cerasus
(Syn. Watereri), white, semi-double, May, 12 ft., Japan; triloba flore pleno, silvery
rose, double, and May, 5 to 10 ft., China; Padua (Bird Cherry), white. May, 20 to
30 ft., Europe (Britain); virginiaua (Tirginian Bird Cherry), white. May, 30 to
40 ft., N. America.
BVBRGIIEEN SPECIES: P. Laurooerasus (Common or Cherry Laurel), white,
spring, 8 to 20 ft., E. Europe, Orient, etc. and its varieties, caucasica. colchica,
;
& sand. Pot, Feb. to March. Water freely, March to Oct., mode-
rately afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 60°; Sept. to
March 45° to 55°. Propagate by grafting in heat in spring; insert-
ing portions of roots in light soil in temp. 80° in April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED P. crassifolium, 5 to 10 ft., Kew Zealand.
:
Brazil; Guava pomiterum (Red Guava), white, June, fruits apple-like, 10 ft.; aud
Guava pyriferum (Common Guava), white, fruits pear-like, Trop. America.
Psoralea (Scurvy Pea).— Ord. Leguminosae. Greenhouse ever-
green flowering snrubs. First introduced 1690.
COLTUEE: Compost, equal parts iibrous loam, peat, & silver sand.
Position, pots in sunny airy greenhouse. Pot, Feb. or March. Prune
into shape, Feb. Water freely, April to Sept., moderately after-
wards. Good drainage essential. No stimulants or shade required.
Temp., March to Sept. 55" to 65°; Sept. to March 40° to 50°. Pro-
pagate by cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in pots
half filled with drainage, remainder layer of moss & pure sand, placed
under bell-glass in shady part of greenhouse. May or June.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. aouleata, blue and white, summer, 3 ft., S. Africa;
pinnata, blue, summer, 4 ft., S. Africa; arborea, blue, June, 6 ft., S. Africa.
Ptelea, (Hop Tree). —Ord. Rutaceae. Hardy deciduous trees.
Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1704. Leaves, trifoliate,
green, or variegated with yellow.
CULTURE Soil, : ordinary. Position, Open shrubberies, plantations,
or woods. Plant, Nov. to Feb. Prune into shape, Dec. to Feb. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown ^in. deep in sunny position outdoors in March
or April; layering shoots any time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. trifoliata, green, May, 4 to 8 ft., N. America;
trifoliata aurea, young leaves golden.
Pteris (Bracken; Brake-fern; Spider Fern). Ord. Filices. Stove, —
greenhouse, & hardy ferns. Evergreen and deciduous. Young shoots
of bracken, gathered when 6 in. long^ may be cooked and eaten like
Asparagus.
CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES : Soil, ordinary. Position, shady
borders or woods. Plant, April.
CULTURE OP STOVE SPECIES Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-
:
mould, peat, & sand. Position, pots, beds, or rockeries in shady part
of stove. Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Water abundantly, April to
Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 80°;
Sept. to March 60° to 70°.
CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIES; Compost, as above. Pot,
March or April. Position, pots, beds, or rockery in shady part of
house. Water freely, March to Oct.; moderately Oct. to March.
Temp., March to Sept., 55° to 65°; Sept. to March, 50° to 55°. Pro-
pagate by spores sown on fine sandy peat in well-drained pans in temp.
a0° any time ; dwarf species by division of plants, Oct. or April.
HAEDT SPECIES P. aquilina (Brake or Bracken Fern), 2 to 4 ft., JBritain, etc.
:
Several varieties.
STOVE SPECIES: P. aspericaulis, 6 to 8 in., India; aspericaulis tricolor,
fronds green, white and red palmata nobilis, 1 ft., Brazil
;
quadriaurata argyrea,
;
Mayi, major and Wimsettii, Tropics ensiformis, and its varieties cristata, Kogina:
;
Fern), and its varieties Smithieana, elegaas and variegata, Australia. See also
Pellara.
Ptychosperma. (Australian Feather Palm). Ord. Palmaceee. —
Stove palms. Orn. foliage. Leaves, feather-shaped, green, very
graceful. First introduced 1868.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts loam & leaf-mould, half a part
:
tions silver sand & pounded charcoal. Position, light, airy green-
house. Pot, Feb. or March. Well-drained pots & firm potting essen-
tial. Water freely, April to Sept., moderately other times. Use soft
water only. No stimulants required. Shade unnecessary. Stand
plants in sunny position outdoors during July & Aug. Temp., Sept.
to March 40° to 50°; March to July 55° to 65°. Propagate by seeds
sown on surface of shallow well-drained pans, filled with sandy peat,
slightly covered with fine peat, placed under bell-glass in temp. 55° to
65 , MTarch or April cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted
;
3i53 N
lilNorOLOP^DtA OP GAUDENING.
& transplanted in Oct. or Nov.; layering shoots Oct. or Nov.; grafting
on single-flowered species in March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. Granatum, red, June, 13 to 20 ft., Persia; Granatam
flore pleno, double Granatum nana, dwarf.
;
Purple Beech
(Fagus ay Ivatica purpurea). See Fagus. —
Purple Birch (Betula alba purpurea). See Betula. —
Purple Clover (Trifolium repeus purpureum). See Trifolium. —
Purple Cone-flower (Echinacea purpurea). See Echinacea. —
Purple Crocus (Colchicum autumnale). See Colchicum. —
Purple-leaved Elm (Clmus campestris purpurea). See TJlmus. —
Purple-leaved Filbert (Corylus Avellana purpurea). See —
Corylus.
Purple Mexican Aster (Cosmos bipinuatus). — See Cosmos.
Purple Orchis (Orchis mascula). — See Orchis.
Purple Osier (Salix purpurea). — See Salix.
Purple Rock-cress (Aubrietia purpurea). —See Aubrietia.
PurpBe Sand Verbena (Abronia umbellata). — See Abronia.
Purple Side-saddle-flower (Sarraceuia purpurea). — See
Sarraconia.
Purple Tassels (Muscari comosum). — See Muscari.
Purple Toad-flax (Linaria purpurea). —See Linaria.
Purple Willow (Salix purpurea). — See Salix.
Purple Wreath (Petraea volubilis). — See Petraea.
Purslane (Portulacca oleiacea). — See Portulacca.
Puschkinia (Striped Squill). — Ord. Liliaceae. Hardy bulbous
flowering plants. First introduced 1819.
CULTURE ordinary light sandy.
: Soil, Position, sunny well-
drained border or rockery. Plant bulbs 4 in. deep, 1 in. apart, Oct. or
Nov. Protect immediately after planting with covering 1 in. deep of
cocoanut-fibre refuse or decayed manure. After flowering remove
protective material, fully exposing surface to sun to ripen bulbs. Lift
& replant every 2 or 3 years. Propagate by seeds sown Jin. deep in
shallow well-drained pans filled with light sandy soil in Aug. or Sept.,
placed in cold frame; offsets removed & planted as advised for old
bulbs, Oct. or Nov.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. soilloides (Syn. lihanotioa), white, striped with
blue, spring, 4 in., Asia Minor; soilloides compacta, dwarf.
Pyrenean Adonis (Adonis pyrenaica).— See Adonis.
Pyrenean Lily (Lilium pyrenaicum). — See Liliuni.
Pyrenean Meadow Saffron (Mereudera bulbocodium).—
See Merendera.
Pyrenean Violet (Viola cornuta).— See Viola.
Pyrethrum See Chrysanthemum.
Pyrola (Winter Green). — Ord. Ericacesp. Hardy perennial
herbs.
CULTURE equal parts peat, leaf-mould, & sandy loam. Posi-
: Soil,
tion, moist partially-shady borders or rockeries. Plant, March or
April. Water freely in dry weather. Lift, divide, & replant only
when overgrown. Propagate by seeds sown thinly & slightly covered
with very fine sandy peat in position where intended to grow, March
or April division of roots March or April.
;
354
— ;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDMNING.
Pyrus (Apple; Pear; Crab; Medlar; Quince; Mountain Aah;
Eowan Tree; White Beam Tree).
fruit-bearing & iiowering trees &
—Ord.
Rosacese. Hardy deciduous
shrubs.
CULTURE OP APPLE Soil, deep loam.
: Position, open, sheltered
gardens, N.W. or E. walls. Plant, Nov. to Feb. Distance for plant-
ing: Cordons, 18 in.; bush-trained trees, 12ft.; pyramids, 12ft.; fan-
trained trees, 15 ft. espaliers, 18 ft. ; standards, 21 to 24 ft.
; Distance
from paths: Pyramids, 5ft.; bush-trained, 2 ft. 6 in. Mode of bear
ing On spurs formed on older branches & base of shoots of previous
:
all side shoots on cordon trees to the second latent bud about 1 in — .
from their base in June; leave the leader unpruned. Remove tiae
points of the strongest young shoots on pyramids & bushes in July;
leave the weak ones untouched. Secure to the wall suitably-place.l
young shoots of fan-trained trees to form future branches, & shorLsn
remaining ones to two leaves in July. Allow the extremity of each
espalier branch to grow unchecked & shorten side growths to two or
three leaves in July. Standards require no summer pruning.
Autumn & winter pruning Shorten secondary shoots of cordons to
:
spread on surface of soil over roots in Nov. or Dec. (4) Poultry dung
applied in a similar manner. (5) Soapsuds applied liberally in autumn
& winter. (6) Liquid horse or cow manure & urine applied at any
tinje. Stocks used for budding or grafting Crab & seedling apple for
;
soil. Position and other details as advised for apples. Average yield
per acre, 5 tons; average return (gross), .£50; ditto (net), .£35.
Manures: Bonemeal, 3cwt., & kainit, IJcwt. per acre applied after
pruning; nitrate of soda, 2^cwt., when fruit has set; or 20 tons of
farmyard manure in winter. Propagate as advised for the apple.
CULTUEE OP MEDLAPi Soil, light, moist loam. Position, shel-
:
flowering species.
FRUIT BEARING SPECIES: P. communis (Poar), wliito, April to May, 40 ft.,
Europe (Britain) and Asia; germanioa (Medlar), white, June and July, 20 to 26 ft.,
Europe, Asia; malus (Apple; Crab), pink, white. May, 20 to 30 ft., Europe
(Britain); -vulgaris (Quince), white or pink, June, 12 to 20 ft., native habitat
unknown; baocata (Siberian Crab), white, April and May, fruit oherry-like,
yellow and red, good for jelly making, 15 to 20 ft., Himalayas, Japan, et'-
FLOVVERIKG SPECIES: P. chamtemespilus (Bastard Medlar), red. May and
June, 6 ft., Europe; communis fiore pleno (Double-flowered Pear), white, double,
May, 20 to 40 ft.; coronaria (Sweet-scented Crab), rose. May, 30 ft., TJ. States;
coronaria flore-pleno, double; floribunda, rose. May, 8 ft., Japan; floribunda
flore-pleno, double; floribunda Scheideckeri, semi-double; japonica (Japanese
Quince), Syn. Cydonia japonica, scarlet, March to July, 6 ft., Japan; japonica
flore-pleno, crimson, double; japonica nivalis, white; Maulei, scarlet, April, 3 to
4 ft., Japan; Maulei alba, white; Maulei atrosanguinea, crimson; nivalis (Snow
Tree), vhite. May, 6 ft., Levant; nivalis variegata, variegated; sinensis (Snow or
Sand Pear), white, April, China; sinensis flore pleno, double; prunifolia, white,
April, 20 to 30 Siberia; spectabilis, red, April and May, 20 to 30 ft., China and
ft.,
Japan; spectabilifi fiore albo,white; spectabilis fiore pleno, double.
MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES: P. arbutifolia (Chokeberry), white or purple, May,
2 to 4 ft., N.. America, fruit pear-shaped; Aria (White Beam Tree), white. May and
June, 20 to 30 ft., ornamentel leaved, N. Temperate Zone; aucuparia (Mountain
Ash; Rowan Tree), creamy white. May, 10 to 20 ft., berries scarlet, leaves finely
cut, N. Hemisphere; Sorbus (Service Tree), creamy white. May, 20 to 30 ft.,
berries red, Europe; Toringo (Toringo Crab), white. May, Japan; Toringo flore
pleno, double.
Pyxidanthera (Pine-Barren Beauty). —Ord. Diapensiaceae.
Hardy evergreen creeping shrub. First introduced 1851.
CTTLTTJEE Soil, equal parts sandy peat & leaf-mould.
: Position,
sunny rockeries. Plant, Sept., Oct., March or April. Propagate by
seeds sown where required to grow, lightly covering with 'fine sandy
peat, Sept., Oct., or March; divison of plants, Oct. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: P. barbulata, white, rose, summer, 2 in., N.
America.
Quaking Grass (Briza media). —See Briza.
Quamash (Camassia esculenta). — See Camassia.
Quamoclit (Ipoinaa Quamoclit). —See Ipomasa.
Queen Lily. —^See Fhsedranassa.
Queen of the Orchids.—See Grammatophyllum.
Queen O* the Prairie ([Spiraea lobata). —See Spiraea.
Queen of the Woods (Betula alba). — See Betula.
Queen's Cushion (Sazifraga hypnoides).— See Saxifraga.
Queen's-flower (Lagerstroemia Flos-reginae). — See Lager-
strcemia.
Queen's Gilliflowrer (Hesperis matronalis). — See Hesperis.
Queensland Eik'S-horn Fern (Platycerium grande).—See
Platycerium.
Queensland Spear-Lily (Doryanthes Palmeri). —See Dory-
anthes.
Queen's Stock (Matthiola incana). —See Matthiola.
Quercus (Oak). —Ord. Cupuliferae. Hardy deciduous & evergreen
trees & shrubs. Orn foliage. Flowers, greenish; male & female organs
borne in different flowers on the same plant; April. Male blooms in
long pendulous catkins; females, short, solitary, or clustered. Fruit
or seeds (acorns), more or less bullet shaped. Autumn.
CTJLTUEE : gravelly, sandy, ironstone, or reclaimed
Soil, clay,
boggy ground for Common Oak & varieties; chalky or clay ground for
Evergreen Oak (Q. Ilex); gravelly sandy for Cork Oak (Q. suber);
chalky for Q. Mirbeckii and I'ubra; ordinary for remainder. Position,
ENCYCLOPJEDIA OF OABDMNING.
open, well-drained shrubberies, fields, & woods. Q. Ilex & Q. Cerris
well adapted for planting near the sea. Plant evergreen kinds, Sept.
to Nov., or April; deciduous ones, Oct. to Feb. Depth for planting
in heavy soils, 6 in.; light soils, 9 in. Distance apart for deciduous
oaks, 20 to 25 ft. evergreen oaks, used for shelter, 6 to 10 ft. for
; ;
meter of largest trees, 180 ft. Supposed oldest oak iu England, the
Cowthorpe; its assumed age 1,800 years. Timber used for building,
cabinet work, cartwheel spokes, fencing, barge building, etc.; very
durable. Average value per cubic foot. Is. 6d. to 2s. 6d. Weight of
oak per cubic ft., 53 lb. Number of cubic ft. per ton, 42. One bushel
of acorns will yield 7,000 trees. Avoid oak trees during thunderstorms.
Average price of oak bark per ton. Mi 10s. Average cost of felling and
harvesting bark per ton, ^1 10s. Average profit per ton, £2. Average
number of cubic ft. of bark per ton, 150. Average prices for seedling
trees Oneyear old, 10s. to 12s. ; two-year old, 18s. to 20s. ; older, 25s.
:
to 30s. per 1,000. Average cost of felling oak trees, 3s. per ton (42
cubic ftf).
EVERGttEES SPECIES Q. Ilex (Evergreen Holm or Holly Oak), 60 ft., Medi-
:
part decayed cow manure for fine blooms good ordinary soil, enriched
;
with rotten manure & leaf-mould for general culture. Position, open,
sunny beds or borders. Plant Turban, Scotch, & Dutch varieties in
Oct. or Nov., in warm sheltered districts; end of Feb. otherwise; Per-
sian kinds, end of Feb. Place tubers claw-side downwards 2 in. deep
& Sin. apart if to be grown in beds; 2 in. deep & 4 in. apart in rows
5 in. asunder if to be grown in lines in border. Press tubers firmly in
soil & cover with fine soil. Protect autumn-planted tubers with mulch
of manure or leaves. Mulch in April with rotten manure or cocoanut
fibre refuse. Water copiously in dry -weather. Sprinkle Peruvian
guano on the bed at the rate of 1 oz. per square yard when leaves
—
appear. Apply liquid manures J oz. each of nitrate of soda, super-
phosphate, & sulphate of iron to 1-gall. of water once aweek from —
time leaves appear until flower buds open. Lift tubers when flowers
fade & leaves turn yellow-—generally early in July dry them in the —
sun, & store away in sand in cool place till planting time.
CULTUEE OP HAEDY SPECIES Soil, ordinary. Position, shady
:
with 4 in. of fine mould, & place a frame o/er it. Sow seeds thinly,
lightly cover with mould, moisten with tepid water, & keep close until
seedlings appear, then admit air daily. Thin early to ensure good
roots. First sowing should be made in Dec, second in Jan., third in
Feb., and fourth in March. Apply stimulants as advised for outdoor
kinds. Long-rooted varieties best for forcing. Seeds germinate in
3 to 5 days and retain vegetative powers for 5 to 10 years. Crop
reaches maturity in 5 to 6 weeks.
CULTURE OF SPANISH RADISH Sow seeds in drUls 1 in. deep
:
& 6 in. apart in July or Aug. Thin seedlings when lin. high to 6 in.
apart. Water freely in dry weather, & apply stimulants as directed
for ordinary kinds. Lift roots in Nov. & store in sand in a cool shed
to use as required.
CULTURE OF RAT-TAILED RADISH (R. caudatus) Nat. Java.
:
Introduced 1815. Sow seeds in drills lin. deep & 6 in. apart in April,
May, or June. Thin to 6 in. apart when 1 in. high. Gather seed pods
when grown for pickling, mixing with salads, or cooking & eating, like
asparagus.
Mabkbt Cultubb: Soil, light rich. Plough or dig in previous
860
;
MoyoLOP^DiA dp GAiiDEI^Ilfd.
autumn 5 tons of stable dung and 2 cwt. of kaiuit per acre. Before
sowing harrow in 3 cwt. of superphosphate per acre. When crop i^
half grown apply 1 cwt. nitrate of soda per acre. Sow in drills 1 in.
deep and 1 ft. apart in Feb, March & April for early crops; May, June
& July for late crops. Roll light soil before sowing. Sow also on hot-
beds in Jan. for very early crops. Long rooted kinds best for outdoor
early crops; turnip-rooted for later ones. Thin crops early to 2 in.
apart. Early crops ready to gather 4 to 5 weeks after sowing; late
ones, 6 weeks. Market in small bunches (6 to 12 roots, according to
size and season), and sell by the dozen bunches. Average price per
dozen bunches, 3d. to Is. Average yield per acre,, 1,200 bunches.
Quantity of seed to sow an acre, 4 to 5 pecks. Number of seeds in an
ounce, 1,000. Time to germinate, 4 to 6 days.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. satiTUs iCommon Iladisli), Europe; oandatna (Rat-
tail Radish), Java.
Raphiolepis —
(Indian Hawthorn). Ord. Eosacese. Half-hardy
& hardy evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced 1806.
CULTURE Soil, equal parts peat, loam & silver sand. Position, S.
:
manure, & one part sand. Position, pots, tubs, or beds in lofty sunny
steve. PoE or plant, Jan. to April. Water copiously Feb. to Oct,
about once fortnightly afterwards. Syringe twice daily Feb. to Sept.,
once daily Sept. to Feb. Moist atmosphere essential. Apply stimu-
lants twice or three times weekly, March to Oct. Temp., March to
Oct. 70° to 85° Oct. to March 60° to 70. Propagate by suckers removed
;
from parent plant & placed in pots in temp. 75° to 85° any time of year.
SPECIES CULTIYATED R. guianensis, 10 to 15 ft., S. America; madagaBcarensia
:
June 65° to 70°. Nip off points of young shoots in June to induce
bushy growth. Propagate by cuttings of shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, in-
serted in sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 65° to 75° in April or May.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: K. tetrag-yna, yello-w, -winter, 3 ft.; trigyna (Syn.
Linum ti-igynum), yellow, autumn, 3 It. .Both natives of India.
—
Renanthera. Ord. Orchidaceae. Stove epiphytal orchids. A
shy-blooming plant. First introduced 1816.
OUIjTUEE Fix plant to blocks of wood or stems of dead tree ferns
:
Oct. to March. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85°; Sept. to March 60°
to 70°. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED 11. coecinea, orange, red, and crimson, summer, 4 to
;
8 ft., Burma.
Reseda (Mignonette). — Ord. Eesedaceae. A perennial, but usually
grown as an annual.
First introduced 1752.
OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, containing old mortar or
slaked lime. Position, sunny beds, borders, or rockeries. Sow seeds
I in. deep in masses or rows in March or April. Thin seedlings when
1 in. high to 2 or 3 in. apart. Water freely in summer. Apply stimu-
lants occasionally when in flower. In warm, dry positions plants will
survive the winter outdoors for several years.
INDOOR CULTURE Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, dried
:
manure, old mortar & silver sand. Sow March or April for summer
flowering, July or Aug. for winter & spring. Fill 3 in. pots to within
J in. of rim, sow 5 or 6 seeds in each, cover with 1-16 in. of soil, & place
in temp. 55° to 65°. When seedlings are 1 to 2 in. high, transfer bodily
to flowering pots (5 in.). Pot firmly & disturb roots as little as possible.
Water moderately at first, freely afterwards. Pinch off points of main
shoots when 3 in. high if abundance of bloom is required. Apply
stimulants — J oz. ammonia to 1 gall, of water — once a week from time
flower spike forms till blooms expand.
TREE MIGNONETTE Insert cuttings singly in 2-in. pots in spring
:
of wood suspended xrom roof. Place layer of moss on block, then roots
of plant, then another layer of moss, & secure with copper wire. Water
363
EXCTCLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
abundantly March to Oct., moderately afterwards. Shade from sun.
Syringe blocks two or three times daily in summer, once daily in
w'inter & autumn. Temp., Nov. to March 45° to 55°; March to Nov.
55-' to 60°. Propagate by division, Feb. to March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: E. elegans, white, purple and yellow, Jan., Venemela;
maculata, yellow, purple and crimson, Nov. to Feb., Colombia; pandurata, white
and crimson, winter, Colombia.
Resurrection Plant (Anastatica Hierochuntica). —See Anas-
tatica.
—
Retinospora,. See Cupressus.
Rhamnus —
(Buckthorn). Ord. Rhamnaceas. Hardy evergreen &
deciduous trees & shrubs.
CULTURE; Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny or shady shrubberies;
good seaside shrubs. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune, Feb. Propagate
by seeds sown outdoors in autumn; cuttings inserted outdoors in
ordinary soil iu Sept. by layering in Sept. or March.
;
CULTURE: Compost, two parts rich loam, one part decayed leaf-
mould & sand. Position, well-drained pots in greenhouse or dwelling-
room, during sunmer. Pot, Feb. or March. Water copiously April
to Oct., moderately afterwards. Apply weak stimulants occasionally
during summer. Place small lumps of sulphate of iron on surface
of soil to ensure deep healthy green foliage. Shade from sun essential.
Syringe twice daily in summer, once other times. Temp., March to
Sept. 55° to 65°; .Sept. to March 45° to 55°. Propagate by seeds sown
1 iu. deep in light soil in temp, of 80° in Feb. or March; suckers re-
moved in April or August.
SPECIES OULTIVATED: B. flabelliformis, 3 to 4 ft.. China and Japan, and its
variety, variegata, leaves variegated; humilis, 3 ft., China.
Rheum —
(Rhubarb). Ord. Polygonaceae. Hardy herbaceous peren-
nials. Edible stalked & orn. foliage plants. Leaves, large, hand-
shaped, green. Roots, large, fleshy. First introduced 1573.
CULTURE OP EDIBLE RHUBARB,— Soil, light, deep, rich. Posi-
tion, sunny, open. Plant single roots with crowns 2 in. below surface,
3 ft. apart in lovfs 3 ft. asunder, in Nov., Feb., or March. Top-dress
with manure in Nov. or Feb., forking it into surface of soil. Lift,
divide, & replant every four years. No stalks should be gathered the
first year. Remove flower stems directly they appear. Foecing ;
Cover two or more year old crowns with pots or headless casks or tubs,
& place fresh raaaure & tree leaves over these in Jan. or Feb., or lift
strong roots & place them close together in deep boxes underneath
staging in warm greenhouse, or in corners of dark cellars, in the
mushroom houses, with a little soil between. Keep moist and dark.
Temp., 55° to 75°. Forcing season, Nov. to Feb. Roots, two to five
years old best for forcing. Reject roots after forcing. Chemical
Manures; 2oz. kainit, 3oz. superphosphate, i oz. iron sulphate to
1 gall, of water applied at intervals of a fortnight during growth
(Griffiths). Propagate by seeds sown J in. deep in ordinary soil out-
doors in March or April; by division of roots vpith crowns or buds
attached, Nov. to Feb.
364
MNOrCLOP^DiA OF GARDENING.
Maeket Ctjltuee : Soil, rich loam.
deep, Plough or dig in
in autumn 40 tons of stable acre. Before planting apply
manure per
3 cwt. of superphosphate per acre. Plant in Feb. Distances for plant-
ing, 2ift. each way for Champagne variety; for larger sorts 3ift.
Bury crowns 2 in. below surface. Top-dress annually with 20 tons
of stable manure and 3 cwt. superphosphate per acre in winter. Re-
move flower stems. Market in bundles of six to eight stems, according
to size, and sell by the dozen bundles. Average price per dozen
bundles, 2s. to 3s. 6d. Average yield per acre, 20 to 30 tons. Quantity
of roots to plant an acre, 7,000 at 2 ft. 6 in. ; 5,000 at 3^ ft. Average
returns per acre, ^660 to i£70. Forcing as above.
CULTUEE OF ORNAMENTAL-LEAVED SPECIES Soil,
: deep,
rich ordinary. Position, isolated specimens on lawns, wild gardens,
islands; sunny. Plant, Nov. to Feb. Water copiously in dry seasons.
Apply stimulants occasionally in summer.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. Emodi, 6 to 8 ft., Himalaj-as officinale (Mcdioinaj
:
parts turfy peat, one part silver sand. Position, well-drained pots or
tubs indoors all the year round for stove kinds ; pots indoors from Sept.
to June; outdoors on bed of cinder ashes in sunny position; June to
Sept. for greenhouse kinds. Pot, April or May, directly after flower-
ing. Water freely April to Oct., moderately afterwards. Eain water
preferable; water containing lime injurious. Apply a little artificial
manure to surface of soil when buds show. Eepotting only necessary
every three or four years. Temp., for stove species, 55° to 65° Sept.
to March 70 to 80" March to Sept. for greenhouse species, 45° to 55°
; ;
one part loam & one part of equal proportions of leaf-mould &
silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in sunny greenhouses from
Oct. to June; in partial shade outdoors June to Sept. Eepot directly
after flowering. Firm potting essential. Prune only to shorten
straggly growths. Syringe daily after flowering till plants are stood
outdoors. Water moderately Oct. to March, afterwards freely, never
allowing roots to get dry. Apply weak liquid manure when flower
buds form. Temp., Oct. to March 45° to 55°; March to June 65°.
Eemove seed pods directly they form.
CULTUEE OP AZALEA PONTICA, Etc. Soil, sandy peat & :
yellow and red. May, 6 ft., U. States; flavum (Syn. Azalea pontica), yellow, June,
6 ft., Caucasus; nudiflorum (Syn. Azalea nudiflora), yellow, white, pink and orange,
June, 3 ft., Canada, Florida, etc.; sinense (Syn. Azalea mollis), white, orange, etc.,
June, 4 ft., China and Japan viscosum (Syn. Azalea viacosa). Swamp Honeysuckle,
;
sand. Pot, Oct. Place in cold greenhouse & water moderately. After
flowering, place plants in sunny position outdoors till Oct. Poboino :
3<S
—
encyclofyEdia of gardening.
Feb. dr March. Water copiously April to Oct. moderately afterwards.
;
deep in light sandy soil in well-drained pot in temp. 75° under bell-glass
or in propagator, March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: B. Baueri (Syn. Areoa Baneri), 10 to 20 ft., Norfolk
Island; sapida (Syn. Areca or Kentia sapida), 10 to 20 ft., New Zealand.
Rhubarb (Eheum rhaponticum).^-See Bheum.
Rhus (Sumach; Smoke Plant; Wig Tree; Stag's-horn Suma<;h).
Ord. Anacardiaceae. Hardy deciduous trees. Flowering & orn. foliage.
Foliage nicely tinted in autumn. First introduced 1629. Leaves,
entire, or once divided, green.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders or shrubberies.
:
Position, sunny. Plant, 5 ft. apart each way, Nov. to Feb. Prune, Nov.
to Feb., thinning out old shoots only. Fruit borne on shoots of pre-
vious growth & on older ones.
CULTURE OP RED AND WHITE CURRANT: R. rubrum & R. r.
album). Soil, good ordinary. Position, sunny for early crops gainst ;
N. walls or fences for late ones. Plant, Nov. to Feb., 5 to 6 ft. apart
each way. Pruning Allow as many current year's shoots as are re-
:
Position, sunny for early crops against N. or E. -n-alls for late crops.
;
Plant, Nov. to Feb., 5 to 6ft. apart each way. Pruning: Shorten all
weak shoots of current year's growth to within 1 iu. of base in June
or July. Thm out remaining shoots in winter; shortening those left
to 4 or 6 in. Shorten side shoots of trees grown against walls to 1 in.
in July.
MANURES FOR CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES: (1) Decayed
cow, horse, or pig dung applied liberally in antumn, & forked li<'ht]y
ifito surface of ground. (2) IJoz. each of superphosphate of lime
^
?63
;;
EXCrCLOP.EDIA OF GABDENMO.
kainit per square yard applied in autumn, & 1 oz. of jiitrate of soda
per square yard, applied in spring. (3) 1 oz. nitrate of soda, i oz. each
of sulphate of iron & superphosphate, to 1 gall, of water applied occa-
sionally during summer.
Market Cultube Soil, moist loam for black currants; loam
;
cultivation per acre per annum Digging & hoeing, 32s. pruning, 22s.
: ;
gathering fruit, d66; manures, ^65. Average yield per acre, two to
three tons; returns (gross), £25 to ^630; ditto (net;, ^612 to ^16.
Manures: 20 tons of stable manure per acre in autumn or winter; or
3J cwt. bone-meal and IJ cwt. kainit per acre in winter, and IJ cwt.
nitrate of soda when fruit has set.
CULTURE OF FLOWERING CURRANTS: Soil, ordinary. Posi
tion, sunny. Riant, Oct. to Feb. Prune directly after flowering only,
Top-dress with decayed manure in autumn. Propagate by seeds sown
J in. deep in ordinary fine soil outdoors in Sept. or Oct. by cuttings;
enoyclopjEdia of gardening.
spring, 3 ft., S. Africa;
to 4 africana nana compaota, dwarf; albo-maculata,
white, summer, 2 ft., loaTes spotted white, S. Africa; elliotiana, yellow, Aug.,
3 ft., Africa; melanoleuca, yellow and purple, summer, 18 in., 8. Africa;
S.
reutlandii, ricti yellow and purple, summer, 2 ft., S. Africa; Eehmannii, rosy
purple, summer, 3 ft.. Natal.
Richardson's Jacob's Ladder (Polcmonium Eichard-
soni). — ^See Polemonium
Ricinus —
(Castor Oil Plant). Ord. Euphorbiaceac. Half-hardy
annual herb. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1548. Flowers, insigni-
ficant. Leaves, hand-shaped, large, green, purplish.
INDOOR CULTURE Sow seeds, previously steeped for a few hours
:
in tepid water, J^in. deep in pots of light sandy soil iu temp, of 70°
to 75° iu March, transplanting seedlings when three leaves form
singly into 2-in. pots, & keep iu similar temp, until well rooted, then
transfer to 5 or 6 in. pots, after which remove to cool greenhouse or
dwelling-room. Water moderately. Shade from sun.
OUTDOOR CULTURE Sow seeds & transplant into small pots as
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GAUDENINO.
Rochea.. — Ord. Crassulacese. Greenliovise succulent plants.
First introduced 1795.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts sandy loam, 'brick rubble, dried
:
cow manure & river sand. Position, well-drained pots in liglit green-
house, close to glass. Pot, March. Water freely, April to Aug.
moderately, .4.ug. to Nov.; very little afterwards. Prune old plants
after flowering, shortening shoots to lin., & repot when new shoots
are lin. long. Temp., March to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to March
45° to 50°. Propagate by seeds sown in well-drained pots or pans of
sandy soil, just covering seeds with fine mould, in temp. 60" to 70"
in March or April; seedlings to be kept close to glass & have little
water; cuttings of shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, exposed to sun for few days,
then inserted in June, July, or Aug. in well-drained pots of sandy soil,
placed on greenhouse shelf & given very little water.
SPECIES 0ULTITATJ3D R. coccinea, scarlet, July, 1 ft., S. Africa; jasmlnea,
:
ENOYCLOPJSbtA OP GAltVMlNO.
China
SPECIES CULTIVATED R. pinnata, yellowish white, summer, 2 to 3 ft.,
:
sand. Position, pots in light & dry part of greenhouse. Pot, March.
Water very carefully during spring & summer, & give very little in
autumn and winter. Syringing or wetting the foliage must be
avoided at all seasons. Ventilate freely in summer & moderately at
other times. Dry atmosphere essential in autumn & winter. Remove
flowers directly they fade; also all blooms that form in autumn &
winter. Temp., Sept. to April 40° to 45°; April to Sept. 50° to 60°.
Propagate by cuttings of strong shoots 2 in. long, inserted in moist
sand in a temp. 58° in spring. Shade from sun.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. ciliata, white and purple, summer, 1 ft., S. Africa;
elcg-ans, blue, spring, 8 in., S. Africa.
Roman Hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis albulus). — See
Hyacinthus.
Romanzoffia (Sitcha Water-leaf). —
Ord. Hydrophyllaceae.
Hardy perennial herb. First introduced 1873.
CULTURE : Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny ledges of sunny rockery.
Plant, March or April. Propagate by division, March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED R. sitohensis, white, spring, 3 to 4 in., Sitcha.
:
.ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF GARDENING.
diameter, well-drained. Place five tubers 3 in. deep, in each pot in
Nov., & cover with cocoanut-fibre refuse in cold frame or under cool
greenhouse stage until growth begins. Water moderately from time
plants begin to grow until flowers fade, then gradually withhold H,
keeping dry till Jan. Temp., Sept. to March 40° to 50°; other times
50° to 60°. Propagate by onsets treated as advised for tubers.
HARDY SPECIES: R. bulbooodium, yellow and violet, June, 4 to 6 in., Europe;
Coluninas, white and purple. May, 6 in., Europe and Azores; ramiflora, yellow and
lilao. May, 6 to 8 in., Mediterranean Region.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES R. rosea, rose and yellow, summer, 6 in., S. Africa.
:
part equal proportions charcoal lumps, & coarse silver sand. Position,
well-drained pots in light part of stove with shoots trained to sticks or
trellis. Pot, Feb. or March. Prune moderately after flowering.
Water freely, April to Oct. moderately afterwards. Syringe daily,
;
or dead growths only. Hybrid Sweet Briars: Thin out older shoots
only after flowering. Japanese Eoses Thin out old wood only. Pro-
:
tect Tea, China, & tender roses in winter by drawing soil to a height
of six inches around the base of each plant, & put bracken or dry
litter among the shoots.
CULTUEE OP STANDARD EOSES: Soil, position, and planting as
for Dwarfs. Distance apart to plant, 3 ft. Pruning Hybrid Per-
:
petuals, Hybrid Teas, & Bourbons Thin out weak shoots in centre
:
dwarfs. Distance to plant, 10ft. Pruning: Thin out weak & old
growths in March, & rfemove soft, unripened ends of shoots only.
MANURES FOR ROSES: Cow or pig dung for light soils; horse
manure for heavy ones. Top-dress with above directly after pruning,
& lightly fork in. Suitable artificial manures (1) Superphosphate of
:
& sand. Pot, Oct. Repot annually in Aug. or Slept. Prune newly-
lifted & potted plants in Nov., shortening shoots to 3, 2, & 1 "eyes,"
according to size established plants of hybrid perpetuals, & Hybrid
;
MOYOLOPJlDiA Of OAMDENiNG.
bed or tub to be provided with 3 in. of drainage. Plant, Sept. to
Nov. or March. Prune shoots first year to within 8 in. of base at
time of planting; second & future years to 6 or Sin. immediately after
flowering. Water freely, March to Nov.; keep nearly dry afterwards.
Apply stimulants weekly, April to Sept. to established plants. Syringe
daily in spring. Admit air freely in summer & autumn to ripen
shoots.
Pkopagation Propagate by seeds sown J in. deep in light sandy
;
white, fragrant, June, 4 to 6 ft. ; gigantea, white and yellow, June, climber,
Burma; Hardii, yellow, June, hybrid; indica (China or Monthly Rose), red, June,
6 to 10 ft., China; indica fragrans (Syn. R. odorata) Tea rose, various colours;
indica minima (Eairy Rose), Syn. R. lawrenciana, pink, etc., June, 1 to 2 ft.,
indica sanguinea (Crimson China Rose), crimson, summer, 6 to 10 ft. ; lutea
(Austrian Briar), yellow, June, 3 ft.. Orient; Isevigata (Cherokee Rose), white,
June, 6 to 10 ft., China; macrantha, red, June, 4 ft., Europe; moschata (Musk
Rose), yellow and white, summer, 10 to 12 ft., S. Europe; multiflora (Polyantha
Rose), white, pink, etc., June, 10 to 12 ft., China and Japan; noisettiana (Noisette
Rose), a hybrid and parent of Noisette type; rubiginosa (Sweet Briar), pink, June,
5 ft., Europe: pomifera (Apple Rose), pink, June, Europe; rugosa (Japanese Rose),
red, June, 6 ft., Japan; sempervirens (Evergreen Rose), white, June, S. Europe;
spinoeissima (Scotch or Burnet Rose), white. May, 2 ft., Europe (Britain);
wichuriana, white, summer, 6 to 10 ft., Japan, parent of the trailing type, such as
Dorothy Perkins. The old rose grown in gardens under the name of " Seven
Sisters "" is a form of R. multiflora (called Grevillei), colour, purplish.
Rosa,ry-plant (Abrus precatorius).—See Abrus.
Rose. —See Bosa.
Rose Acacia. (Robinia hispida). —^See Eobinia.
Rose Apple (Eugenia Jambos).—See Eugenia.
Rose Bay (Nerium oleander). —See Nerium.
Rose-bay Willovw-herb (Epilobium angustifolium). — See
Epilobium.
Rose Box (Cotoneaster microphylla). — See Cotoneaster.
Rose Campion (Lychnis coronaria). —See Lychnis.
Rose Mallow. —See Hibiscus.
Rosemary (Rosmarinus, officinalis).— See Rosmarinus.
Rose of Heaven (Lychnis Coeli-rosa).—See Lychnis.
Rose of Jericho (Anastatica Hierochuntica). —See Anastatica.
Rose of Sharon (Hypericum calycinum). — See Hypericum.
Rose Pink (Sabbatia campestris).--See Sabbatia.
375
;
MNVfOLOPJjDJA OF GABDENlNCf.
Rose-scented Geranium (Pelargonium capitatum).—See
Pelargonium.
Rosette Mullein (Eamondia pyrenaica). —See Eamondia.
Rosin-weed (Silphium laoiniatum). —See Silphium.
Rosmarinus (Eosemary).— Ord. Labiatae. Hardy evergreen
shrub. First introduced 1548. Leaves, highly fragrant.
CULTUEE Soil, ordinary, freely mixed vfith old mortar. Posi-
:
tion, dryish border at base of a south or west wall; rarely does well
in open garden. Plant, April. Water freely in summer. Propa-
gate green-leaved kind by seeds sown Jin. deep in sunny border out-
doors in April green & variegated sorts by cuttings 6 in. long,
;
autumn. ;
12s.; gathering fruit, .£10; annual manuring, £5. Average yield per
acre 2 tons.
: Average returns per acre (gross), ^£46. Average returns
(net), de28.
CULTURE OP BLACKBEEEIES Soil, deep rich loam, liberally
:
pink, summer, berries crimson, 10 to 20 ft., ,Tapan; rosfeflorus Acre simplici (Straw-
berry-raspberry), a plant of no value in this country.
HERBACEOUS SPECIES: E. Offisia (Dewberry), white, summer, 4 to 6 in.,
Britain arcturus, pink, June, 6 in., N. Europe.
;
ENCYOIOPJSDIA OF GAKDENING.
Rudbeckia (Cone-flower).— Ord. Compositae. Hardy herbaceous
perennials. First introduced 1793.
CULTUEE Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny well-drained borders.
:
flower stems directly they appear, & gather leaves frequently. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown in March, 1 in. deep in drills 18 in. apart, thin-
ning seedlings to 1 ft. apart in row in April division of roots in
;
March.
CULTURE OP SORREL Soil, ordinary rich moist. Position, open
:
(Britain) ;
patienta (Herb Patience), 4 ft., leaves used as substitute for spinach,
S. Europe.
Runner Bean (Phaseolus multiflorus). — See Phaseolus.
Rupture-wort (Herniaria glabra). — See Herniaria.
Ruscus (Butcher's Broom; Knee Holly). —Ord. Liliacese. Hardy
evergreen shrubs. Orn. leaved & berry-bearing. Male & female
flowers borne on separate plants. Leaves (cladodes), oval, dark green.
Berries, round, red; winter.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, shady or sunny shrubberies,
:
sand. Position, m
light part of stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Water
freely, April to Sept.; moderately afterwards. Prune, Feb. Applv
weak stimulants when in flower only. Syringe twice daily, April to
Oct., except when in flower. Temp., Sept. to March, 55° to 65°;
March to Sept., 65" to 75°. Propagate by cuttings inserted in silver
sand in temp. 75° in spring; layering shoots at any time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED U. junoea, recI,^Ju]y, 3 to 4 .ft.,"^ Mexico; sarmeatosa,
:
8 in. apart in rows 18 in. asunder. Priine the plants closely in April.
Propagate by seeds sown Jin. deep in drills outdoors in April; cut-
tings or slips inserted in shady border in summer.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: R. graTeolens, yellowish green, summer, 3 ft., S
Europe.
Sabal (Pan or Thatch Palm; Cabbage Palm).— Ord. Palmacese.
Greenhouse orn. -leaved palms. First introduced 1810. Leaves, fan-
shaped, green.
CULTURE Compost, two parts rich loam, one part decayed leaf-
:
filled with equal parts sandy peat & leaf -mould; place in a pan par-
tially filled with water & placed in cold frame or greenhouse. Trans-
plant seedlings when an inch high, three in a 2-in. pot, in similar com-
post, keep in cold frame till following March, then plant out.
SPECIES CULTIVATED S. campestris, rose, summer, 6 to 12 in., N. America.
:
SNCYOLOPMDIA OF GARDMniNQ.
in pyramidal panioleSj July. Leaves, ribbon-like, green, covered with
silky hairs.
CULTUEE OF SUGAR CANE: Two parts rich loam, one part
leaf-mould or rotten manure & little sand. Position, large pots or
tubs in lofty stoves. Pot, Feb. or March. Water freely, April to
Sept.; moderately afterwards. Syringe twice daily during spring &
summer. Shade from mid-day sun essential. Temp., March to Oct.
70° to 85°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°.
CULTUEE OF S. SPONTANEUM: Soil, good ordinary. Position,
margins of beds or lakes, sheltered. Plant, May or June.
Propagate Sugar Cane by cuttings of stems inserted in light soil in
temp, of 70° to 80° in spring, or by suckers removed in Feb. or March, &
potted singly in above compost. S. spontaneum by division of roots in
March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. officinarum (Sugar Cane), white, sammer, 10 to 15
ft., E. Indies; officinarum -violaceum, stems violet tinted; spontaneum (Syn. S.
aegypticum), white, summer, 10 ft., Algeria.
Saccolabium. —Ord. Orchidacese. Stove epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1837. Ht., 1 to 4 ft.
CULTUEE Compost, sphagnum moss, charcoal, & broken potsherds.
:
—
Safflower (Carthamvis tinctoria). See Carthamus.
Saffron Crocus —
(Crocus sativus). See Crocus.
—
Saffron Thistle (Carthamus tinctorius). Sec Carthamus.
—
Sag^e (Salvia oflScinalis). See Salvia.
Sagina —
(Pcarl-wecd; roarl-wort). Ord. CaryophyllacesB. Ilardy
pereunial herbs. Orn. foliage & flowering; evergreen. Leaves,
380
ENOYOLOP.EDIA OP GARDENING.
narrow, green, or golden-yellow. Stems, creeping. S. glabra used
as a substitute for grass for forming lawns on sandy soils; golden-
leaved variety used for carpet bedding.
CULTURE OF S. GLABRA ON LAWNS
Soil, sandy. Position, :
sunny. Plant small tufts 3 in. apart each way in March or April.
Keep free from weeds & roll frequently. Eequires frequent renewal.
CULTUEE OP GOLDEN-LEAVED VARIETY : Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny beds, borders, or rockeries. Plant small tufts in
March, 2 in. apart, in lines, designs, or masses. Propagate by seeds
sown in sandy soil in sunny position outdoors in March; by division in
March or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. glabra, white, summer, 2 in., Europe: Klabra
piliiera aurea, leaves golden yellow. e> ^ »
»
Pot, Feb. to May. Size of pots, 3 in. for small & 4^ m. for large
plants. Pots to be well drained. Water freely from April to Sept.;
moderately afterwards. Apply weak liquid manure occasionally dur-
ing flowering season. Temp., Oct. to April 53" to 60°; April to Oct.
65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown thinly on surface of a compost
of equal parts peat, leaf-mould, loam & sand in well-drained pots or
shallow boxes. Cover seeds with a sprinkle of fine sand shade from ;
Africa, and its varieties albescens (white), purpurea (purple), and violescens (deep
violet).
Salisburia. —See Gingko.
Salix (Willow; Sallow; Osier; —
Withy). Ord. S'alicineae. Hardy
deciduous trees & shrubs. Orn. foliage. Male & female flowers
borne on separate trees in spring. Bark, yellow, purple, red, whitish,
or orange-coloured. Shoots more or less drooping.
CULTUEE OF OENAMENTAL SPECIES Soil, ordinary heavy or :
381
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OARDENINO.
moderately heavy; light soils not suitable. Position, damp, near mar-
gins of ponds, etc., for all species. Plant, Oct. to March. Prune,
Nov. to Feb.
OSIER CULTUEE: Soil, alluvial or sandy. Position, moist, low-
lying land or margins of water. Trench soil deeply & add 30 tons of
manure per acre. Plant cuttings 18 in. long, 15 in. apart in rows 18 in.
asunder in Oct. Insert cuttings slantwise & 1 ft. deep. Number of
cuttings to plant an acre, 23,000. Cut shoots for first time three years
after planting. Time to cut, spring. Tie in bundles & immerse
upright in water till bark readily peels off. Market peeled osiers in
bundles of 501b. each. Average price, 4d. to 5d. per lb. Average
yield per acre, 1,800 to 2,0001b. Soil should be cultivated annually
between plants, & give a dressing of 10 to 15 tons of manure per acre.
Osiers of one year's growth used for makiiig hampers & baskets; those
of two year's growth for ribs of hampers; older wood for butter kegs.
TIMBER CULTURE S. Caprea (Goat Willow) suitable for damp
:
coppices, its wood being valuable for hoops, poles, crates, etc. S. alba
(White or Huntingdon Willow) also suitable for damp soils, coppices,
etc. Branches used for making scythe & rake handles; timber for
lining carts & barrows. Wood of the Bat Willow (Salix alba cserulea)
used for making cricket bats. Plant in autumn. Time to pollard
willows, Feb. Average value of willow timber, per cubic ft.. Is. to 5s.
Weight of timber, cubic ft., 33 lbs. Number of cubic feet per ton, 68.
Propagate by cuttings of shoots or stems of any age or size, inserted in
moist soil, Oct. to March; choice kinds by budding on the Goat
Willow (S. caprea) in July, bandaging the bud with damp moss, or by
grafting on a similar stock in March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED S. alba (White or Huntingdon Willow), 50 to 60 ft.,
:
Willow), kind used for cricket bat making; alba Titelliua (Syn. S. vitellina),
shoots yellow and red ; alba vitellina pendula, weeping Tariety babylonica
;
sunny borders. Sow seeds Jin. deep in April where required to flower,
& thin to 4 or 6 in. apart when 2 in. high.
CULTURE OF aREENHOUSE SPECIES: Compost, equal parts
loam & decayefl manure, little sand. Position, greenhouse, Sept. to
June; cold frame, June to Sept. Pot, March. Water freely, March to
Oct.; moderately afterwards. Apply stimulants occasionally a month
after repotting until flowers expand, then cease. Temp., Sept. to
March 45" to 55° March to June 55° to 65°. Cut down shoots to
;
within 3 in. of their base after flowering. Young plants: Insert cut-
tings 3 in. long of young shoots in light sandy soil in temp. 65° in Feb.
or March. When rooted, place singly in 3J-in. pots. Nip off point of
main shoots, also of succeeding shoots when 3 in. long. Shift into 5 or
6 in. pots when former pots are filled with roots. Water freely. Apply
stimulants occasionally. Place in cold frame, June to Sept.
OUTDOOR CULTURE Soil, rich ordinary. Position, sunny shel-
:
ing soups. Pretty border plant also. Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny.
Sow seeds 1 in. deep in drills 18 in. apart in April. Thin seedlings when
2 in. high to 12 in. apart in row. Gather leaves in summer and dry
for use following year. _, -r. •^ . ,
iSNOYCLOPMbiA OF GABpMlNd.
border or under a hand-light, or in a cold frame, & kept moist until
rooted.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: aznrea, blue, winter, 6 ft., N. America; coocinea,
S.
scarlet, autumn, 2 to 3 ft., N. America; fulgens, scarlet, summer, 2 to 3 ft.,
Mexico; Grahami, scarlet, Sept., 1 ft., Mexico; Heeri, scarlet, winter, 2 to 3 ft.,
Peru; iUTOluorata Bethelli, crimson, autumn, 3 to 4 ft., Mexico; patens, blue,
summer, 2 to 3 ft., Mexico; patens alba, white, splendens, scarlet, autumn, 2 to
3 ft., Brazil; splendens Bruantii, rich scarlet; splendens grandiflora, salmon-red;
rutilana, red, winter, 2 to 3 ft.
HARDY SPECIES: S. argentea (Silver Clary), white, summer, 3 ft., foliage
silvery, Mediterraneaji Region ; azurea grandiflora, sky blue, summer, 3 ft., Mexico
hians (Cashmere Sage), blue, summer, 2 ft., Himalayas; officinalis (Sage), blue,
summer, 3 ft., S. Europe; pratensis (Meadow Sage), violet, May, 3 to 4 ft.,
Britain; sclarea (Clary), bluish white, summer, 2 ft., Mediterranean Region.
ANNUAL SPECIES S. Horminum (Horminum Clary), purple, summer, 18 in.,
:
Europe (Britain).
SHRUBBY SPECIES: nigra (Common Elder), white, June, 20 ft., Britain;
S.
nigra foliis-aureis, leaves golden (Golden Elder) nigra laciniata, leaves finely cut
;
manure & sand. Position, light part of stove in winter shady part ;
peat & sphagnum moss. Po.sition, fully exposed liog garden or moist
386
ENCYCLOPJCDIA OF GARDENING.
rookery. Plant, March or April. Keep surface of soil covered with
layer of moss. Water freely in summer. Propagate all the' species
& hybrids by division in March or April.
SPECIES CCTLTIVATED: S. Drummondii, flowore purple, June, leaves white,
green, and purple, 2 ft., N. America; Olaytoni, leaves purple, 1 ft., hybrid; flava
(Trumpet Leaf), yellow, June, 2 ft., N. America; flava atrosanguinea, lid of pitcher
cream and yellow; flava Cateebrei, wings of pitcher veined with red; flava limbata,
lid of pitcher margined crimson and brown psittacina, flowers purple, leaves
;
veined rod or purple, N. Amei^ioa; purpurea, flowers purple, spring, leaves veined
purple, N. America; rubra, flowers reddish, leaves veined purple, N. America:
variolaris, flowers yellow, leaves spotted with white, N. America.
Sa.rsa.parilla (Smllax glauca). —See Smilax.
Satin-flower.—See Sisyrinchium.
Sa.tin Poppy (Meconopsis Wallichii).
See Meconopsis. —
Satureia (Summer & Winter Savory).—Ord. Labiatse. Hardy
annual & perennial evergreen herbs. First introduced 1562. Aromatic
shoots used for flavouring soups & salads, & for boiling with peas &
Position, sunny. Sow seeds \ in. deep in drills 12 in. apart. Thin
seedlings when 2 in. High to 6 in. apart. Water freely in dry weather.
Pull plants up when in flower, & dry for winter use.
CULTURE OP WINTER SAVORY Hardy evergreen shrub. Soil,
:
Mediterranean Uegion.
PERENNIAL SPECIES: S. montana (Winter Savory), purple, June, 6 to 12 in.,
Europe. '
umbrosa, & Geum; moist loam for other species. Position, shady
borders for S. umbrosa, Geum & Granulata fl.-pl. moist shady rockery;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OABDENINO.
and yellow); ozoidea, yellow and rod, summer, 3 to 6 in., Britain; crustata,
white and purple, summer, 1 ft., Alps Hostii, white and purple, May, 6 to 12 in.,
;
Europe; oiesia, white, June, 1 in., Alps; cotyledon, white, June, 1 to 2 ft., Europe,
and its yariety pyramidalis (white) lingulata superba, white and rose, June.
;
May, 3 in., Europe, and its varieties atropurpurea (red), moschata (white) and
llhei superba (rose); tenella, white, summer, Algeria; trifurcata (Stag's-horn Rock-
foil), Syn. S. oeratophylla, white, summer, 6 in., N, Spain Wallacei (Syn. S.
;
of Thousands), yellow, white and scarlet, summer, Japan; umbrosa (London Pride),
white, pink, and red, summer, W. Europe.
TENDEE SPECIES : S. sarmentosa tricolor, leaves creamy white and red.
Scabiosa (Scabious; Pincushion Flower; Mournful "Widow;
Sweet Scabious). —Ord. Dipsacese. Hardy biennial & perennial herbs.
Flowers, useful for cutting.
CULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, good rich ordinary.
Position, sunny beds or borders. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in light sandy
soil in temp, of 60° to 70° in Feb. or March, & plant out in May to
insure plants flowering same year, or outdoors in June or July, trans-
planting again following March to flowering position. In cold districts
lift the seedlings in Aug., & place in small pots; winter in cold frame
& plant out in April.
CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES Soil, ordinary deep rich. :
manure & leaf-mould, little sand. Sow seeds thinly in above compost
in cool greenhouse or frame in Aug. Transplant seedlings singly in
3-in. pots, & grow on shelf in greenhouse (temp. 45° to 55°) untif Jan.,
then transfer to 6-in. pots, & grow in light position. Water mode-
390
;
EN CYCLOPEDIA OF GAEVENING.
rately in winter; freely other times. Apply weak stimulanta occa-
sionally whilst flowering. Support plants with stakes. For summer
flowering, sow seeds in temp. bb° to 65° in Feb. or March, transplant-
ing when 1 in. high to 3-in. pots, then into 5-in. pots.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. Grahami, lilao and orango, BUmmer, 13 to 18 in.,
and its varieties, oarmineus (carmine) and lilacineus (lilao and yellow) pinnatus, ;
rose, purple and yellow, summer, 13 to 18 in., and its varietie's, atropurpureus and
papilionaoeus, roseus and violaceus retusus, rose, crimson and orange, summer,
;
18 in., and its variety alba; wisetonensis, pink, white, and brown, summer, 1 ft.
Natives of Chili and Peru.
Schizocodon. — Ord. Diapensiaceffi. Hardy perennial herb
suitable for rockery culture.
CULTURE :Soil, equal parts sandy peat & leaf-mould. Position,
partially shady border, rhododendron bed, or cold frame. Plant,
April. Water freely in dry weather. Protect with thick layer of
cocoanut-fibre refuse & dry bracken. Propagate by division of root*
in April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. soldanelloides, rose, March, 4. in., Japan.
Schizopetalon. — Ord. Cruciferae. Half-hardy annual. First
introduced 1821.
CULTURE :Sow seeds in light warm rich soil in open border, April
or May. Cover seeds lightly with fine soil. Thin seedlings when 1 to
2 in. high to 3 or 4 in. apart. Support plants when 6 to 12 in. high
with small bushy twigs. Water freely in dry weather. Sow also thinly
in well-drained pans filled with compost of loam, peat, & sand placed
in temp, of 55" to 65°, Feb. or April; transplanting seedlings 3 or 4 in
3-in. pots filled with above compost; harden off in cold frame & plant
out in May.
SPECIES CULTIVATED S. Walkeri, white, almond scented, summer, 1 to 3 ft..
:
Chili.
Schizophragprna
,
—
(Climbing Hydrangea). Ord. Saxifragacese.
Hardy evergreen self-clinging climbing flowering shrub. First
introduced 1879.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary.
: Position, sunny wall in warm districts
only. Plant, Oct. or April. Prune straggly shoots into shape, April.
Propagate by cuttings inserted in sand under a bell-glass in temp.
55° in spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : S. hydrangeoidos, white or pink, autumn, 10 to 15 ft.,
Japan.
SchizostyliS (Caffre Lily; Crimson Flag). — Ord. Iridaceae.
Hardy bulbous or rhizomatous-rooted perennial. First introduced
1864.
OUTDOOR CULTURE moist loamy.
: Soil, Position, warm sunny
border. Plant, Oct. to March. Protect in severe weather by cover-
ing of dry litter. Water freely in dry weather in summer & apply
stimulants occasionally.
POT CULTURE Compost, two parts loam, one part decayed manure,
:
little sand. Pot, Nov. to March. Position, cold frame, Dec. to April
plunged to the rim of pots in sunny border, April to Sept. cold ;
Africa.
Schomburgkia. —Ord. Orchidaceae. Stove epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1834.
CULTURE : Compost, sphagnum moss & fibrous peat. Position on
391
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GABDENING.
blocks suspended from roof or in well-drained pots or pans. Pot or
re-block, Feb. or March. Water freely during growing period. Keep
dry after growth has completed until flowers appear. Shade from sun.
Moist atmosphere essential during growing period. Temp., March to
Sept. 75° to 85°; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Resting period, winter.
Growing period, March to Oct. Flowers appear at apex of new
pseudo-bulbs. Propagate by division.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: 8. "Lyonsii, white, brown, yellow, and purple, 1 ft.,
.Tamaioa; thomsoniana, aulphur yellow, purple, and white, BUmmer, W. Indies;
TibiciniB (Cow-bom Orohid), crimBon, purple, orange, and white, summer, 1 ft.,
Honduras.
Schubertia. —See Araujia.
Sciadopitys (Parasol Fir Tree; —
Umbrella Pine). Ord. Coniferae.
Hardy evergreen conifer. First introduced 1861. Leaves, long,
tapering, borne in tufts at the end of shoots, parasol-like; green or
variegated with pale yellow.
CULTURE Soil, rich moist loam. Position, sheltered from pierc-
;
mould or well-decayed cow manure, one part river sand. Pot, Aug. to
Nov., placing small bulbs, lin. apart, in a 5-in. pot; or 3 to 5 large-
sized bulbs 1 in. deep in similar pots. Position, under layer of cinder
ashes from time of potting till growth commences, then in cold frame,
cool greenhouse or window till past flowering, afterwards in sunny spot
outdoors. Water moderately from time growth commences till
foliage fades, then keep dry. Repot annually. Apply weak stimulants
once or twice during flowering period. Propagate by seeds sown
1-16 in. deep in light sandy soil in boxes or cold frame, or outdoors in
Sept. ; offsets from old bulbs removed when lifting & planted, as
advised for full-sized bulbs. Seedlings flower when 3 to 4 years old.
HALP-HAIIDT SPECIES: S. peruviana, lilao. May, 6 to 13 in., Algeria; peru-
viana alba, white.
HARDT SPECIES: S. bifolia, blue, March, 6 in., Europe: blfolia alba, white;
bifolia rosea, rose ; festalis (Syn. S. nutans), the Bluebell, blue, April, 8 to 15 in.,
\\\ Kiirope; festalis alba, white; festalis rosea, rose; festalis cernua, blue;
hispanica (Spanish Squill), blue, May, 1 ft., Europe; hispanioa alba, white;
liispanioa oarnea, flosh hispanioa rosea, rose; hispanica rubra, red; sibirica
;
(Siberian Squill), blue, Feb., 3 to G in., Asia Minor; sibirioa alba, white.
393
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OARDBNING.
Scirpus (Club Grass; Eush).
hardy perennial marsh or water plants.
—Ord. Cyperaceas. Greenhouse &
& one of sand, broken oyster shells, & limestone or mortar rubbish.
Position, shady borders, rookeries, chinks of old stone or brick walls, or
banks. Plant, April. Water copiously in dry weather.
INDOOR CULTURE; Compost, as above. Position, pots in cold
frame, greenhouse or dwelling-room. Shade from sun essential. Pot,
Feb. or March. Water freely March to Oct., moderately afterwards.
Propagate by spores sown on surface of fine peat in well-drained pans,
placed in temp, of 75° any time; division of plants, March -or April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. vnlgare, 6 to 18 in., Europe (Britain), etc., and its
numerous varieties, as crispum, cristatum, grandioeps, Kelwayi, marginatum,
omnilacerum, ramosum, undulatum, variegatum, etc. See trade lists for other
forms.
Scoiymus (Spanish Oyster Plant; Golden Thistle). Ord. Com- —
positae. Hardy annual, biennial, & perennial herbs. First introduced
1630.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary.
: Position, sunny borders. Plant peren-
nial species (S. grandittorus), Oct. to April. Sow seeds of annual species
(S. maculatus) & of biennial species (S. hispanicus) Jin. deep where
required to grow in March or April-. Thin seedlings to 8 or 12 in. apart
when 2 in. high. Propagate perennial species by seeds sown as above,
or by division of roots in April.
ANNUAL SPECIES: S. maculatus, yellow, July, 2 to 3 ft., Europe.
BIENNIAL SPECIES: S. hispanicus (Spanish Oyster or Golden Thistle), yellow.
Aug., 2 to 3 ft., roots edible, Europe.
PERENNIAL SPECIES S. grandiflorus, yellow. May, 3 ft., N. Africa.
—
:
life of seeds, 2 years. Average price per doz. bundles, 4s. to 4s. 6d.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. hispanioa, yellow, June to Sept., 2 to 3 ft., S.
Europe.
Scotch Crocus (Crocus biflorus). — See Crocus.
Scotch Elm (Ulmus montana). —See Ulmus.
Scotch Fir (Pinus sylvestris). —
See Piuus.
Scotch Heather —
(Erica cinerea). See Erica.
Scotch Kale. —See Brassica.
Scotch Laburnum (Laburnum alpinus). — See Laburnum.
Scotch Primrose (Primula scotia). —See
Primula.
Scotch Rose (Eosa —
spinosissima). See Eosa.
Scotch Shamrock —
(Trifolium repens purpureum). See Trifo-
lium.
Scotch Thistle (Onopordon acanthium).-—See Onopordon.
Screw Pine (Pandanus odoratissimus). —See Pandanus.
Scurvy Pea.—See Psoralea.
Scutellaria (Helmet Flower; Skull Cap). — Ord. Scrophulariacea?.
Stove and herbaceous perennials.
CULTUEE OF STOVE SPECIES : Compost, two parts loam, one part
of equal proportions of leaf-mould, decayed manure, & sand. Position,
light part of stove, Sept. to June; sunny cold frame remainder of year.
Pot, Feb. or March. Prune shoots directly after flowering (Feb.) to
within 3 in. of ba'^e. Good drainage essential. Nip off points of main
shoots when 3 in. long, also of lateral shoots when of similar length,
to induce bushy growth. Water freely April to Sept., moderately
afterwards. Syringe daily April to Sept. Apply stimulants once a
week May to Dec. Temp., Sept. to March 55° to 65°; March to Juno
70° to 80'^.
CULTUEE OP HAEDY SPECIES; Soil, ordinary. Position, open
sunny borders or rockeries. Plant, March or April. Lift, divide &
replant only when overgrown. Propagate stove species by cuttings
of firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in light sandy soil under bell-
glass in temp. 75° to 85° in spring; hardy species by seeds sown out-
doors in April; division of roots in March or April.
STOVE SPECIES: S. ooooinea, scarlet, summer, 12 to 18 in., Colombia; moe-
cininna, scarlet and yellow, summer, 2 to 3 ft., Mexico.
HAHDT SPECIES: S. alpina, purple, Aug., 6 to 8 in., S.E. Europe; Intcrifolia,
blue, July, 1 ft., N. America.
Scutlcarla.— Ord. Orchidacce. Stove epiphytal orchids. First
introduced 1834.
CULTUEE: Compost, equal parts fibry peat & chopped sphagnum
moss, with little sand & charcoal. Position, well-drained pots, pans,
394
bnuyc'loPjEdia of gardening.
or baskets in light part of greenhouse. Pot when new growth com-
mences. Water frsely from March to Nov., moderately Nov. to March.
Syringe once or twice daily whilst making growth. Ventilate freely
May to Sept. Temp., April to Oct. 55° to 65°; Oct. to April 45° to 55°.
Growing period, Feb. to March ; resting period, Oct. to Feb. Propagate
by division of pseudo-bulbs immediately after flowering.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. Hadweni, greenish yellow, white, and rose, summer,
9 to 18 in., Brazil; Steelii, yellow, chocolate, creamy white and purple, -various
periods of the year, British Guiana.
ScyphanthUS. —See Grammatocarpus.
Sea,Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides).—See Hippophae.
Sea BugrlOSS. —See Anchusa.
Sea Daffodil (Pancratium maritimum). — See Pancratium.
Sea EryngO (Eryngium maritimum).—See Eryngium.
Seaf orthia. — See Archontophoenix.
Sea Heath (Frankenia laevis).— See Fraukenia.
Sea Holly (Eryngium maritimum). — See Erygium.
Seakale.— See Crambe.
Seakale Beet (Beta Cicla). — See Beta.
Sea Lavender (Statice Limonium). — See Statice.
Seal Flovwer (Dicentra spectabilis).- See Dicentra. —
Sea Oat (Uuiola latifolia). See Uniola. —
Sea Pink (Armeria maritima). See Armeria. —
Sea-shore Daffodil (Narcissus odorus). See Narcissus. —
Sea-side Poppy —
(Glaucium luteum). See Glaucium.
Sea-side Rocket —
(Cakile maritima). See Cakile.
Sea-side Spleenwort —
(Aeplenium marinum). See Asple-
nium.
Sea-side Stock (Matthiola sinuata). —See Matthiola.
Sea Starvwort (Aster tripolium). — See Aster.
Sedgre. —See Carex.
Sedum —
(Stonecrop). Ord. Crassulaceae. Greenhouse & hardy ever-
green & herbaceous perennials, biennials, & annuals. Flowering & orn.
loam, one part brick rubbish, one part of equal proportions of dried
cow dung & sand. Position, pots or pans in sunny greenhouse. Pot,
Feb to April Water freely April to Oct., very little afterwards.
Temp Oct to March 40° to 50° March to Oct. 45°
; to 55°.
OXJLTUEE OP HARDY PERENNIAL SPECIES : Soil, ordinary or
sandy loam. Position, sunny or shady dryish rockeries & borders.
Plant Nov to April. Lift, divide & replant triennially.
CULTURE OF ANNUAL SPECIES Soil, ordinary. Position, :
sunny
in April where
dryish banks, rockeries, or borders. Sow seeds thinly
•equired to grow, and lightly cover with fine soil. Thin 3 to 6
m. apart
when 2 in high. Propagate greenhouse species named below by
filled with fine compost
seeds sown in well-drained pots or pans
of equal parts brick rubble, sandy
loam & sand, & placed temp, of m
55° Feb to May; also by cuttings of shoots inserted brick rubble,m
loam &'sand, in temp. 45° to 55° in summer; division of
roots at pot-
outdoors in April, or division
ting time. Hardy species bjr seeds sown
of the roots in March or April.
8. oasruleum, blue, July, 3 in., S. Europe.
ANNUAL SPECIES:
HaW PERENNIAL SPECIES
-acre aureum,
tain golden foliage;
S. acre (Stonecrop),
:
yellow June, 3 in., Bri-
Aizoon, yellow, summer, 1 ft., Siberia; album
395
ENOYCLOPJSDIA OF GARDENING.
(Worm Grass), white, summer, 4 in., Europe (Britain) ; brevifolium, white, June,
3 in., Mediterranean Region; Ewersii, pink, Aug., 4 to 6 in., Siberia; higpanioum
(Syn. S. glauoum), pink and white, July, 3 in., S. Europe; dasyphyllum, pink,
July, 3 in., Europe; kamtsohaticum, yellow, autumn, 6 in., Eamtsohatka; lydium,
pink, summer, 3 in., pink, Aug., 2 in., Asia Minor; maximum, white and red,
Au^., 1 to 2 ft., Europe; Maximowioszii, yellow, summer, 1ft., Japan; oppositifolia,
white, July, 6 in., Caucasus; populifolium, pink, Aug., 8 to 10 in., Siberia; pul-
chellum, rosy purple, summer, 4 to 6 in., N. America; reflezum, yellow, summer,
8 to 10 in., Europe; roseum (Rose Root), reddish purple, summer, 6 to 10 in.,
N. Temperate Zone; spectabile, pink, autumn, 1 to 2 ft., Japan; stolonifenun
(Syn. S. spurium), pink, summer, 6 in., Caucasus, and its varieties albom (white)
and splendens (red) ; telephium (Orpine or LiTe-long), pink, summer, 1 ft.,
Pyrenees.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: S. Sieboldii medio-pictum, pink, summer, leaves
blotched with white, in., Japan; sarmentosum variegatam (Syn. S. carneum
variegatum), leaves green striped with white, stems pink, China.
Sela.g;il^6ll3' (Creeping Moss; Tree Club Moss). Ord. Lycopo- —
diacejB. Stove & greenhouse orn. foliage plants. Evergreen. First
introduced 1860. Fronds, creeping or erect; branched; green or
variegated.
CTJLTUEE Compost, equal parts fibrous peat & chopped sphagnum
:
40° to 50° ; March to Sept. 55° to 65° for greenhouse species. Propagate
by cuttings about 3 in. long inserted in above compost in v?ell-drained
pots, & plunged in cocoanut-fibre refuse in a temp, of 80° at all seasons.
STOVE SPECIES: S. canaliculata, creeping, Trop. Asia; cuspidata, W. Indies;
orythropus, W. Indies; Galeolottii, C. America; grandis, Borneo; hcematodes,
W". Indies; Wildencvi, climbing, Trop. Asia.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: S. apus (Syn. S. apoda or densa), N. America;
Braunii, 12 to 18 in., China; kraussiana (Syn. Lycopodium denticulatum), oreeping
or trailing, S. Africa; kraussiana aurea, foliage golden Martensii, 6 to 12 in.,
;
moss & sand. Position, pots or pans drained one-third of their depth.
Repot, March or April. Water freely March to Oct., moderately after-
wards. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 85° ; Sept. to March 60° to 65°.
Shade desirable. Resting period, none. Flowers appear in centre of
last made growths after growth has finished. Propagate all the species
by division of the roots at potting or planting time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. boissorianum, yellow, green and white, autumn,
Peru; oaricinum, white, rose, yellow and green, various seasons, Bolivia; oaudatum,
creamy white, crimson, bronze and green, spring, Central America; lindleyanum,
green and red, winter, British Guiana; longifolium, green, rose, yellow, and
white, various seasons, Costa Rica ; Schlimii, white, rose, and yellow, all the
year, Colombia. Also many hybrids for which see trade lists.
Sempervivum —
(House-leek). Ord. Crassulaceae. Greenhouse &
hardy succulent-leaved perennials. Leaves, fleshy, green or variegated.
CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES Soil, ordinary light, sandy, con-
:
taining a little old mortar. Position, open & sunny; chinks, crevices,
or ledges of rockeries edgings to borders. Plant, March to June. If
;
used for edgings, plant close together in single or double rows. Top-
dress annually in March with old & dried cow dung. Common House-
396
;;
BNCYCLOPMBiA Of OAUbMlNG,
leek (S. Tectorium) adapted for growing on sunny roofs or in crevices
of old walls. Plant in a mixture of cow dung & clay in March or April.
CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE SPECIiiS Compost, equal parts
:
Miller," yellow, summer, leaves silvery, 1 to 2 ft., used also for carpet bedding,
Mediterranean Region cruentus (Syn. Cineraria cruenta), parent of the well-known
;
Europe ; argenteus, foliage silvery, 1 ft.. Chili japonicus (Syn. Ligularia japonica),
;
orange, yellow, autumn, 4 to 5 ft., .Japan; K:i mpferi aureo-maculatus (^yn, Far-
fugium grande), leaves blotched with yellow, white and rose, 1 ft., Japan; maero-
phyllus (Syn. Ligularia macrophylla), golden yellow, summer, 4 to 5 ft., Caucasus.
Senna Plant.— See Cassia.
Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis). — See Onoclea.
Sensitive Plant (Mimosa sensitiva).— See Mimosa.
Sequoia (Mammoth Tree; Californian Red-wood;. Ord. Coni- —
fers. Hardy evergreen coniferous trees. First introduced 1853.
CULTURE sandy loam or reclaimed bog.
; Soil, Position, sunny
sheltered. Plant, Sept. Oct., April, or May. Propagate by seeds
sown J in. deep in well-drained pans of sandy loam placed in cold
frames in spring; transplanting seedlings when large enough to
handle, 6 in. apart in nursery rows 6 in. asunder; by cuttings of
shoots inserted in sandy loam under bell-glass, hand-light, or cold
frame, Sept. & Oct. variegated kinds by grafting on common species
;
in spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. gigantea (Syn. Wellingtonia gigantea), Mammoth
Tree of California, 300 ft., California; sempervirens ^California Bedwood), 200 to
250 ft., California.
Serapias (Tongue-flowered Orchid). Ord. Orchidacese. Hardy —
terrestrial orchids.First introduced 1786.
CULTURE Compost, calcareous loam or clay mixed with pieces of
:
ENCYCLOl'.JSDIA OF GARDKNING.
Serpent's-tong^ue (Erythronium americanum).— Seo Ery-
thronium.
Service-berry (Amelanchier canadensis). — See Amelanchier.
Service-tree (Pyrus Sorbus).— See Pyrus.
Seven Sisters Rose (Eosa multiflora Grevillea).— Sec Rosa.
Seville Orangre-treef (Citrus aurantium amara).— See Citrus.
Shaddock-tree (Citrus decumana). See Citrus. —
Shasgry-fruited Rose
(Eosa villosa).— Sec Eose.
Shag-gy-leaved Primrose (Primula villosa).— See Primula.
Shag:g'y LycliniS (Lychnis liaageana).— See Lychnis.
Shaggy Windflovver —
(Anemone vernalis). See Anemone.
Shallon-Shrub (Gaultheria Shallon).— See Gaultheria.
Shallot —
(Allium ascalonicum\ See Onion.
Shamrock Pea —
(Parochetus communis). See Paroclietus.
Shanghai Jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides). — See
Trachelosper mum
Shasta Daisy (Chrysanthemum maximum). —See Chrysanthe-
mum.
Sheep'S-bit Scabious (Jasione montana). —See Jasione.
Sheep's-poison Laurel (Kalmia angustifolia).— See Kalmia.
Shell-flower (Chelone obliqua).— See Chelone.
Shepherdia (Beef Suet Tree; Eabbit Berry; Buffalo Berry).—
Ord. Elaeagnaceae. Hardy deciduous shrub. Orn. foliage & fruiting.
First introduced 1759. Fruit, scarlet & yellow. Leaves, ovate &
silvery.
CTJLTUEE Soil, ordinary. Position, open or shady shrubberies &
:
400
BNOYGLOPMBIA OF GARDENING.
BIENNIAL SPECIES: S. oompaota, pink, summer, 18 In., Asia Minor.
PEB.ENNIAL SPECIES: S. aoaulis (Cushion Pink; Moss Pink), pint, June, 3 in.,
N. Temperate Zone; aoaulis alba, white; aoaulis grandiflora, crimson; alpestris
CAIpine Oatohfly), white, May, 6 in., Alps; S. Elisabetha;, rose, summer, 6 to 9 in.,
Tyrol; maritima flore pleno (Witch's Thimble); white, double, summer, trailing,
Europe; pennsylTanioa (American Wild Pink), pink, spring, 6 to 8 in., U. States;
rupestris, white. May, 4 to 6 in.,; Sohafta, purple, summer, 4 to 6 in., Caucasus;
Tlrgmioa (Fire Pink), crimson, June, 12 to 18 in., N. America.
Silk-bark Oak
(Grevillea robusta).— See Grevillea.
Silk-vine —
(Periploca graeca). See Periploca.
Silk-weed (Asclepias tuberosa). See Asclepias —
—
Silphium (Compass Plant; Cup Plant). Ord. Compositae. Hardy
perennial herbs.
CULTUEE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Plant, Oct.
to April. Lift, divide, & replant every two or three years. Propagate
by division of roots, Oct. to April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. laciniatum (Compass Plant), yellow, July, 4 to 6 ft.,
N. America; pertoliatum (Cup Plant), yellow, July, 6 to 8 ft., N. America.
Silver Bell Tree (Halesia tetraptera).—See Halesia.
Silver-edsed Primrose (Primula margiiiata).—See Primula.
Silver Fir (Abies pectinata). —See Abies.
Silver Grass (Phalaris arundinacea variegata). — See Phalaris.
Silver-leaved Beech (Fagus sylvatica argentea-variegatis).
—See Fagus.
Silver Maiden-hair Fern (Nothochlaena nivea). —See Notho-
chlsena.
Silver Maple (Acer dasycarpum). —See Acer.
Silver Rod (Asphodelua ramosus). —See Asphodelus.
Silver Thatch-palm (Thrinax argentea). — See Thrinax.
Silver-tree (Elaeagnus argentea"). — See Elasagnus.
Silver-varieg'ated Yew (Taxus baccata argentea). —See
Taxus.
Silver Vine (Pothos argentea). — See Pothos.
Silver Wattle (Acacia dealbata\ —See Acacia.
Silvery Cedar (Cedrus altantica). —See Cedrus.
Silvery Clary (Salvia argentea). —See Salvia.
Silvery-leaved Cineraria (Senecio Cineraria). — SeeSenecio.
Silvery-leaved Oleaster (Elaeagnus argentea). — See Elasag-
nus.
Silvery-leaved Sage (Salvia argentea). —See Salvia.
Silvery-leaved Salt-tree (Halimodendron argenteum).—
See Halimodendron.
Silvery Reed (Cortadeira conspicua). — See Cortadeira.
Silvery Tree Fern (Cyathea dealbata). — See Cyathea.
Silybum (Milk Thistle). —
Ord. Compositae. Hardy perennial herb.
Orn. foliage. Leaves, large, variegated with broad white veins.
ctlLTtJEE Soil, ordinary. Position, open borders. Propagate by
:
treated as cuttings; matured leaves with mid-ribs cut & laid on sur-
face of sandy peat in temp. 55° to 75°.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. epcoiosa (Gloxinia), violet, autumn, 6 to 12 i-i.,
Brazil. Latter speeles parent of the lovely strain of Gloxinias grown in gardens of
present day.
Sisyrinchium (Satin-flower; Rush Lily; Spring Bell).— Ord.
Iridacese. Hardy & half-hardy perennials. First introduced 1693.
CULTUEE OF HARDY SPECIES Soil, two parts sandy loam, one :
period all the year round. Flowers appear at apex of new growths.
Propagate by division at potting time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED S. leuoooantha, white and golden yellow, eununer, IJ to
:
tions fibrous peat& dry cow manure, & little sand. Position, pots or
beds with shoots trained up rafters or round trellises. Pot or plant,
Feb. or March. Water freely, April to Oct. Keep almost dry re-
mainder of time. Syringe daily, April to Sept. Prune weak shoots
in moderately close & remove tips of stronger ones in Feb. Temp.,
Oct. to March 50" to 55° March to Oct. 65° to 85°. Propagate by
;
main-crop; varieties maturing in Sept. & Oct. Soil, deep, rich loam
or any kind except very heavy clay or bog land. Light soils best for
very early crops. Position, sloping borders facing south for earlies, &
open garden for second early & main crops. Manures: (1) IJ cwt.
farmyard dung & 1 lb. of muriate of potash per square rod (30J sq.
yards) applied in autumn 3 lb. of superphosphate per sq. rod applied
;
at planting time & 1 lb. of nitrate of soda applied per sq. rod when
;
shoots are 6 in. high. (2) No farmyard manure. 1 lb. of kainit per
sq. rod applied in autumn; IJ lb. of superphosphate per sq. rod at
plantmg time; & 1 lb. of nitrate of soda & 6 oz. of sulphate of iron
per sq. rod applied when shoots are 6 in. high. (3) 31b. of superphos-
404
:
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF GARDENING.
phate & IJ lb. of sulphate of potash per sq. rod applied at planting
time; & 1 lb. of nitrate of soda per sq. rod applied when
shoots are 6 in. high. (4) Special for heavy damp soils: 9 lb.
of basic slag & 4 lb. of kainit per sq. rod applied in autumn & 1 lb.
;
of sulphate of ammonia per sq. rod applied when shoots are 6 in. high.
Sour or old garden soils should also be dressed with 3 bushels of
fresh lime per sq. rod in Feb. Never plant sets direct on farmyard
manure in drills. If applied in spring cover slightly with soil. Sea-
weed an excellent manure if dug in in autumn. " Sets " for planting
Best average size, IJ to 2 in. wide & 3 in. long; weight, 2 to 3 oz.
Larger tubers to be divided into three or four parts, each furnished
with one good " eye." Rub cut surfaces of sets in lime and expose
a few hours before planting. Treatment of sets; Place tubers close
together on their narrow ends in shallow boxes in a cool, light spot
early in the year, & allow each tuber to develop two strong shoots
only, rubbing off all others. Plant early sorts in Feb. ; second earlies
in March; late ones in April. Draw drills 6 in. deep on heavy
& 7 in. deep on light soils. Rows to run IST. and S. if possible, & be
15 in. apart for first earlies; 2 ft. 6 in. for second earlies; & 3 ft. 6 in.
for late kinds. Distances apart for early kinds, 6 to 8 in. 12 in.
;
for medium growers; & 18 in. for robust kinds. Never plant with a
dibble a bad practice. Pork or stir up soil between rows when shoots
;
are 6 in. high mould u,p when 6 to 8 m. high. Lift crop when haulm
;
assumes a yellowish tinge. Avoid exposing tubers for eating too long
to the light. Store in clamps in the open air or in cool cellars or
dark sheds. Tubers for seed store in boxes as above advised in light,
frost-proof position. Quantities of seed required :
J peck for a row
50 ft. long ; 1 bushel for row 250 ft. long.
CuLTUBB IN Pots Ctompost, two parts loam and one part leaf-
:
mould. Place one large crock over drainage hole, then add 2 in.
of turf and enough compost to half fill a 10-in. pot. Place one tuber in
centre and fill pot to jim with soil pressed down moderately firm.
Place pots in temp, of 55". Water carefully till shoots appear, then
keep soil uniformly moist. When shoots are 6in. high fill up remain-
ing space in pot with compost. Increase temp, to 65°, and feed twice a
week with liquid manure. Expose plants fully to light. Time to
plant, Jan. Crop ready for use m April or May.
CuLTUBE IN FttiMES Early crops may be grown in frames on hot-
:
ing seeds, rates, taxes, etc.:£l<i to dE20. Useful data Early crops
:
loam, leaf-mould, & silver sand. Pot, Feb. or March. Syringe daily,
water freely, & grow in temp, of 55° to 65°. Pinch off points of shoots
when 3 in. long. Transfer to cold frame in June, syringe morning &
evening & keep well watered. When berries set give liquid manure
twice a week. Admit air freely after first week. Remove to green-
house middle of Sept., & grow in a temp, of 55°. Prune shoots back
to 2 in. in Feb., & when new growth begins repot &, grow as before.
May also be planted outdoors in rich soil early in June, points of
shoots removed early in July, & plants carefully lifted, placed in
pots, & stood in shady cold frame for a fortnight, then removed to
greenhouse. Propagate by seeds sown in a temp, of 65° to 75° in
Feb., transplanting seedlings into small pots, removing points of
shoots when 3 in. high, & later transferring to 5-iu. pots. When shoots
are 3 in. long remove their points, then allow them to grow naturally.
From June onwards treat as advised for plants. Also increased by
cuttings inserted in sandy soil in temp, of 65° in spring, afterwards
treating rooted cuttings as advised for seedlings.
CULTURE OF CLIMBING SPECIES Compost, equal parts peat,
:
loam, leaf-mould, & silver sand. Position, pots, beds, or tubs, snoots
trained up rafters of greenhouse. Plant or pot in March. Prune
away weak growths & shorten soft points of other shoots in Feb.
Water freely in spring & summer; moderately in autumn & winter.
Temp., Oct. to March 45° to 55°; March to Oct. 55° to 65°. Propa-
gate by cuttings of young shoots in sandy peat in heat in spring. S.
jasminoides may be grown against S. or S.W. wall outdoors in warm
districts.
CULTURE OP HARDY SHRUBBY SPECIES : Soil, sandy loam &
peat. Position, sunny wall in Midlands & cold districts; shrubberies
in mild districts. Requires protection from cold winds. Plant, Oct.
or March. Prune previous year's growth fairly close in Feb. when
grown against walls ;thin out weak growths & cut off dead ends
of shoots when grown otherwise. Propagate by cuttings of young
shoots in sandy soil in cold frame in summer.
CULTURE OF ORNAMENTAL-LEAVED SPECIES Soil, ordinary. :
white beneath, green above and margined with white; robust um, stems woolly,
leaves velvety above, woolly beneath and spiny, Brazil Warscewiozii, stems red,
;
hairy and prickly, leaves green, midribs prickly, ,S. America. Perennials, but best
grown as half-hardy annuals.
Soldcinella. —
(Blue Moon-wort). Ord. Primulaceae. Hardy peren-
nial herbs. First introduced 1656.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts peat & loam & sharp sand. Posi-
:
crimson and white, Himalayas margaritaoea, rose, summer, leaves white and
;
green above, purplish beneath, Burma; margaritaoea argentea, leaves silvery grey;
Hendersonii, lilac rose, summer, 1 ft., leaves green and white; speciosa (Syn. S.
orbiculata), mauve, Nov., 9 to 13 in., leaves green, E. Indies.
Sophora. Pagoda Tree; JS'ew Zealand Laburnum). Ord.
(Chinese —
Leguminosae. Half-hardy evergreen & deciduous trees & shrubs.
Flowering & orn. foliage. First introduced 1739.
CULTURE OF HALP-HABDY SPECIES Compost, two parts loam,
:
one of leaf-mould, & little sand. Pot, Oct. to Feb. Position, in pots
or tubs in light airy part of greenhouse, Oct. to May; or against S.
walls outdoors in warm districts. Protect in cold weather with mats.
Water freely, April to Oct. very little afterwards. Prune, Feb. or
;
March. Temp., Oct. to April 40° to 45°; April to May 50° to 65°.
CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES Soil, deep rich loam. Position,
:
open sheltered lawns. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune into shape, Jan.
or Feb. Propagate by seeds sown J in. deep in light soil in temp, of
55° in April; cuttings inserted in sandy soil in temp, of 55° in March.
S. japonica pendula & S. j. p. variegata by grafting on common species
in March.
HALF-HARDT SPECIES S. ; tetraptera (New Zealand Laburnum), Syn.
Edwardsia grandiilora, yellow. May, 6 to 10 ft.. New Zealand; and its varieties
grandiflora (large flowered) and microphylla (narrow leaved). Evergreen.
HAHDT SPECIES: S. japonica (Chinese Pagoda Tree), white, Aug., 30 ft., China;
japonica pendula, branches weeping, very graceful. Deciduous.
—
Sophro-Cattieya. Ord. Orchidaceae. A race of bigeneric
hybrid orchids, the result of a cross between Sophronitis grandiflora &
several species of Cattleyas. Habit, dwarf. Flowering in winter.
CULTURE Compost, two parts coarse fibry peat, one part chopped
:
& Feb. & March; once a week other times. Syringe freely in summer.
Temp., March to Sept. 75° to 85"; Sept. to March 60° to 70°. Best-
ing period, none. Flowers appear at top of new pseudo-bulb. Pro-
pagate by division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.
HrBRIDS CULTIVATED; S. Lffita, pink, rosy purple ftnd yellow, Marriottii,
orange, yellow, and scarlet; Teitchii, rosy oarmine, magenta and yellow.
Sophroniti's (Scarlet-flowered Orchid). —
Ord. OrchidaccEe.
Dwarf evergreen epiphytal orchids. First introduced 1837.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts peat, sphagnum moss, & charcoal.
:
equal parts of leaf-mould, peat, sphagnum moss & silver sand. Repot
in spring. Grow in partial shade. Water freely April to Oct, mode-
rately afterwards. Growing period, spring & summer; resting period,
winter. Flowers appear at top of last-made pseudo-bulb. Temp.,
March to Oct. 75° to 85°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°. Propagate by
division in spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. aurea, yellow and red, autumn, Malacca; Fortunei,
yellow and red, autumn. Hong Kong; gracilis, golden, yellow, and red, winter,
Borneo; kimballiana, golden, yellow, and red, summer, Borneo; Lobbii. snlphur
yellow and red, autumn, Burma; plioata, rosy purple, summer, Malaya; Viellardii,
white, rose, and red, autumn. New Caledonia.
Spatlum (Lewisia rediviva). —See Lewisia.
Spear-flower (Ardisia crenulata). —See Ardisia.
Spear Grass (Aciphylla squarrosa).—See Aciphylla.
Spear Lily (Doryanthes Palmeri). —See Doryanthes.
Spear Mint (Mentha viridis).—See Mentha.
Spear-Mfort —
(Ranunculus lingua). See Ranunculus.
Specularia (Venus's Looking Glass). —
Ord. Campanulaceae.
Hardy annuals.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary.
: Position, sunny beds or borders. Sow
seeds in April thinly 1-16 in. deep in patches or lines where required to
grow. Thin seedlings when 1 or 2 in. hig;h to 3 to 6 in. apart. Sup-
port plants with small twigs when 3 to 6 in. high.
SPECIES CULTIVATED S. hybrida (Syn. Campanulaliybrida), the Corn Violet,
:
blue and lilac, July, 1 ft., Europe pentagonia (Syn. Campanula pcntagonia), blue,
;
ENCYCLOrJUDIA OF GASDENINO.
Speedwell.— See Veronica.
Spergula.-^ee Sagina.
Spice-bush (Lindera Benzoin).— See Liudera.
Spider Fern (Pteris sermlatai.— See Pteris.
Spider-flower.—See Cleome.
Spider Orchis (Orchis arachnites).—See Orchis.
Spiderwort (Tradesoantea virginiana).— See Tradescantea.
Spiselia (Carolina Pink; Maryland Pink-root). Ord. Lo-—
gauiaceas. Hardy herbaceous perennials. First introduced 1694.
CULTUEE Soil, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat, & sand. Posi-
;
rich, moderately dry for winter kind. Position, sunny. Sow seeds
of summer spinach at intervals of a fortnight, Feb. to Aug., in drills
1 in. deep & 12 in. apart; winter spinach, Aug. & Sept. in drills lin.
deep & 15 in. asunder. Thin winter spinach to Bin. apart when three
leaves form. Manures: IJlb. kainit, IJlb. sulphate of soda; l|lb.
sulphate of amm.onia; 21b. superphosphate per sq. rod, applied when
plants are 2 in. high. Seeds germinate in 10 to 15 days; retain their
germinating powers for 5 years. Crop reaches maturity 11 weeks after
sowing.
Market Cultube Soil, deep, moist & cool light soils unsuit-
: ;
required per acre, fib. Market large leaves only in bushel baskets.
Average yield per acre, 500 bushels. Average prices per bushel. Is. to
5s.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: S. oleracea glabra (Summer Spinach), 2 ft., S.E.
Europe; oleracea spinoea (Prickly or Winter Spinach).
Spindle-tree —
(Euonymus europseus). See Euonymus.
Spiraea —
(Meadow Sweet). Ord. Eosaceae. Hardy deciduous &
evergreen flowering shrubs & herbaceous perennials.
CULTUEE OP HAEDY HEEBACEOXJS SPECIES: Soil, ordinary
rich, well manured. Position, moist, partially shady or sunny
borders; margins of streams, etc., for S. Ulmaria, astilboides, palmata,
kamtschatica, and Aruncus. Plant, Oct., Nov., March or April. Top-
dress annually in April with decayed manure. Water copiously in
dry weather. Lift, divide, & replant every three or four years.
CTJLTUEE OF DECIDUOUS AND EVERGEEEN SPECIES : Soil,
good ordinary or loamy. Position, open sunny borders or shrubberies.
Plant, Sept. to March. Prune straggly shoots moderately close
directly after flowering.
CULTUEE OP S. ASTILBOIDES IN POTS: Compost, equal parts
loam & leaf-mould. Pot roots, Oct. or Nov., singly in 5 or 6 in. pots.
411
— ;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Place iu cold frame until required for forcing, or remove to ordinary
heated greenhouse in Jan., cold house in Feb. Temp, for forcing
55° to 65°. Water moderately when first brought into forcing or
greenhouse; freely when growth begins. Apply weak stimulants \ oz.
of guano to gall, of water —
when flower spikes show. Remove to cold
frame after flowering & plant out in sunny position in June. Let
plants remain thus for two years, then lift, place in pots, & use for
forcing. Plants will not flower freely two years in succession when
grown in pots. Propagate herbaceous kinds by division of the roots,
C:t. to March; shrubby ones by cuttings of young shoots inserted in
sandy soil under hand-light or in frame in shade, summer; also by
oifsets removed & planted in autumn.
HARDY HEEBACEOUS SPECIES: S. arunous (Goat's Beard), white, summer,
Temperate Regions; astilboides (Syn. Astilbe astilboides), white, Jane,
4 to 6 ft., N.
2 ft., Japan ;and its varieties floribanda (free flowering), and Lemoiuei (a hybrid)
kamtschatica (Syn. S. gigantea), white, June, 6 to 8 ft., Kamtscbatka ;and its
hybrid, hybrida, pink; Filipendula flore pleno (Double Dropwort), white, double,
summer, 1 ft., Britain; lobata (Queen of the Frairiefi), pink, June, 2 ft., N.
America; palmata, orimson, June, 1 to 2 ft., Japan; and its varieties alba (white),
clegans (white and red), and purpurea (purple-leaved) ;Ulmaria (Meadow Sweet),
white, June, 3 ft., Britain; Ulmaria fl. pi., double flowered; Ulmaria aureo-varie-
gata, variegated.
HARDY EVERGREEN SPECIES: S. japonioa, rose, June, 3 to 6 ft., Japan, and
its varieties, alba (white), Bumaldi (crimson). Shrub. The plant commonly called
S. japonioa is really Astilbe japonica
; see Astilbe.
HARDY DECIDUOUS SPECIES: S. arguta, white, summer, 2 to 3 ft., hybrid;
bella, red, July, 3 ft., Himalayas; discolor (Syn. S. ariietalia), white, June, 6 to
8 ft., N.W. America; Douglassii, rose, Aug., 3 to 6 ft., N.W. America; lindlejana,
white, Aug., 6 to 10 ft., Himalayas; prunifolia flore pleno, white, double, spring,
3 ft., China and Japan; Thunbergi, white, spring, 3 ft., China and Japan; salici-
folia, pink, July, 4 ft., E. Europe and Japan; Van Houttei, white. May, 4 ft.
Spire Lily —
(Galtonia candicans). See Galtonia.
Spieenvtfort —
(Asplenium trichomanes). See Asplenium.
Spotted Dead-Nettle (Lamium maculatum). See Lamium.
Spotted Laurel.—See Aucuba.
—
—
Spragfuea. Ord. Portulacaceae. Half-hardy perennial herb.
First introduced 1858.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, edges of surfny well-drained
:
ENCYGLOFMDIA OF GAItVENING.
matured pseudo-bulbs. Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs in
spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED buoephalue, yellow and crimson, very fragrant, Aug.,
; S.
1 to 2 ft., Peru and Mexico; dCToniensis, cream, yellow, purple, and crimson,
fragrant, July, Peru; eburnea, white and purple, June, Trinidad; grandiflora,
white and crimson, summer. Central America; insignis, yellow and purple,
fragrant, August, S. America; oculata, yellow, lilac, purple, white, and crimson,
summer, Mexico tigrina, orange, yellow, and purple, fragrant, summer, Mexico
;
or old mortar, & one part sand. Position, well-drained pots close to
glass in light sunny greenhouse. No shade required. Pot, March or
April. Water moderately, April to Oct. ; keep nearly dry remainder
of year. Temp., Oct. to March 40° to 50°; March to Oct. 55° to 75°.
Repot only when absolutely necessary. Top-dress annually in March
with compost of two parts well-decayed cow dung & one lart sendy
loam. Propagate by cuttings of stems exposed to air on sLdf in
greenhouse for two or three days, then inserted singly in 2-in. pots
half filled with drainage, remainder with sand & brick rubbish spring. ;
flora, purple, autumn, 1 ft. variegata, yarious colours, Aug., 1 ft. All natives of
;
S. Africa.
Staphylea —
(Bladder Nut). Ord. Sapindaceae. Hardy deciduous
flowering shrubs. First introduced 1640.
CULTUEE Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders or shrubberies.
:
sandy loam, one part leaf-mould. Pot, Oct. to Jan. Place in shel-
tered position outdoors, or in cold frame until Jan., then remove into
forcing house, or end of Jan. into cold greenhouse. Temp., 65° to 75".
Water moderately when first placed in heat, afterwards more freely.
Syringe daily until leaves expand. Transfer to cold frame after flower-
ing. Harden & stand outdoors. May to Oct. Propagate by seeds
sown in sandy soil in sheltered position outdoors in Sept. or Oct.
cuttings of firm shoots, 6 to 8 in. long, inserted in sandy soil in cold
frame or in sheltered corner outdoors in Sept. layering shoots, Sept. or
;
BNCYOLOI^EDIA OF GAIiDENlNO
Star Grass (Hypoxia erecta). — See Hypoxia.
Star Hyacinth (Soilla amoena).—See Scilla.
Star of Bethlehem (Ornithogalum umbellatum).— See Orni-
thogalum.
Star Pine (Pimis Pinaster).—See Piuus.
Star Tulip.—See Calochortus.
Star Windflower (Anemone hortensis). Spc Anemone.
Star-wort.—See Aster.
Statlce (Sea Lavender; Sea Pink). — Ord. Plumbaginaceas.
Greenhouse evergreens & half-hardy & hardy herbaceous perennials.
CULTURE OP GREENHOUSE SPECIES Compost, two parts sandy :
fibrous loam, one part fibrous peat, & one part sand. Pot, March or
April. Position, light airy sunny greenhouse, Sept. to May; cold
frame. May to Sept. Water freely, April to Sept. moderately after- ;
inserted singly in 2-in. pots well drained & filled with sandy soil, &
placed in temp. 55° to 65° in spring; division of roots, March or April.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES: S. profusa, blue, Aug:., 1 to 3 ft., hybrid; fruticanB,
blue, summer, Canaries; macrophylla (Syn. S. Ilalfordil), blue, June, 1 to 2 ft.,
Canaries.
HAEDT PBREMNIAL SPECIES: S. Bonduelli, yellow, .Tune, 1 to 2 ft., Aljreria;
Gmelini, blue, summer, 1 to 2 ft., Caucasus ;incana, pink, summer, 6 to 9 in.,
Tauria; latifolia, blue, June, 1 ft., Bulg-aria; Limonium (Common Sea Lavender),
purple, summer, 1 ft., Europe (Britain) ; tartarica, red and blue, summer, 1 ft.,
Caucasus.
ANNUAL SPECIES : S. Suworowi, lilao and pink, summer, 18 in., 0. Asia.
415
;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Stephanotis (Clustered Wax-flower; Madagascar Chaplet
—
Flower; Madagascar Jasmine). Ord. Asclepiadaceae. Stove evergreen
twining shrubs. First introduced 1839.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts good light fibrous loam or peat, &
:
sheltered border. Plant bulbs, Oct. or Nov., 4 in. deep, & 2 or Sin.
apart. Plant surface of soil over bulbs with Saxifraga hypnoides or
Sedum acre to form green carpet & afford protection. Lift & replant
when bulbs show signs of deterioration. May also be grown in pots
in cold greenhouses as advised for Amaryllis belladonna. Propagate
by offsets removed & planted, Oct. or Nov.
SPECIES CULTIVATED; S. lutea (Syn. Amaryllis lutea), yellow, Oct., 6 to 8 In-
Central Europe.
Stevensonia.. —Ord. Palmaceae. Stove orn foliage palm.
First introduced 1865. Leaves, once divided, wedge-shaped, green.
CULTURE Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part equal pro-
:
portions charcoal, turfy loam, & sand. Position, moist shady part of
stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Syringe freely twice daily, Feb. to Oct.
once daily afterwards. Water freely at all times. Shade & moist
atmosphere essential. Temp., March to Oct. 70° to 85°; Oct. to March
65° to 75°. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in peat & loam in
small pots in temp. 75° to 85°, spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED S. grandifolia, 10 to 20 ft., Seyohelles.
:
Temp., March to Oct. 65* to 75"; Oct. to March, 55° to 65°. Propa-
gate by seeds sown in compost of leaf-mould, peat, & loam, in temp,
of 65° to 75°, spring; offsets or division of old plants, Feb. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : S. Regrinse, orange and blue, spring, 3 to 4 ft., S.
Africa Reginse citrina, yellow and blue.
;
are in flower. Admit air freely in summer. Cold shady frame good
position for young plants during summer. Propagate by seeds sown
417 P
S
ENCYCLOr.F.DIA OF GAIiDENING.
in well-drainod pots, pans, or boxes, with equal parts of finely-sifted
loam, leaf-mould, peat, and sand. Cover the seeds thinly with a
sprinkle of fine silver sand. Moisten the soil by iioldmg the pot, pan,
or box nearly to its rim or edge in tepid water. Place a pane of glass
over top of pot, pan, or 'box, & put in a temp. 55° to 65°. Transplant
seedlings as soon as large enough to handle 1 in. apart in above com-
post, in pans or pots, & when seedlings touch each other place them
singly in 3-in. pots, & ultimately into 5 or 6-in. pots. Seeds sown in
Feb. will produce plants for flowering following July; in March or
April, following August or September.
SPECIES CULTIVATUDt S. Dunnii, rose, eummcr, 12 to 18 in.; Oalpini, white
.and mauve, summer; Rcxii, blue, summer, G in.; Sandereii, blue, summer, 1 ft.;
"Wendlandii, blue, spring, IS to 30 in. All natives of S. Africa. Many beautiful
hybrid and strains, for which see trade lists.
StreptOSOlen. — Ord. Solanacese. Greenhouse evergreen flower-
ing shrub. First introduced 1847.
CULTURE Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould, &
:
—
Swainsonia (Darling River Pea). Ord. Leguminosae. Green-
house evergreen flowering shrubs. First introduced 1800.
CULTURE Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part peat, & half
:
419 p 2
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Australia; coronillifolia galeg:a2folia, reddish purple, summer, 4 to 6 ft.; coronilli-
folia alba, white, summer, 4 to 6 ft.
Swainson's Pea. — See Swainsonia.
Swallow-wort (Chelidonium majus & Asclepias tuberosa). —See
Chelidonium & Asclepias.
Swamp DogfVtfOOd (Ptelea trifoliata). —See Ptelea.
Swamp Globe-flower (Cephalantlnis occidentalis). — See
Cephalanthus.
Swamp Hellebore (Veratrum viride). — See Veratrum.
Swamp Honeysuckle (Rhododendron viscosum).— See Eho-
dodendrou.
Swramp Laurel. — See Kalmia.
Swamp Lily (Lilium superbum). — See Lilium.
Swamp Sunflower (Helcnium autumnale). —See Helenium.
Swran Orchid. — See Cycnoches.
Swan River Daisy (Brachycome iberidifolia).— See Brachy-
come.
Swan River Everlasting' (Helipterum Manglesii). — See
Helipterum.
Swan River Fern Palm (Macrozamia Fraseri). — See Macro-
zamia.
Svtfan'S Neck Orchid (Cycnoches aurea). — See Cycnoches.
Sweet Alyssum —
(Alyssum maritima). ^See Alyssum.
Sweet Amber —
(Hypericum Andros^mum). See Hypericum.
Sweet Basil (Ocimum —See Ocimum.
Basiliiim).
Sweet Bay-tree — See Laurus.
(Laurus noblis).
Sweet Briar (Bosa rubiginosa). — See Rosa.
Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis odorata). — See Myrrhis.
Sweet Cumin (Pimpinella anisum\ — See Pimpinella.
Sweet Fennel (Foeniculum officinale). —See Foeniculum.
Sweet Fern (Myrrhis odorata). — See Myrrhis.
Sweet Flag^ (Acorus calamus).
See Acorus. —
Sweet Gale —
(Myrica Gale). See Myrica.
Sweet Gum-tree (Liquidambar styracifiua). —See Liquidam-
bar.
Sweet John (Dianthus barbatus). — See Dianthus.
Sweet Marjoram (Origanum marjorana). — See Origanum.
Sweet Maudlin (Achillea Ageratum). — See Achillea.
Orange-tree (Citrus aurantium). —^See Citrus.
Svtfeet
Sweet Pea. — See Lathyrus.
Sweet Pepper Bush (Clcthra alnifolia).— See Clethra.
Sweet Potato (Ipomaea batatus). —See Ipoma?a.
Sweet Rocket (Hesperis matrionalis). — See Hesperis.
Sweet Scabious (Scabiosa atropurpurea). — See Scabiosa.
Sweet-scented Bramble (Rubus odoratus).— See Eubus.
Sweet-scented Clematis (Clematis flammula).— Sec Cle-
matis.
Sweet-scented Crab (Pyrus coronaria),— See Pyrus.
Sweet-scented Daphne (Daphne odora). —See Daphne.
Swreet-scented Hellebore (Helleboms odoru,?). — See
Helleborus.
Sweet-scented Olive-tree (Olea fragrant,).— See Olea.
Sweet-scented Tulip (Tulipa fragrans). —See Tulipa.
420
. ;
EN0YCL0P.1SDIA OF GARDBNING.
Sweet-scented Verbena (Lippia citriodora).— See Lippia.
Sweet-scented Water Lily (Nymphsea odorata>.— See
Nymphaea.
Svtfeet Sedg;e (Acorus —
calamus). See Acorus.
Sweet-sop (Auona squamosa).
Sweet Sultan (Centaurea moschata & 0. suaveolens). — See
—
See Auona.
Ceutaurea.
Sweet Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum). — See
Anthoxanthum
Sweet William (Dianthus barbatus).— See Dianthus.
Sweet William Catchfly (Silene armeria).—See Silene.
Sweet Woodruff (Asperula odorata).-^ee Asperula.
Swertia (Marsh Fel-wort). — Ord. Gentianaceae. Hardy perennial
with yellow and g:reen, 4 ft., Caucasus officinale bohemicum, crimson, June, 3 ft.,
;
ENCYOLOPJSDIA OF GABDENING.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary good.
:
Position, sunny borders or shrub-
beries. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Prune, moderately after flowering (June),
removing or shortening shoots that have flowered only. Allow nu
suckers to grow from roots. Apply house slops or liquid manure in
summer to plants growing in poor soils.
POT CULTURE FOR FORCING Compost, two parts good sandy
:
loam, one part leaf-mould, & little sand. Pot, Oct. or Nov. Place
plants after potting in sheltered corner outdoors, protecting pots from
frost with litter until required for forcing. Transfer to temp of 55°,
Nov. to Feb. Syringe daily. Water moderately. Directly buds burst
place in temp, of 60" to 65°, when expanded replace in temp, of 55".
Prune shoots that have flowered to within 2 in. of base directly 'after
blooming. Keep plants in heat until May, then gradually harden and
plant outdoors, i^lants must not be forced two years in succession.
Lilacs may be grown in cold greenhouse for flowering in April and
May. Place in greenhouse in Nov. Propagate by seeds sown in sunny
position outdoors in autumn or spring; suckers removed & planted
from Oct. to Feb. layering shoots in ijept. choice varieties by bud-
; ;
Syringe daily, March, & until flowers appear. Temp., March to Sept.
70° to 80° Sept. to March 65° to 75".
; Propagate by cuttings of ripe
shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in small pots filled with sand under
bell-glass in temp. 65" to 75" in Feb.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. coronana, white, summer, 4 to 8 ft., India; and
its varieties crispa ^Urisp petalled) and liore plcno (double).
Table Mountain Orchid (Disa grandilloia;.—See Disa.
Table-shaped Houseleek (Scmpervivum tabulaeformc).—
See Sempervivum.
Tacsonia (Blood-red Passion-flower; Van Volxem's Passion-
flower). —
Ord. Passiflorse. Greenhouse evergreen flowering climbers.
First introduced 1828.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts fibrous loam & peat, one fourth
:
422
ENOYOLOPJiDIA OF (lARDRNlNG.
hybriil; insignis, ci-imson, autumn, 20 to 30 ft., S. America; maiiioata, scarlet,
autumn, 30 ft., Teru; Van-Volxemii, ovimson, autumn, 30 ft., Colombia.
Tagetes (African Marigold; i'rench Marigold; Mexican Mari-
gold). —Ord.Compositse. Half-hardy annuals. I'irst introduced 1696.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, well-enriched with decayed manure.
Position, sunny borders for African Marigold; sunny beds or borders
for French and Mexican Marigold; edgings to beds or borders for T.
signata pumila. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in light soil in temp. 55° to
65° in March, or in unheated greenhouse in April. Transnlant seed-
lings when three leaves form, 3 m. apart, in light soil in shallov,' boxes,
or in bed of rich soil in cold frame, gradually harden off in May, and
plant out in June. Plant African Marigolds in groups of three or
six, or 16 in. apart in rows; French Marigolds singly, or in groups in
borders, or 12 m. apart in rows; Dwarf Marigolds (X- signata pumilal
6 in. apart in rows. African Marigold for exhibition to carry four
blooms only. Thin shoots to four on each plant, each carrying one
bloom. Water freely in dry weather. Apply stimulants occasionally
to plants in ilower. Suitable stimulants (1) 1 oz. of Peruvian guano to
;
tion, large well-drained pots or tubs in lofty stove. Pot or plant, Feb.
Water copiously, April to Oct. ; moderately afterwards. Syringe
daily, April to Sept. Shade from sun. Temp., April to Oct. 70° to
85° Oct. to April
; 60° to 70°. Propagate by seeds steeped for a few
hours in tepid water, and then sown :Jin. deep in light soil in temp.
75° to 85° m
spring; cuttings of shoots inserted singly in small well-
drained pots placed under bell-glass in temp. 65° to 75°, March to
August.
SPECIES CULTITATED: T. indica, yellow and red, summer, 20 to 40 ft..
Tropics.
Tamarisk (Tamarisk gallica). —See Tamarix.
TamariX (Tamarisk; Manna Plant). — Ord. Tamaricaceas. Hardy
evergreen shrubs. Flowering & orn. foliage.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary or sandy. Position, shrubberies or hedges
in seaside gardens, S. & S.W. England; sunny banks or sheltered shrub-
beries in inland gardens south of the Trent. Plant, Sept. to April.
Prune, Oct. to March, shortening straggling shoots only. Propagate
by cuttings of shoots, 4 to 6 in. long, inserted in sandy soil in sheltered
position under hand-light or in cold frame. Sept, or Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. sinensis (Chinese Tamarisk), pink, summer, 8 to
10 ft., China; gallica, pink, summer, 6 to 8 ft., S. Europe; anglica (Common
Tamarisk), pink, summer, 8 to 10 ft., W. Europe.
Tanacetum —
(Tansy; Alecost). Ord. Compositas. Hardy herba-
ceous perennials.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny. Plant, 12 in. apart
in rows 18 in. asunder in March or Oct. Remove flower stems as they
form. Replant every three or four years. Leaves aromatic, used for
423
ENOYCLOI'J'JDIA OF GARDENING.
flavouring puddingSj etc., & for garnisliing. Propagate by seeds sown
outdoors in spring; division of the roots in Oct. or March.
SPECIES OUITIVATED: T. Tulgare orispum, yellow, summer, 3 ft., Britain.
Tang-erine Ora.ng:e-tree (Citrus uohilis). See Citrus. —
Tangier Iris (Iris Tingitana).—See Iris.
Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare). See Tanacetum. —
Tansy-leaved Hawthorn
(Crataegus tanacetifolia). See —
Cratsegus.
Tape Grass (Vallisneria spiralis). — See Vallisneria.
Taraxacum (Dandelion). —Ord. Compositae. Hardy perennial
herb. Cultivated solely for its blanched leaves for saladings.
CULTUEE Soil, ordinary deep, free from recent manure. Position,
:
-
sunny. Sow seeds 1 in. deep in drills 12 in. apart in April. Thin
seedlings to 6 in. apart in rows in May. Remove flower stems directly
they form. Lift roots in Nov., & store in sand in cool place. Plant
roots almost close together in boxes or large pots in ordinary soil.
Cover pots, etc., to exclude light. Place in warm greenhouse between
Nov. & April. Keep soil moist & cut leaves when 3 to 6 in. long, for
salads. Destroy roots afterwards. Make a fresh sowing annually.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. officinale, yellow, spring, Britain.
Taro-root. —See Colocasia.
Tarragon (Artemisia —
dranunculoides). See Artemisia.
—
Tartarian Honeysuckle (Lonicera tartarica). Sec
Lonicera.
Tartarian Ixla-lily tartaricum).— See Acer.
(Ixiolirion
Tasmanian Currant —
(Coprosma Baueri). See Coprosma.
Tasmanian Laurel —
(Anopterus glandulosa). See Anopterus.
Tasmanian Tree Fern (Dicksonia antarctica). -
— See
Dicksonia.
Tasmanian Water Pimpernel (Samolus repens). —See
Samolus.
Tassel Cotton-grass (Eriophorum polystachyon). — See
Eriopjiorum.
Tassel Hyacinth (Muscari comosum). See Muscari. —
Tawny Day-lily(Hemerocallis fulva). See Hemerocallis. —
Taxodium —
(Deciduous Cypress). Ord. Coniferse. Hardy deci-
duous coniferous trees; orn. foliage. First introduced 1640. Leaves,
feather-shaped, deciduous, bright green, changing to dull red in
autumn. Habit, pyramidal when young; broad, cedar-like when full
grown.
CULTUEE : Soil, Position, margins of ponds & rivers
moist loam.
or in damp places. Dry
position quite unsuitable. Plant, Oct. to
Feb. Propagate by seeds sown |iu. deep in pans of light soil in
cold frame in April, transplanting seedlings singly iuto small pots
following spring, & planting outdoors the year after ; cuttings of shoots
inserted in water in cold greenhouse or frame in spring or summer;
layering branches in Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED; T. distichum, 70 to 100 ft., S.W. States; distichum
pendula, pendulous brunches.
Taxus —
(Yew Iree). Ord. ConifersB. Hardy evergreen trees. Orn.
foliage. Timber used for cabinet making, but too slow in growth to
cultivate for that purpose. Leaves poisonous to cattle. Estimated
average age, 1,000 to 2,000 years. Average rate of growth, 2 to 3 in.
per year.
CULTURE Soil, good deep oi-dinary, moist.
: Position, sunny or
424
— ;
BNOYOLOP^^DlA OV GAlltiMntNO.
shady shrubberies for common kinds; sunny shrubberies, lawns, or
borders for variegated & Irish yews. Plant, Sept. to Nov., Feb. to
.May. Prune April.
WINTER BEDDING Sort best adapted for the purpose— T. baccata
:
upright English & Irish yews. Position, sunny. Soil, good moist
ordinary, previously trenched 3 spits deep & 3 ft. wide. Plant, Oct.,
Nov., March, or April. Distance for planting; 12 in. for trees 18 in.
high; 18 in. for trees 3 ft. high; 2 ft. for trees 3 ft. 6 in. to 5 ft. high.
Average cost of plants per 100, 21s. to 30s. Cost of preparing soil
and planting hedge, per lineal yard, 9d. to Is. Prune, trim, or clip
in April or Sept. Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in
light soil outdoors in March, or \ in. deep in pans or boxes of light
soil, in cold frame or greenhouse, in March, transplanting seedling in
nursery bed when large enough to handle; by cuttings of shoots in-
serted in sandy soil under hand-light, or in cold frame in September;
grafting variegated kinds on common upright yew in March ; layering
in Sept.
SPECIES CtTLTIVATED: T. baccata (Common Tew), 30 ft., Europe and N.
Asia. Also the following varieties adpressa, 8 ft. albo variegata, leaves edged
: ;
Tew) Dovaatoni aurea pendula, leaves edged with yellow elegantissima, leaves
; ;
edged with creamy white; erecta (Fulham Tew), erect habit; fastigiata (Irish
Tew), columnar habit fastigiata variegata, leaves edged and striped with white
;
peat & silver sand. Position, pots or beds with shoots trained up roof.
Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Prune, Feb., shortening strong shoots
J, and weak shoots f Water freely, April to Sept. ; keep nearly dry
.
one part peat & silver sand. Position, large well-drained pots, or
beds 3 ft. square, 18 in. deep, for one plant, in light sunny greenhouse;
shoots trained up roof. Pot or plant, Feb. or March. Good drainage
absolutely necessary. Prune away J of strong shoots, f of weak shoots,
in Feb. Water copiously, April to Oct. Keep nearly dry, Oct. to
April. Apply weak stimulants occasionally to healthy establishecJ
423
L]\OYCLOr.EDlA OF GARDEN IX G.
plants in summer. No shade required at any time. Admit air freely
during summer & early autumn to thoroughly ripen wood for insur-
ing abundance of flowers. Temp., April to Oct, 55° to 65°; Oct. to
April 40° to 50°.
CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES Soil, two parts loam, one part
;
ENVyULOVMDlA OV GAUDENINd.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : T. olophantipes, yellow, summer, 5 to 10 ft., S. Africa.
Tetrag'Onia (New Zealand Spinach).— Ord. Ficoideas. Hardy
annual. Cultivated in gardens aa a substitute for summer spinach
especially ou light dry soils. First introduced 1772. Leaves, large,
thick, succulent.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny. Sow seeds, previously
:
soaked for 24 hours in tepid water, singly lin. deep in 2-iu. pots filled
with light soil in March. Place pots m
temp. 55" to 65° & keep soil
moist. Transfer seedlings to 5-in. pots when seedlings form four
leaves, harden off in cold frame, & plant out 3 ft. apart in rows 4 ft.
asunder. Gather the leaves only for cooking. Water freely in dry
weather. Seeds may be sown in open ground in May it unable to
sow them in heat.
SPECIES CULTIVATED T. oxpanea, yellow, summer, 3 in.. New Zealand.
Tetramicra.. — :
sunny wall. Sow seeds in light soil in temp. 55° to 65°, March or
April, transplanting seedlings singly into small pots when three leaves
form, harden in cold frame or greenhouse, & plant outdoors, May
or June.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. dubia, golden yellow, summer, 5 to 10 ft., China.
Thong —
Lily (Clivia miniatum). See Clivia.
Thorn Apple —
(Datura Stramonium). See Datura.
—
Thrift (Armeria vulgaris). See Armeria.
Thrinax (Silver Thatch Palm).— Ord. Palmacese. Stove orn.
foliage plant. First introduced 1778. Leaves, fan-shaped, green.
CULTURE; Compost, two parts loam, one part peat, & little sand.
Position, well-drained pots in moist part of stove. Water copiously,
April to Oct. moderately afterwards. Syringe daily, April to Sept.
;
mouid or decayed manure, & one part sand. Sow seeds thinly in
light compost in a -well-drained pot, pan, or box, in temp. 65° to 75°,
in Feb. or March. Transplant seedlings when three leaves form singly
in S^-in. pots, & later on into 5-iu. size. Place pots afterwards along-
side of staging, & let shoots hang down ; or in baskets suspended from
roof. May also be planted outdoors in June against sunny walls, in
window boxes, or vases. m Water freely. Apply weak stimulants
occasionally when in flower.
CULTURE OF OTHER SPECIES Compost, equal parts leaf-mould
:
India; erecta (Syn. Uleyouia ereeta), blue and orange, summer, 6 ft., Trop. Africa;
erecta alba, white and yellow; fragrans, white, fragrant, summer, 5 ft., Trop.
.
IINCYCLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
spring, transplanting seedlings in open ground when large enough
to handle ; by cuttings of shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in sandy soil
under bell-glass or in cold frame in Sept. grafting in March.
;
gigantea and T. Lobbii), Red or Canoe Cedar, 100 to 150 ft., N.W. America, a very
handsome tree.
one part sand. Pot the bulbs singly in 4J-in. pots in March or April.
Coyer pots with cinder ashes or cocoauut-fibre refuse in cold frame
or under stage in cold greenhouse until growth begins, then remove
to light. Water moderately after growth begins; freely when well
advanced. Apply weak stimulants occasionally when flower stems
show. Position when in flower, light airy greenhouse or cold sunny
frame. After flowering, gradually withhold water until foliage turns
yellow, then keep quite dry. Remove bulbs from soil, tie into bundles,
& suspend in cool place until potting time the following April. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown J in. deep in light compost in temp. 55° to 65°,
spring by offsets removed & treated as advised for old bulbs in April.
;
alba, white; Pavonia aurea, yellov?; Pavonia conchiflora, rich yellaw; Pringlei,
acarlet,orange, and crimaon, summer, 18 in., Mexico; violacea, rose, purple and
white, May, 1 ft., Mexico.
—
Tile-root. See Geissorhiza.
Tilia (Lime Tree; Linden Tree; Bass Wood). — Ord. Tiliaceaj.
"Pardy deciduoug trees. Orn. foliage. Fl-iwors, whito, yellow; frfj-
m
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
—
Piptanthus (Nepaul Laburnum). Ord. Leguminosae. Hardy
evergreen flowering shrub. First introduced 1821.
CULTURE Soil, rich sandy loam. Position, warm sheltered shrub-
:
stove. Place 2-in. layer of soil on bottom of tub or tank & plant on
surface of water. Replenish with tepid water occasionally. Add
fresh soil annually. Temp., March to Oct. 70° to 85"; Oct. to March
60° to 70°. Propagate by offsets.
SPECIES CULTIVATED P. stratiotes, 1 to 3 in., Jamaica.
—
:
SNOYCLOP^DtA Of GAltDmMQ.
two rows, thus •.-.•.• Distance between rows 18 in. for varie-
: :
ties not exceeding 2 ft. in height; 3 ft. for those not more than 4ft.
high; 6 to 8ft. for those growing 5 to 6ft. high. Sow earliest sorts
on south border, Nov. & Jan., or in 4^ in. pots in temp. 55° in Jan.,
hardening plants off when 3 in. high in cold frame & planting outdoors
in Feb. or March; second early sorts in open garden m
Feb. & March;
main-crop, April & May late crops, June & J uly.
; Draw mould up to
each side of row when plants are 6 in. high & place supports to them.
Mulch to width of 15 in. on each side of row with manure. Water
copiously in dry weather. Nip off points of shoots of 'tall kinds when
4 ft. high, & again when 5 ft. high. Early peas, seeds round, late
ditto, wrinkled (marrowfats). Quantity of seed reqijired for a row
50ft. long: 1 pint. Seeds retain their vegetative powers for 3 to 4
years, and seeds germinate in 10 to 20 days. Crop reaches maturity
in 18 to 24 weeks. Bound-seeded sorts germinate more quickly than
wrinkled kinds. Protect seeds from mice and birds by soaking them
in paraffin oil for 4 hours before sowing.
Maeket Culture Soil,: deeply worked and well - manured.
Manure and trench or plough deeply previous autumn. Position,
sheltered for early crops. Manures: Easic slag, 8 to lOcwt. and
kainit 2 cwt. per acre, applied in autumn. When plants appear, apply
3 cwt. superphosphate per' acre, & a few weeks later 1 cwt. nitrate of
soda per acre. On poor soils apply 10 tons of farmyard manure per
acre in autumn, and superphosphate & nitrate of soda in spring.
Sow early sorts, Nov. to Jan.; mid-season, Feb. & March; late, April.
Distances to sow 3 in. deep, 2 to 3 in. apart in rows 2^ to 3 ft. asunder.
:
Hoeing, 3s.; brushing haulm, 3s. 6d. ; picking per bushel (321b.), 4d.
to 6d. Average yield per acre, 150 bushels. Average return per acre,
^620 to ^30. Weight of seeds per bushel, 56 to 63 lb.
CULTURE OF SUGAR PEAS Soil, same as for garden peas.
: Sow
in March or April, 2J-in. deep in drills 6 in. wide & 6 ft. apart, & earth
up k stake in the usual way. Gather pods when fully developed &
cook like French beans. Rotation Peas may follow potatoes, carrots,
:
white or red, Bummer, Europe, etc. satlTum saccuaratum (Sugar Pea), white or
;
red, summer, Europe; elatius (Mummy or Crown Pea), blush, summer, 4 to 6 ft.,
Mediterranean Ilegion. The statement that seeds of latter were originally found
in an Egyptian mummy is a purely legendary one.
—
Pitcalrnia. Ord. Bromeliacese. Stove perennial herbs. First
introduced 1777. Leaves, narrow or sword-shaped; margins prickly.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, rough peat, & leaf-
:
333
ENrYCLOP.EDIA OF (^ABDFyXIXO.
Touch-me-not (Impaticns noli-me-tangere). See Impatiens. —
Tournefortia (Summer Heliotrope). Ord. Boraginacese. —
Greenhouse flowering shrubs. First introduced 1800.
CULTURE; Compost, equal parts light Icfam, leaf-mould & sand.
Position, pots or beds, with shoots growing loosely or trained to trellis,
vviiUs, pillars, or rafters in greenhouse; in sunny beds outdoors, June
to Sept., or in pots in windows. Pot Feb. to May. Plant outdoors, June.
Lift & repot, Sept. Water freely March to Oct., moderately after-
wards. Apply liquid or artificial manure to healthy plants in flower.
Prune old plants in closely in Feb. Training Nip off points of main, ;
also lateral shoots when 3 in. long, to form dwarf plants; points of
main shoots when 12 in. long, & side shoots when 3 to 6 in. long, to
form pyramids; points of main shoots when 2ft. long, & of lateral
—
shoots at apex when 3 to 6 in. long all side shoots to within 4 in. of
—
apex to be removed altogether to form standards. Temp., Feb. to
Oct. 60° to 70"; Oct to Feb. 50° to 55"- Pot plants do best in cold
frame or sunny position outdoors, Jnly & Aug. Propagate by seeds
sewn 1-16 in. deep in well-drained pots or pans of light soil in temp.
65° to 75° in March by cuttings of shoots, 2 to 3 in long, inserted in
;
white.
Trachelospermum (Chinese Jasmine; Chinese Ivy).— Ord.
Apocynaceae. Greenhouse evergreen climbing shrub. Flowering.
First introduced 1846.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, & silver sand. Posi-
tion, pots with shoots trained to wire trellis, or well-drained beds or
borders with shoots trained up pillars, rafters, or walls. Pot or plant,
Feb. or March. Water freely April to Oct., moderately afterwards.
Syringe daily except when flowering. Prune moderately after flower-
ing. Shade from sun essential. Temp., March to Sept. 65° to 75°;
Sept. to March, 45° to 55". Propagate by cuttings of firm young
shoots 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in well-drained pots of sandy peat placed
under bell-glass in temp. 65° to 75°, spring or summer.
SPECIES CULTIVATED T. jasmiaoides (Syn. lihyncospermum jasminoides),
:
ammonia, 2J lb. of guano, mixed, per square rod (30J square yards ,
Temp., May to Sept. 55° to 65°; Sept. to Feb. 45° to 55°; Feb. to May
50° to 60". Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED T. ooooinea, crimson and white. May and .Tune. 6 in..
:
Central America; fragrans, grcenifih white and yellow, almond scented, summer,
Colombia; galeottiana, greenish yellow and crimson, summer, Mexico; suavis,
white, red, and yellow, hawthorn scented, May and June, Central America; tortilis,
brown, yellow, white, and crimson, summer, Mexico.
Trichosanthes (Snake Gourd; Serpent Cucumber; Tijjcr
—
Gourd). Ord. Cucurbitaceae. Greenhouse annual climbers. First in-
troduced 1735. Fruit, very long, cucumber-like, twisted.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts sandy loam, leaf-mould, i- fibrous
peat. Position, well-drained pots with shoots trained up roof of sunny
greenhouse. Sow seeds singly 1 in. deep in 2-in. pots filled with above
compost, placed in temp. 65° to 75° Feb. or March. Transplant seed-
lings when three leaves form into 4i-in. pots, & when well rooted into
8-in. size. Water freely; use tepid water only. Syringe daily. May to
Sept. Shade trom mid-day sun. Apply weak stimulants twice a week
May to Sept. Temp., 60° to 70°.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. Anguina, white, summer, 10 to l.^ ft., Trop. Asia.
—
Trichosma. Ord. Orchidaceae. Stove epiphytal orchid. First
introduced 1840.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts fresh sphagnum moss & fibry peat.
:
Position, pots or pans half filled with potsherds, & placed close to glas.s.
Pot, Feb. or March; keep base of plant well above rim of pot or pan.
Temp., March to Sept. 70° to 85°; Sept. to Nov. 65° to 75°; Nov. to
March 60° to 70°. Water freely March to Aug., moderately Aug. to
Nov., very little Nov. to March. Growing period, March to Aug. rest- ;
436
ENOYCLOPJEBIA OF GAllDENING.
ing period. Sept to Feb. Propagate by division of bulbs at potting
time.
SPECIES CULTIYATED : T. suavis, creamy white, yellow and crimson, fragrant,
October and November, Sikkim and Khasya.
Tricyrtis (Japanese Toad Lily). — Ord. Liliaceae. Half-bardy
perennials. First introduced 1851.
GREENHOUSE CULTTJEE: Compost, equal parts of sandy loam,
peat, & silver sand. Position, well-drained pots m
cool greenhouse or
cold frame. Pot, Oct. to March. Plunge pots to rim in cocoanut-fibre
refuse or cinder ashes in cool greenhouse or cold frame, & give no water
till growth commences, then apply moderately. When stems are 3 in.
high, place plants in li^ht airy position in greenhouse. No shade
required. Apply weak stimulants once a week during flowering period.
After flowering gradually withhold water till foliage turns yellow, then
keep dry, & store pots away in cold frame or under staging in cool
greenhouse until Feb. or March.
OUTDOOR CULTURE: Soil, peaty. Position, partially shady,
sheltered, moist border. Plant rhizomes 2 in. below surface, Oct. to
March. Protect in severe weather with covering of litter. Plants
grown outdoors do not flower until autumn. Propagate by offsets re-
moved at planting or potting time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. hirta, white and purple, autumn, 2 to 3 ft.,
Japan.
Trientalis (Chickweed Winter Green; Star Flower). Ord. —
Primulaceae. Hardy herbaceous
perennials.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary light rich.
: Position, shady borders, mar-
gins of rhododendron beds, rockeries or woodlands. Plant, Nov. to
April. Propagate by seeds sown in light rich soil, lightly covered with
fine mould under hand-light in shady position outdoors in April ; divi-
sion of roots, Nov. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED; T. amerioana (Star-flower), white. May, 6 to 9 in.,
N. America; europsea (Chickweed Winter-green), white, summer, 6 to 8 in., N.
Hemisphere.
Trifolium —
(Purple Clover). Ord. Leguminosae. Hardy peren-
nial. Grown only for the sake of the purple-tinted foliage.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Plant, Oct.
to April. Propagate by division of plants, Oct. or March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED T. repens purpureum (Scotch Shamrock),
: leaves spotted
with purple, creeping, Britain.
Trig'onella. (Fenugreek). —
Ord. Leguminosae. Hardy annuals.
First introduced 1562. Leaves, feather-shaped.
CULTURE Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny borders. Sow seeds in
:
April in patches lightly covered with fine mould. Thin seedlings when
three leaves form to 6 in. apart.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. cwrulea, blue, summer, 2 ft., B. Europe; Fcenum
grascum (Fenugreek), white, summer, 18 in., S. Europe.
Trillium (American Wood Lily). — Ord.
Hardy tuberous-
Lilaccse.
rooted perennials. First introduced 1700.
CULTURE Soil, sandy peat. Position, shady, moist, well-drained
:
to April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. asiaticus, yellow. May, 18 in., Siberia; europwns
flore pleno, double.
Tropseolum (Nasturtium; Indian Cress; Flame Flower; Canary
Creeper). —Ord. Geraniacese. Greenhouse or hardy annual or peren-
nial dwarf or climbing herbs.
CULTURE OF CANARY CREEPER : Soil, good ordinary mould or
sandy loam. Position, against sunny or shady wall, fence, arbour, or
trellis;does >yell on a north aspect. Sow seeds Jin. deep in light soil
in temp. 55° in March, harden off seedlings in cold frame in April &
plant outdoors in May; or J in. deep outdoors in April where required
to grow. Water freely in dry weather.
CULTURE OP NASTURTIUM: Climbing kinds: Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny or shady walls, fences, arbourSj or window Ijoses, Sow
438
ENCYOlOP.F.ntA OF aARDENING.
seed 1 in. deep in April where plants are required to grow. Eeniove
seed pods as they form to ensure free flowering. Dwarf kinds Soil, ;
peat, leaf-mould, & sand for T. speciosura poorish mould for T. tubero-
;
trailing, hybrid ;' polyphyllum (Yellow Rock Indian Cress), yellow, June, trailing,
Chili; tuberosum, yellow and red, Sept., trailing, tuberous-rooted, Peru; speeiosum
(Fljxme Flower), crimson, summer, 10 ft.. Chili.
Trumpet-flower. — See Teeoma & Bignonia.
Trumpet Honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirene). — See
Lonicera.
Trumpet Leaf (Sarracenia purpurea). —See Sarracenia.
Trumpet Lily (Lilium longiflorum & Ricliardia africana). — See
Lilium & Hiehardia.
Tsusa. — Ord. Coniferae. coniferous trees. Habit
Hardy evergreen
of growth handsome and elegant. First introduced 1736.
CULTURE: Soil, deep, rich loam. Position, elevated, well-drained
sites in parks or pleasure grounds. Plant in autumn. Propagate by
seeds sown in sandy soil outdoors in April, or in pans in gentle warmth
in March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: T. canadensis (Syn. Abies cnnndensis). Hemlock
Spruce, 60 to 80 ft., N.E. America; caroliniana, 50 to 60 ft., S. Alleghaniea; mer-
tensiana (Syn. Abies nlbertiana), 100 to 140 ft., N.W. America; pattoniana (Cali-
fornian Hemlock Spruce), 100 to 150 ft., California; Sieboldii (Japanese Hemlock
Spruce), 80 to 100 ft., Japan.
Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa). —See Polianthus.
Tube-tong;ue (Salpiglossis sinuata). — See Salpigljssis.
Tufted Pansy.—See Viola.
Tulip.— See Tulipa.
Tulipa (Tulip). — Hardy bulbous-rooted plants.
Ord. Liliaceae.
CLASSIFICATION" OF FLORISTS' TULIPS Seedlings Bulbs that : :
that have flowered & promise to develop into a good strain of one of
the following classes. Broken Breeder tulips developing stripes of
:
440
,;
ENGYGLOFJEDIA OF GAIWENING.
manure, & sand. Pot, Sept. to Nov., placing three bulbs in a
little
5-in. or four in a 6-in. pot, & burying bulbs just below the surface.
Pot firmly. Cover pots with cinders or cocoanut-fibre refuse in cold
frame. Kemove to window, frame, or greenhouse when growth begins
& water freely. Temp, for forcing, 55" to 65°.
CuLTUHS roR Exhibition Compost, four parts good turfy loam,
:
one part leaf-mould, one part decayed cow manure, <i one part
sand, mixed together & allowed to remain in a heap for one year.
Position, well-drained sunny bed, containing about 18 in. of above
compost. Plant bulbs 3 to 4 in. deep & 6 m. apart end of Oct. or
beginning of Nov. Surround each bulb w-th sand. Protect- blooms
with canvas awning. Lift bulbs when leaves turn brown. Store in
cool shed to dry, after which remove loose skins & place in drawers
till planting time.
CULTURE OF HAEDT SPECIES Soil, light rich ordinary. Posi-
:
ENOYCLOPJiDIA OF GARDENING.
Propagation Propagate by suckers removed & planted Oct.
:
peudula, weeping form; montana (Scotch Elm), 60 to 100 ft., Europe, N. Asia, etc.;
montana vegeta (Huntingdon Elm).
Umbilicus.—See Cotyledon.
Umbrella Fern.—See Gleichenia.
Umbrella, Fir (Sciadopitys verticillata). See Sciadopitys. —
Umbrella Leaf
(Diphylleia Cymosa).— See Diphylleia.
Umbrella Palm
(Hedyscepe canterburyana). See Hedyscepc. —
Umbrella Pine (Pinus pinea). See Pinus. —
Umbrella —
Plant. See Saxifraga & Cyperus.
Umbrella Tree
(Magnolia tripetala). See Magnolia. —
—
Ung-ernia. Ord. Amaryllideae. Greenhouse bulbous-rooted plant.
CULTURE Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part equal pro-
:
portions of leaf-mould & cow manure. Pot dry bulbs, Sept. to Dec.
afterwards repotting annually immediately after flowering. Bury
bulbs about two-thirds of their depth. Water moderately from time
flowers show till leaves appear, then freely keep quite dry after leaves
;
fade. Temp., Sept. to April 55" to 65". Place pots from April to
Sept. in light sunny position. Propagate by oifsets treated as bulbs,
Sept. to Dec.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: TJ. trispha>ra (Syn. Lycoris Semerzowii), red, summer,
8 in., N. India.
Unicorn-plant. —See Martynia.
Unicorn-root (Veltheimia viridifolia). —See Veltheimia.
Uniola (Sea Oat). — Ord. Graminaceae. Hardy perennial grasses.
Orn. flowering. Inflorescence borne in large loose panicles, July &
Aug.
COLTURE: Soil, ordinary. Plant, March or April. Position, open
sunny borders. Gather inflorescence & dry for winter use in Aug.
Propagate by seeds sown in- light rich soil outdoors in April by divi- ;
CULTURE: Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part river sand, &
„
TSNOYOLOPMniA OF OAItDENING.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: TJ. pendula (Syn. U. aurea), yellow and green, summer,
1 ft,, Peru.
Ursinia. — Ord. Compositae. Half-hardy annual. First intro-
duced 1836.
CULTURE : Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny beds or borders. Sow
seeds, Feb. or March in ordinary light mould in pots, pans, or boxes
in temp. 55" to 65", & transplant seedlings when an inch high to
.3 in. apart in shallow boxes; place in cold frame in April; harden off
& plant outdoors. May or June. Also sow seeds in open ground in
April where required to grow, & thin seedlings to 4 or 6 in. apart when
1 to 6 in. high.
SI'ECIES CULTIVATED: U. pulohra (Syn. Sphcnogyne speciosa), yellow and
brown, summer, 1 ft., S. Africa.
Utricularia, (Bladder wort). Ord. —
Lentibulariacese. Stove
aquatic herbs. First introduced 1871.
CULTURE; Compost, equal parts fibrous peat, sphagnum moss, &
crocks. Position, well-drained pots or shallow pans placed on inverted
pots in saucer of water under bell-glass or hand-light in shade. Pot,
March or April. Water freely, April to Sept.; moderately afterwards.
Admit air for a few minutes daily every morning by tilting bell-glass
or hand-light. Temp. Oct. to March 55" to 65"; March to Oct. 70°
to 85°. Propagate by seeds sown on surface of shallow pans filled
with equal parts of sphagnum moss, peat, & sand, placed under bell-
glass & kept moist in temp, of 55" to 65°, Feb., March, or April
division of plants at potting or planting time.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. Endriesii, green, lilac and yellow, spring, 4 in.,
Costa llicft; montana, white and yellow, summer, 6 in., Trop. America.
Uvularia (Bell-wort). —
Ord. Liliaceae. Hardy bulbous plants.
First introduced 1710.
CULTURE; Soil, moist peat. Position, partially shaded border.
Plant, Oct, & Nov. Propagate by division of roots in Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: TJ. grandiflora, yellow. May, 1 ft., N. America; per-
foliftta, yellow, May, 1 ft., N. America.
VaCCinium (Whortleberry; Bilberry; Huckleberry). — Ord.
Vacciniaceae. Hardy deciduous & evergreen flowering or berry-bear-
ing .shrubs. Berries, red, bluish black; edible; Aug. to Oct.
CULTURE Soil, boggy peat. Position, moist rockeries for V.
:
to April. Lift, divide, & replant every three or four years. Top-
dress annually with decayed manure in April. Cut down flowering
stems in Oct. Flower buds should be picked off as they form. Pro-
pagate by seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in light soil in sunny position
outdoors in April division of roots in March or April.
;
444
BNOXOLOPMDIA OF GARDENING.
^^^''^' ^^^V% Lettuce).-Ord. Valerian-
acy**Kn'"r!^^'!®"^ "^^^^
^S"","
vegetable. Leaves, largely used in winter &
sprS/for s'l.S"
seS^^i^^J^J,; ^f:' °^'^^"^7-. ™nuy dryish border. Sow
.Positio"^
S™t ^\Z 'av™^' "^^^P ^n*^'"- ''P^'^* fortnightly during Aug. &
^^'^'^ ^^'^ves form to 6 in. apart in^the
row
row.^ r,A» ?
Gather leaves ^.u'°
either separately or by cutting off the entire
SPECIES CULTIYATED: V. olitoria, blue, April, 6 in.,
Earope (Britain).
wYfL ? ®'''*-(^*^
Malf-hardy
^^^^^. Tape Grass).— Ord. Hydrocharidaceae.
aquatic herb. First introduced 1818. Flowers, white:
minute; July. Leaves, long, narrow.
"^^^JURE Soil, rich loam. Position, deep tubs, cisterns, or aqua-
:
Position, teak baskets suspended from roof, or pots filled three parts
of their depth with potsherds, remainder sphagnum moss; or on
rafts of teak wood. V. teres does best with its stems secured to a
branch of apple or oak fixed firmly in a pot. Pot, place in baskets
or on rafts in March. In potting or basketing insert the roots care-
fully among the potsherds, & finish off with a layer of fresh sphagnum
moss. Water copiously daily, March to Oct. moderately afterwards.
;
ENUYVLOL'MDIA OF GARDENING.
or by removing young growths with roots attached from base of plants
in Feb. or March, & potting or placing in baskets as advised for old
plants.
SPECIES CULTIVATED V. amesiana, -white, rose, and magenta, various seasons,
:
fragrant, India; Bensoni, white, violet, and pinl^, various seasons, Burma; caerulea,
lavender blue, autumn, N. India; cairulesoens, purplish blue, summer, Burma;
denisoniana, white, summer, Burma; hookeriana, white, rose, and magenta-purple,
autumn, Malaya; insignis, brown, chocolate, yellow, white, and rose, winter,
Timor kimballiana, white, rosy purple, yellow, and brown, autumn, Burma
;
l^arishii, yellow, brown, magenta, and violet, fragrant, summer, Burma; Roxburghii,
green, brown, purple, and white, summer, India; sanderiana, pink, yellow, and
crimson, summer, Philippines; suavis, white, purple, and rose, fragrant, Java;
teres, white, rose, orange, and magenta, spring, India; tricolor, yellow, white,
magenta and purple, various seasons, Java.
—
Vanilla, Ord. Orchidaceae. Stove climbing orchid. First intro-
duced 1800. Seed pods form the vanilla of commerce.
CULTUEE Compost, equal parts peat, sphagnum moss, & clean
:
cow manure, & little sand. Position, light sunny greenhouse or win-
dow, Sept. to June; sunny cold frame remainder of year. Pot bulbs
of V. viridifolia, Aug. to Nov.; those of V. glauca & intermedia, Oct.
to March. Place bulbs with point just below surface of compost.
Press compost firmly in pots. Water moderately when new growth
commences freely when in full growth keep nearly dry when leaves
; ;
die off. Apply stimulants occasionally when the plants are growing
freely. Temp., Sept. to March 40" to 50"; March to June 55° to 6J°
Propagate by offsets removed from parent bulbs, placed in small pots
& treated as advised for large bulbs by leaves removed close to bulbs
;
nary. Position, sunny borders. Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Pro-
pagate by seeds as advised for biennial species; by division of roots
in March or April.
BIENNIAL SPECIES.— V. olympicum (Olympian Mullein), yellow, summer, 6 ft.,
Bithynia.
PEli.llBNIAL SPECIES T. Chaixii (Nettle-leaved Mullein), yellow, summer, 3 ft.,
:
S.W. Europe; nigrum (Dark Mullein), yellow, summer, 3 ft., Europe; phcenieeum
(Purple Mullein), violet and red, summer, 3 ft., Europe.
Verbena —
(Vervain). ^Ord. Verbenaceae. Hardy biennials &
greenhouse shrubby & hardy herbaceous perennials. Present race of
bedding verbenas originally derived from V. teucrioides and other
species not now cultivated. First introduced 1774.
CULTURE OF BEDDING VERBENAS Compost, two parts good :
turfy loam, & one part of equal proportions of decayed manure, leaf-
mould, & sharp silver sand. Position, pots in light greenhouse; or
cold frames in summer. Pot, Feb. to May. Water freely, April to
Oct. ; moderately afterwards. Apply stimulants two or three times
weekly to plants in flower. Nip off points of shoots during spring to
induce bushy growth. Discontinue nipping off points of shoots six
weeks before plants are required to flower. Young plants struck
from cuttings or raised from seed best adapted for pot culture.
Temp., Oct. to March 40" to 50"; March to June 55" to 65°. Shade
from sun.
OUTDOOR CULTURE Soil, good 9rdinary liberally enriched with
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OAUBENING.
^
55°, k when newshoots form remove these with portion of old roots,
place in small pots, harden off & plant out 12 in. apart in May or ;
plant old roots, dividing them, if necessary, direct into beds in April.
Peg shoots down as they grow. May be grown outdoors altogether
in well-drained soils in sheltered districts.
PROPAGATION OF YERBENAS : Propagate garden verbenas by
seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in pots, pans, or boxes filled with a com-
post of equal parts loam & leaf-mould & little sand, placed in a temp.
65" to 75" in Jan., Feb., or March, transplanting seedlings when
third leaf forms in boxes or pans, placing these on shelf near glass
in temp. 55", transferring when fairly strong singly to 2J-in. pots, &
later on to a larger size ; by cuttings inserted in a bed of sandy soil
in cold frame in Aug., lifting cuttings when rooted & planting 2 in.
apart in boxes or pans & storing on shelf in greenhouse until March,
tlien potting off singly in small pots; or young shoots taken off in
Feb. or March, & inserted in damp sand under bell-glass in temp. 65"
V. venosa, by division of the roots in spring, or cuttings of shoots
inserted in cold frame in Aug.
BIENNIAL SPECIES: Y. Aubletia (Rose Vervain), purple or lilac, summer, 1 ft.,
N. .\inerica, hardy.
HALF-HAUDT SPECIES V. tenosa, lilac, summer, 2 ft., Argentine.
:
enoyolopjEdia of oabdening.
ouprcssoides violet, summer, 2 to 3 ft., New Zealand; chathamioa,
purple, summer,
1 tt JNew Zealand; elliptica (Syn. V. deoussata)), white, summer, 3 to 8 ft., New
/iealand;
Lowisu, white and blue, summer, 4 to 6 ft.. New Zealand Lyallii, white,
;
summer, 1 ft., New Zealand; salioifolia, white, summer, 3 to 8 ft., New Zealand;
speoiosa, blue, May, 2 to 3 ft.. New Zealand; Traversii,
white, summer, 4 to 6 ft.,
New /calaud.
FRUBNNIAL SPUCIES T. corymbosa, blue, Sept. and Oct., 8 in., Alps; gen-
:
tions charcoal, turfy loam, & sand. Position, moist shady part of
stove. Pot, Feb. or March. Syringe freely twice daily, Feb. to Oct.
once daily afterwards. Water freely at all times. Shade & moist
atmosphere essential. Temp., March to Oct. 70° to 85°; Oct. to
March 65" to 75". Propagate by seeds sown 1 in. deep in peat & loam
in small pots in temp. 75° to 85", spring.
SPECIES CULTIVATED V. splendida 13 to 80 ft., Seychelles.
—
Vervain. See Verbena.
: ;
enoyolopjEdia of oardening.
manure. Lift, divide, and replant every four or five years. Cut
down flower stems, Oct. or Nov. Propagate by seeds sown iin. deep
in ordinary soil in sunny position outdoors, March or April; division
of roots, Oct. or March.
CULTURE OF BROAD BEANS: Soil, rich, well-manured, moiat
loam, for main crops ; lighter, rich soil for early ones. Position, south
borders for early crops; open garden for main or late ones. Sow
early longpod varieties in Jan. <fe Feb., main crop sorts in March &
April. Distances: Drills 3 in. deep & 2^it. apart for early; 3 in.
deep & 3 ft. for main crops. Seeds to be 4 to 6 in. apart in drills.
Soak seeds in water for a. few hours before sowing. Nip off points of
plants when first flowers open. Mulch late crops with decayed manure,
especially on light soils. Manures Kainit, 2 lb. ; superphosphate,
;
5 lb. ; sulphate of iron, 1 lb. Apply these quantities per square rod
before sowing. Crop ready for use 18 weeks after sowing. Seeds
take 12 to 14 days to germinate. Seeds retain their germinating
powers one year. Quantity of seeds to sow a row 50 ft. long, 1 pint.
Market Cultueb: Soil, rich, strong, moist loam. Manures,
15 to 20 tons of farmyard manure applied per acre in autumn to poor
soils ;none on rich soils. In latter case apply 3 cwt. of superphos-
phate & 3 cwt. kainit per acre before sowing, and 1 cwt. nitrate of
soda when plants are 3 in. high. On heavy soils 6 cwt. basic slag
per acre in autumn in place of superphosphate. Sow early Long-pod
varieties 6 to 10 in. apart in drills 2 in. deep and 2 ft. apart in Feb.
main crop kinds 8 to 10 in. apart in drills 2 in. deep, and 3 ft. apart
in March. Roll land afterwards. Quantity of seed required to sow
an acre, 2 or 3 bushels. Hoe between crops occasionally. Market by
the bushel. Average yield per acre, 150 bushels. Average returns
(gross) per acre, dE18 to X23.
ANNUAL 8PE0IES: T. atropurpurea, purple, Juno, 3 ft., S. Europe; laba
(Broad Bean), white, June and July, 3 ft., East; lathyroides (Spring Tetoh), lilac.
May, 6 to 8 in., Europe; narbonenais, purple, June, 3 ft., S. Europe; onobrychioides,
purple, June, 2 ft.
PERENNIAL SPECIES V. orobioidea (Syn. Orobus lathyroides), blue, June, 2 ft.,
:
Europe (Britain).
Victoria (Royal Water Lily; Queen Victoria's Water Lily).
Ord. Nymphaoeae. Stove aquatic plant. Orn. foliage. First intro-
duced 1838. Leaves, roundish, flat, with turned-up edges; bronzy
green; 4 to 6ft. diameter; floating.
CULTURE: Compost, two parts good rich turfy loam, one part
decayed cow manure. Position, large tank 6 ft. deep & 20 to 25 ft.
wide filled with running water. Plant, May. Temp, of water, 80° to
85". Temp, of atmosphere, 75" to 85°, March to Sept.; Sept. to
March 65" to 70°. No shade required. Propagate by seeds sown iu
pot of sandy loam submerged in water heated to temp, of 85°, &
placed near glass in light position, Jan. When seedlings appear above
surface, transplant singly in small pots & place in water again until
May, then plant out as above advised. The Victoria Regia is strictly
a perennial, but thrives best treated as an annual in this country.
SPECIES CULTIVATED V. regia, white, rose and purple, summer, Trop.
:
America.
Victoria Water Lily (Victoria regia). —See Victoria.
Victor's Laurel (Laurus nobilis). —See Laurus.
Vieussexia.^See Mortea.
Villarsiai —See Limnanthemum.
450
;;
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
^^'ir^^rS^/"^™^^^^' ^^^^ Plant; Cut Finger; Madagascar Peri-
winkle).— Ord. Apocynaceae. Hardy herbaceous perennials & stove
evergreen shrubs.
CULTURE OF STOVE SPECIES Compost, two parts fibrous loam,
:
one part decayed manure, & little silver sand. Position, well-drained
pots in stove, Sept. to June; sunny cold frame or greenhouse re-
mainder of year. Pot, Feb. or March. Prune shoots of old plants to
within 1 or 2 in. of their base in Jan. or Feb. Water freely, April
to Oct. ; moderately afterwards. Apply weak stimulants occasionally
during summer & autumn. Nip off points of shoots in young or old
plants once or twice during July & Aug. to insure bushy habit.
Temp., March to June 65° to 76°; Sept. to March 55° to 65°.
CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES Soil, ordinary. Position, shady
:
major (Large Periwinkle), purple, summer, 2 ft., Europe (Britain) major Tariegata,
;
ENOYCLOPJEDIA OF GARDENING.
(b) two parts loam, one part of equal proportionB of leaf-mould &
Baud (c; ordinary light mould, enriched with cow manure ; (d) clayey
;
or heavy soils, with decayed horse or cow manure. Soil best manured
& dug previous autumn. Position, open, light, sheltered, away from
roots & branches of trees, & shaded from midday sun. Plant pansies
in Sept., Oct., or April, 12 in. apart each way; tufted pansies, March
or April, 10 in. apart each way. Mulch with cow manure & leaf-
mould in May or June. Stir the surface frequently. Water copiously
in dry weather, applying it in the evening. Remove all flower buds
until plants are established. If exhibition blooms are desired, allow
only one bloom to grow on each shoot. Manures (1) 1 oz. guano :
& one part sand. Pot, April, placing six " crowns " in a 6-in. pot.
Place in a shady frame, & water moderately. Plunge pots to their
rims outdoors in shade in May, & let them remain till Sept., when
remove to greenhouse. Water freely outdoors; moderately in winter.
Winter temp., 40° to 50".
CULTURE OF OTHER SPECIES: Soil, ordinary, rich. Position,
moist, partially-shaded rockeries, beds, or borders. Plant, March or
April, 3 to 6 in. apart. Propagate by seeds sown in light sandy soil
in boxes or pans in cold shady frame in July or Aug., transplanting
seedlings into flowering positions in Sept. or Oct.; by cuttings in-
serted in cold shady frames in Aug. or Sept. divisions in Sept. or Oct.
;
Lurope; oornuta (Horned Violet), blue, summer, 6in., Pyrenees, one of the parents
of the Garden Tiola or Tufted Pansy; oornuta alba, white; ououUata (Hollow-
loaved violet), violet, spring, 3 to 4 in., N. America; gracilis (Olympian Violet),
purple, June, 3 in., Greece; lutea (Mountain Violet), yellow, June, 3 in., Europe
^Britain) ;munbyana (ilunby's Violet), violet, spring, 4 in., Spain; odorata
(Sweet Violet), blue, spring, 6 in., Europe (Britain); odorata alba, white; odorata
pallida plena (Neapolitan Violet), lavender, double; palustris (Marsh Violet), white.
May, 3 to 4 in., M. Europe (Britain); pedata (Bird's-foot Violet), blue. May, 6 in.,
N. America; pedata alba, white; rothamagensis (Kouen Violet), blue, summer,
6 in., Europe; sylvestris (Wood Violet), blue, spring, 6 in., Europe; tricolor
(Pansy), yellow, purple and white, summer, 6 in., Europe (Britain).
Violet.—See Yiolet.
Viper's Bug'loss (Echium Tulgare).— See Echium.
Virginian Bird Cherry (Prunua virginiana). — See Prunus.
Virg-inian Cowslip (Merteusia virginica).— See Mertensia.
Virginian Creeper See Vitis.
Virginian Poke (Phytolacca decandra).— See Phytolacca.
Virginian Raspberry (Rubus odoratus).—See Rubus.
Virginian Snow-flower (Chionauthus virginica). See —
Chionauthus.
Virginian Spiderwort (Tradescantea virginica). — See
Tradescantea.
Virginian Stock (Malcolmia maritima).— See Malcolmia.
Virginian- Willov«r (Itea virginica).—See Itea.
Virgin's Bower.—See Clematis.
Viscum —
Ord. Loranthaceae. Hardy evergreen para-
(Mistletoe).
sitical plant. Fruit, white, roundish, viscid; winter.
CtJLTUEE: Cut a notch in bark on underside of branch & press
ripe berry gently thereinto. Time for insertion, March. Trees
adapted for mistletoe culture Apple, hawthorn, poplar, lime, maple,
:
mountain ash, cedar, larch, & oak; two first most suitable.
SPECIES CULTIVATED V. album, green, March, Europe (Britain).
:
loam from an old pasture chopped into small pieces, one part old
lime rubbish, one part equal proportions of cHarcoal & wood ashes, &
one part half-inch bones. Position, sunny, fairly dry subsoil.
Borders Inside for early forcing outside for late or ordinary cul-
: ;
—
ture. Width, 10 to 16 ft. that is equalling width of house. Depth,
3 ft. On cold clayey soils, surface of border best raised 18 in. above
ordinary ground level, & bottom covered with layer of concrete.
Place brick rubbish & old mortar 2 ft. deep at back, sloping to 18 in.
in front, in bottom of border. On this put a layer of turves, grass
side downwards, then fill the remaining space with above compost.
A drain along the bottom of border is advisable. Plant, end of Jan,
453
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
or beginning of Feb. ; or in the case of young plants raised from
eyes in spring, June or July. Distance tor planting: 5 ft. apart.
Pbuking: Shorten the stem of vine planted in Jan. or Feb. to
within Sin. of ground if inside; to witniu 2 in. of where it enters
house if outside, directly after planting. Allow one strong shoot
only to grow & form future stem; rub all others off when they
first form. Prune this following Dec. halfway back if strong; two-
thirds if weak. Second year Allow side shoots to form & one young
:
main stem. If more than one shoot forms at a spur, select strongest
& rub off (disbud) remainder. Nip off points of shoots as before
advised. Following Dec. shorten shoots issuing from spurs, also from
third portion of main stem, to last eye or bud; also fourth portion
of main stem to length of rafters. Fourth and subsequent years:
Future pruning to consist of rubbing off (disbudding) all side shoots
except one at each spur, nipping on (stopping) points at first joint
beyond bunch or fourth from base, cutting back, Dec. or Jan., side
shoots to last bud or eye from their base.
Staeting Temperatuee and Wateeinq: Time for starting Vines:
Nov. to ripen first in April; Dec. for May; Jan. for June; March
for July. Vines started m
March without artificial heat will ripen in
Aug. or Sept. Temp, by night: 35" to 40° until buds break; 40° to
50" from then until flowers expand; 50° to 55° during flowering
period; 60" to 70" from then until berries are ripe. Temp, by day:
60° on cold & 70° to 75" on sunny days until buds break ; 65° on cold
& 75° to 80" on sunny days until vines flower; 75" on cold & 85°
to 90° on sunny days onwards till grapes are ripe. Watering Inside
Borders Apply water heated to temp. 60° at the rate of 4 to 5 gall.
:
per square foot when vines are started; again when shoots are 6 in.
long; also just before flowers expand; lastly, when berries begin to
swell for second time. Watering Outside Borders : Apply "water
similar temp. & quantity just before flowering & when berries begin
to swell second time. Syringe morning ife afternoon daily until vines
flower, then cease. Moisten floors, staging, walls, & borders several
times daily from start until berries colour, then discontinue. Ven-
tilation Open the ventilators tentatively on fine days when the sun
:
fruit per foot run of rod, 1 lb. Average weight of a fair-sized bunch,
f lb. Average number of bunches bone by a rod 12 ft. long, about 12.
Allow one bunch only to each spur, for heavy c-op; one to every
alternate spur for moderate crop. Thin berries when size of radish
seeds, and again later on, finally allowing a space of lin. between
berries to enable them to fully develop. Avoid touching berries with
hand or head. Temp, for grapes when ripe: 40° to 45°.
Pot Cttltuiie: Two-year-old plants established in 10 or 12 in.
pots best adapted for fruit in pots. No repotting required. Place
in temp., 60°, Nov. to Feb. Give little water till buds break, then
apply freely. Increase temp, to 65° after buds break, & to 75° when
in flower; lower to 68° afterwards until stoning is completed, when
again raise to 70°. Allow above temp, to be increased 5° to 10° by
sun-heat. Syringe daily until vines flower. Thin berries when size of
radish seeds. Apply one of above liquid stimulants three times
weekly after berries form & until they are ripe. Top-dress with Stan-
den's manure at the rate of a tablespoonful to each pot ; or with
two parts loam & one part Thomson's vine manure when berries form.
—
Allow each vine to carry 6 to 8 bunches 8 to 101b. altogether.
OuTDOOB Cultuhe: Soil, two parts sandy loam, one part of
equal proportions of wood ashes, old mortar, half-inch bones, & rotten
manure. Position, against a south sunny wall. Plant, 2 ft. apart,
Nov. or March. Prune, Jan, or Feb., precisely as advised for indoor;
culture. Disbud also in a similar manner. Manures advised for in-
door vines equally applicable for outdoor ones.
TJsmruL Data: Supposed date of introduction to England, 280 a.d.
Heaviest bunch grown, 2611). 4oz. Average yield in a house 200 ft.
by 27 ft., 2,500 to 3,0001b. Average returns at Is. per lb., .£150; at
2s. 6d., i375. Months in which best prices (2s. 6d. to 73. 6d. per lb.)
are obtained, Feb., March, April, & May; worst months (9d. to 23.),
Nov., Dec, & Jan.
Pbopagation By seeds sown in light mould in temp. 55° to 65°
:
455
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
in pots of sandy soil in cold frame in Sept. & Oct.; layering the
shoots in autumn.
CULTURE OF KANGAROO VINE Ck)mpost, two parts peat, one :
part leaf-mould, & one loam & sand. Pot, Veh. of March. Position,
pots, or in well-drained beds, shoots trained up roof or on wire
trellis. Water freely March to Sept., moderately afterwards. Temp.,
March to Sept. 55" to 60" Sept. to March 45° to 55°. Propagate by
;
leaves richly tinted in autumn, China and Japan heterophylla humulifolia (Tur-
;
quoise Berry Tine), dwarf climber, blue berries, China and Japan heterophylla ;
wards. Temp., March to Oct. 55" to 65°; Oct. to March 45° to 50°.
CULTURE OF HARDY SPECIES Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny :
seeds i in. deep in light sandy soil in temp. 55° to 65° in March or
456
ENOYOLOP^DIA OF GARDENING.
April, harden off in May, & plant out in June. Gather blooma when
t"lly grown, & dry thoroughly in summer for winter decoration.
POT CULTURE : Compost, equal parts sandy peat, leaf-mould,
loam, & decayed cow manure. Sow seeds thinly in shallow pan or
bo.x temp. 55" to 65" in Sept. for spring flowering, & in March
in
for summer blooming. Transplant when three leaves have formed
1 in. apart in a 5-in. pot. Grow on shelf near glass. Water mode-
rately at first; freely later on. Apply weak stimulants once a week
when seedlings are 6 in. high. Support with neat stakes when 3 to
6 in. high. No shade required. Winter temp., 45" to 55°.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: W. aurea, yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft.; grandiflora,
yellow, summer, 1 to 2 ft. ; natives of Australia.
Waldsteinia (Barren strawberry). Ord. Eosaceae. Hardy —
perennial herbs. First introduced 1800.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary rich. Position on sunny rockeries.
Plant, Oct. to April. Cut away flower stems in Sept. Propagate by
seeds sown 1-16 in. deep in shallow boxes or well-drained pots of light
soil in cold frame, April or July, or in sunny positions (similar depth
& soil) outdoors, April or Aug. ; division of plants, Oct. to April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED : W. fragarioides, yellow. June, 6 in., N. America.
Wall Cress (Arabis albida).—See Arabis.
Wallflower. —See Cheiranthus.
WalllChia. — Ord. Palmacese. Stove palm. Orn. foliage. Leaves
feather-shaped.
CULTURE Compost, two parts rich loam, one part leaf-mould,
:
See Sequoia.
469
;
BNCYCLOPMBIA OF GAEDMNING.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny sheltered beds out-
doors. May to Oct.; warm greenhouse remainder of year. Plant,
May or June. Lift, Sept. or Oct. Propagate by seeds sown in light
soil in temp. 65° to 76° in Teb. ; cuttings inserted in sandy soil under
bell-glass m temp. 75" in spring. Usually treated as an annual
seldom preserved during the winter.
SPEOIBS CULTIVATED: W. caroassana (Syn. W. macrophylla), 8 to 10 ft.,
ENOYOLOP^DIA OF GARDENING.
required. Shade from sun. Temp., Sept. to March 45" to 50°; March
to Sept. 50° to 60°-
CULTUEE OP HARDY SPECIES: Compost, equal parts peat &
loam. Position, shady borders or banks. Plant, April. Water
copiously in dry -weather. All the hardy species are suitable for green-
house culture. Propagate by spores sown on surface of fine peat in
well-drained pans placed in temp, of 75° at any time; division of
plants, March or April.
GltEENHOUSB SPECIES: W. obtusa, 1 ft., N. America; polystiohioides, 6 to
Japan; p. Yeitchii, China.
9 in.,
HARDT SPECIES: W. glabella, 6 in., N. America; iWensis, 4 in., Arctic and
N. Temperate Zone (Britain); hyperborea (Syn. W. alpina), 6 in., N. Temperate
Zone; scopulina, 8 in., N. America.
Wood Sorrel.— See Oxalis.
Wood Tongfue Fern (Drymoglossum camosum). —See Drymo-
glossum.
Woodwardia. —
(Chain Fern). Ord. Filices. Greenhouse ever-
green ferns. First introduced 1774.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts loam &, leaf-mould or peat. Posi-
:
461
MNCrCLOPMDlA OF GARD'ENINQ.
Xanthosoma.. —
Ord. Aroideae Stove perennial herbs. Orn.
foliage. First introduced 1710. Leaves, arrow-head shaped, green or
variegated.
CULTUBE Compost, equal parts turfy loam, peat, leaf-mould, de-
:
moss, with little sand & charcoal. Position, well-drained pots, pans,
or baskets in light part of greenhouse. Pot when new growth com-
mences. Water deciduous species freely from time new growth begins
until Nov., then occasionally; evergreen species freely from March to
Nov.; moderately, Nov. to March. Syringe once or twice daily whilst
making growth. Ventilate freely. May to Sept. Temp., April to
Oct. 55" to 65°; Oct. to April 45° to 50°. Growing period, Feb.
to March; resting period, Oct. to Feb. Plants may be grown in sit-
ting-room or cool conservatory when in flower. Propagate by division
of pseudo-bulbs immediately after flowering.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: X. discolor, yellow and white, spring, W. Indies;
elongatam, yellow, white, and brown, spring, W. Indies squalens, yellow, white,
;
June, S. TJ. States; filamentosa variegata, variegated; glauca, white, July, S. TJ.
States; gloriosa (Adam's Needle), white, July, 6 to 9 ft., S. U. States; recurvifolia,
leaves recurving, white, summer, S. U. States.
Yuia.n (Magnolia conspicua). See Magnolia. —
ZaluzJanskia. —Ord. Scrophulariaceae. Half-hardy annuals.
First introduced 1824.
CULTURE: Soil, rich sandy loam. Position, warm sunny borders
or rockeries. Propagate by seeds sown on surface of fine light mould
& slightly covered with silver sand & placed in temp. 55° to 65° in
March, transplanting seedlings outdoors in June, or sow seeds L-16 in
deep outdoors in May where plants are requiired to flower. Water
freely in dry weather. Mulch with layer of cocoanut-fi>>ve refuse in-
June.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: Z. oaijensis(Syn. Nycterinia capensis), white, spring,
and summer, fragrant, 1 ft., S. Africa; selaginoides (Syn. Nycterinia selaginoides),
pink and yellow. May, 6 in., S. Africa.
Zamia —
(Jamaica Sago Tree). Ord. Cycadaceae. Stove or green-
house orn. foliage plants. First introduced 1691. Leaves, feather-
shaped.
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam & peat, little silver sand.
Position, well-drained pots iu shady part of stove. Pot, Feb. or
March. Water copiously, March to Oct. Syringe daily, April to
Sept. Moist atmosphere essential. Shade from sun. Temp., March
to Oct. 75° to 85°; Oct. to March 60° to 70°. Propagate by seeds
sown in light soil in temp. 75° to 85", spring; by offsets removed &
placed in small pots under bell-glass in propagator in spring; by
division, Feb. or March. „, „ ,i w t j-
SPECIES CULTIVATED: Z. purpuraoca (Jamaica Sago Tree), 3 ft., W. Indies;
> ,
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
June; by cuttings of young side shoots inserted in pots of
sandy soil under bell-glass or hand-light in shady position outdoors
in Sept., protecting cuttings in heated greenhouse until following
April, then planting out; by division of old plants in April.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: Z. californioa, scarlet, autumn, 1 ft., California; cali-
fornioa grandiflora, large flowered.
Zea. —
(Maize; Indian Corn). Ord. Gramineae. Half-hardy an-
nual. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1562. Leaves, narrow, grass-
like ;
green or variegated with white.
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Sow seeds Jin. deep & lin. apart in
light rich soil in well-drained pots or boxes in temjj. 5.5' to fi.")", Fob.
or March; transfer seedlings when 2in. high singly into 'iin, pots,
,
then into 4J-in. pots. Place in cold frame to harden in May & plant
outdoors in June. May also be grown in pots in compost of equal
parts good loamy soil & leaf-mould, & little sand. Water freely.
SPECIES CULTIYATBD: Z. Mays, 3 to 4 ft., Paraguay; Mays variegata,
variegated.
Zebra Plant. —See
Calathea.
Zebrina. —^Ord. Commelinaceae. Greenhouse herbaceous trailing
perennial. Orn foliage. First introduced 1849. Leaves, oval oblong
dark green, striped white above, purplish beneath. Stems creeping.
CULTURE Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, & sand. Posi-
:
40° to 50° Oct. to April; 55° to 65° April to Oct. May be grown
in windows as a pot or basket plant. Protect from frost in winter.
Propagate by cuttings of young shoots inserted in light soil under
a bell-glass in above temp., March to Oct
SPECIES CULTIVATED Z. pendula (Syn. Tradescantea zebrina),
: purple, sum-
mer, l^exioo; pendula tricolor, leaves variegated with white, green, and red.
*
Zelkowa —
(Water Elm; Siberian Elm). Ord Urticaceae. Hardy
deriduous trees of no special merit. Closely allied to the clius.
CULTURE Soil, deep loam.
: Position, mixed shrubberies or side of
water-courses. Plant, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by seeds sown out-
doors in autumn or spring; grafting in March.
SPECIES CULTIVATED: Z. acuminata (Syn. Ulmus KeaJii), 30 to 40 ft.;
crenata (Syn. Ulmns polvgana), Siberian Elm, Siberia, 10 ft.; Viscljiiff^'U.ii (Svn.
Ulmus Verschaffeltii), 30 ft.
Zenobia. —Ord. Ericaceae. Hardy evergreen flowering shrub.
First introduced 1800.
CULTURE: Soil, peat or sandy loam. Position, moist sheltered
borders. Plant, Sept., Oct., March, or April. Propagate by layering
in Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES CULTIVATED.— Z. speciosa, white, summer, 3 to 4 ft., N. America;
speciosa pulverulentea, leaves whitish.
Zephyranthes Flower; Atamasoo Lily; Peruvian
(Zephyr
Swamp —
Lily; Flower of the West Wind). Ord. Amaryllidacc;?. Hardy
deciduous bulbous flowering plants. First introduced 1629.
CULTURE OF HALF-HARDY SPECIES: Soil, light sandy loam.
Position, well-drained sunny beds, borders, or rockeries. Plant, .4ug.
to Nov., placing bulbs 3 to 4 in. deep & 4 in. apart. Protect in winter
by a layer of cinder ashes. Lift & replant only when bulbs show
signs of deterioration.
CULTURE OF HARDY
SPECIES: Compost, two parts loam, one
part peat, leaf-mould, & silver sand. Position, well-drained pots in
464
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
cold frame or greenhouse. Pot, Aug. to Nov., placing one bulb 2 in.
aeep in a 5 or 6-m. pot. Water very little till growth begins, then
ireely. Withhold water when flowers fade & keep soil quite dry till
potting time. Propagate by offsets planted & treated as
advised for
large bulbs, Aug. to Nov.
HALE-HARDT SPECIiDS Z. Audersoni, golden yellow, May, 6 in., Monte Video;
:
Atama^oo (Atamasoo Lily), pink. May, 1 ft., N. America; oarinata, pink. May,
6 m., Mexico. f , , j.
:M.EDT SPECIES
2epnyr Flower (ZephyranthesSwamp
: Z. Candida (Peruvian
Lily), white, Sept., 6 in., Peru
Candida).— See Zephyranthes.
Zingriber (Ginger).— Ord. Scitaminaceae. Stove perennial. Roots
ginger of commerce. First introduced 16U5.
riTTTT-"^
CULTURE: Compost, equal parts loam, peat, & sand. Position,
pots in shady moist part of stove. Pot, Feb. Water copiously, March
to Oct.; keep nearly dry, Oct. to March. Temp., March to Oct. 75="
to 85°; Oct. to March 55° to 65°. Stems die down in autumn. Pro-
pagate by division of the rhizomes in Feb.
SPECIES OULTITATED Z. officinale, red, July, 2 ft., E. Indies.
:
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING.
Zygro-Batemannia.. —
Ord. Orchidaceae. A new race of
Zygopetalum crinitum with Bate-
orchids, the result of hybridising
mannia CoUeyi. The product is termed a bigeneric orchid. Habit
intermediate between the two genera. Flowers of medium size.
Eequire similar culture to Zygopetalums.
HKBRID CULTIVATED: Z. Maatersii, greeD, chocolate, creamy white and
purple.
ZygO-Colax. —Ord. Orchidaceee. A race of bigeneric hybrid
orchids obtained by crossing species of Zygopetalum with those of
Colax. Habit, intermediate between the two genera. Flowers, large.
Eequire similar culture to Zygopetalums.
HlfBEIDS CULTIVATED: Z. amesiana (Z. brachypetalum x Colai jiigosus),
green, purple, Tiolet, and white; leopardinus (Z. Gauterii x C. jugosus), white,
purple and blue; Veitohii (Z. crinitum x 0. jugoeUH), yellow, purple, violet, and
white; wiganiana (Z. intermedium x C. jugosus), green, purple, white, and
Tiolet.
Zygopetalum. — Ord. Orchidaceae. Stove epiphytal orchids.
First introduced 1825.
CtJLTUEE C!ompost, equal parts rough fibrous peat & sphagnum
:
brown, violet, and blue, winter, 1 ft., Brazil meleagris, white, yellow, and brown,
;
summer, 10 in., Brazil; Rollieonii, yellow and purple, autumn, 3 in., Brazil;
rostratum, white and rosy purple. May and June, 8 in., British Guiana
stapelioides, green, yellow, brown, and purple, summer, 3 in., Brazil; Wendlandii
(Syn. Warscewiozella Weidlandii), white and purple, Sept., 9 in., Costa Rica;
xanthinum yellow, red, and crimson, summer, 3 in., Brazil.
466
::
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