EP0648448A1 - Tooth-brush having a head with a variable bending angle - Google Patents

Tooth-brush having a head with a variable bending angle Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0648448A1
EP0648448A1 EP94116102A EP94116102A EP0648448A1 EP 0648448 A1 EP0648448 A1 EP 0648448A1 EP 94116102 A EP94116102 A EP 94116102A EP 94116102 A EP94116102 A EP 94116102A EP 0648448 A1 EP0648448 A1 EP 0648448A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
head
handle
brush
pieces
bridge
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP94116102A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0648448B1 (en
Inventor
Eligio Ponzini
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ponzini SpA
Original Assignee
Ponzini SpA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ponzini SpA filed Critical Ponzini SpA
Publication of EP0648448A1 publication Critical patent/EP0648448A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0648448B1 publication Critical patent/EP0648448B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46B—BRUSHES
    • A46B5/00—Brush bodies; Handles integral with brushware
    • A46B5/002—Brush bodies; Handles integral with brushware having articulations, joints or flexible portions
    • A46B5/0054—Brush bodies; Handles integral with brushware having articulations, joints or flexible portions designed to allow relative positioning of the head to body
    • A46B5/0062—Brush bodies; Handles integral with brushware having articulations, joints or flexible portions designed to allow relative positioning of the head to body being flexible or resilient during use
    • A46B5/007—Inserts made of different material, e.g. springs, plates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46B—BRUSHES
    • A46B5/00—Brush bodies; Handles integral with brushware
    • A46B5/002—Brush bodies; Handles integral with brushware having articulations, joints or flexible portions
    • A46B5/0054—Brush bodies; Handles integral with brushware having articulations, joints or flexible portions designed to allow relative positioning of the head to body
    • A46B5/0062—Brush bodies; Handles integral with brushware having articulations, joints or flexible portions designed to allow relative positioning of the head to body being flexible or resilient during use
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46B—BRUSHES
    • A46B2200/00—Brushes characterized by their functions, uses or applications
    • A46B2200/10—For human or animal care
    • A46B2200/1066—Toothbrush for cleaning the teeth or dentures

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a toothbrush provided with a bristle-carrying head mounted on the handle via a hinge which is flexible, i.e. capable of assuming any angle during use.
  • Toothbrushes normally comprise a substantially straight handle part which extends into a head part which is also straight and on which the cleaning bristles are mounted. In the most well-known arrangements the head part is aligned with the handle part. This arrangement has been adopted with satisfactory results for very many years, despite the fact that it is not particularly suitable - since it creates a few problems during use - for cleaning the deep-lying zones located behind the molars of the teeth.
  • toothbrushes In order to overcome this problem it is known that for some time so called “angular " toothbrushes have been available commercially, said toothbrushes having in fact a head which is bent at an angle with respect to the axes of the handle. This angle - which to a certain extent imitates the shape of a dental mirror - is intended to facilitate cleaning of the convex parts of the teeth and of the zones located behind the molars and the incisors. These toothbrushes, however, are less suitable for cleaning the front part of the teeth and in fact are generally unsuitable for cleaning the concave zones of the teeth.
  • Toothbrushes having the handle, or at least a part of the handle, which is able to flex in the direction of its length. Toothbrushes of this type are described for example in DE-C1-39 23 495, DE-C2-42 23 697, DE-C1-42 22 931, DE-GM-89 03 911 and EP-A2-0.371.293. This flexibility, however, is intended - as clearly stated in DE-C1-39 23 495 - to allow the cleaning pressure on the teeth to be controlled more easily so as avoid damaging the latter.
  • the flexing or hinging zone is located at a middle point along the handle and in particular in a zone where the thumb of the hand rests during use, i.e. in a zone situated outside the mouth during use of the brush: only in this way, in fact, is the user able to sense exactly how much the brush is flexing and consequently how great the cleaning pressure is.
  • the aim of the present invention is to propose a toothbrush which overcomes the drawbacks of all the known brushes mentioned above and which, in particular, via a structure which is simple and economic to manufacture and practical and perfectly hygienic to use, makes it possible to perform cleaning of any part of the teeth, i.e. both the concave and convex front part and internal parts as well as the deeper-lying parts located behind the molars.
  • This aim is achieved via the characteristic features indicated in the characterising part of Claim 1.
  • said hinge is formed by an assembly of two flexible, thin, side bridge-pieces, made as one piece with the handle and the head and constituting the main element for joining and connecting together the latter, and by a mass of elastomeric filling material injected into the space between said bridge-pieces and constituting the secondary joining element.
  • the brush comprises in a known manner a handle 1 and a head 2 on which the bristles 3 are mounted.
  • the head 2 and the handle 1 are made of a relatively rigid plastic material and are joined together via a flexible hinge.
  • the axis of this hinge is arranged in a plane parallel to the plane of the head on which the bristles are fixed and is oriented perpendicularly with respect to the longitudinal axis of the brush. In this way the head has in practice a variable angle with respect to the handle.
  • Such a flexible hinge consists, according to the preferred embodiment shown in the drawings, of an assembly of two moderately flexible, thin, side bridge-pieces 1a - formed as one piece with the handle 1 and the head 2 and constituting the main element for joining and connecting together the latter - and of a mass 4 of elastomeric filling material injected into the space between the bridge-pieces (indicated by a broken line in the drawings).
  • the assembly consisting of handle, head and bridge-pieces is made of a relatively rigid plastic material; consequently, the handle and the head are rigid and only the bridge-pieces, owing to their thin cross-section, are flexible. This flexibility is then controlled via the greater or lesser yielding capability of the mass 4 of elastomeric filling material.
  • the head 2 of the brush is able to assume different angles I, II, III, with respect to the handle, during use, so as to facilitate cleaning of both the concave surfaces and convex surfaces of the teeth.
  • the brush according to the invention is particularly suitable also for cleaning of the deep-lying zones located behind the molars.
  • the handle 1 and the head 2, as well as the bridge-pieces 1a are made of a material having a chemical affinity with the material constituting the filling mass 4, such that it is possible to provide a lasting and stable bond between these elements by means of simple two-stage injection moulding, without the addition of any binder.
  • a material having a chemical affinity with the material constituting the filling mass 4 such that it is possible to provide a lasting and stable bond between these elements by means of simple two-stage injection moulding, without the addition of any binder.
  • polypropylene for the handle part 1, head 2 and bridge-pieces la
  • the filling mass 4 will consist of a polyolefin-based elastomeric material.
  • suitable materials may readily occur to a person skilled in the art.
  • the hardness of the elastomeric material of the mass 4 it will be possible to grade the rigidity of the "hinge" according to the intended use of the brush (soft, medium or hard; for adults or for children).

Abstract

Brush for cleaning teeth, comprising a support handle and a bristle-carrying head joined via a flexible hinge, the axis of which is arranged in a plane essentially parallel to the plane of the head and is oriented perpendicularly with respect to the longitudinal axis of the brush. This hinge consists of an assembly of two flexible, thin, side bridge-pieces formed as one piece with the handle and the head and constituting the main element for joining and connecting together the latter, and of a mass of elastomeric filling material injected into the space between said bridge-pieces. The handle, the head and the bridge-pieces are made of a relatively rigid material (for example polypropylene) having a chemical affinity with the softer material (for example a polyolefin-based elastomer) constituting the filling mass. The hardness of this mass determines the rigidity of the hinge, depending on the intended use of the brush (soft, medium or hard; for adults or for children).

Description

  • The present invention relates to a toothbrush provided with a bristle-carrying head mounted on the handle via a hinge which is flexible, i.e. capable of assuming any angle during use.
  • Toothbrushes normally comprise a substantially straight handle part which extends into a head part which is also straight and on which the cleaning bristles are mounted. In the most well-known arrangements the head part is aligned with the handle part. This arrangement has been adopted with satisfactory results for very many years, despite the fact that it is not particularly suitable - since it creates a few problems during use - for cleaning the deep-lying zones located behind the molars of the teeth.
  • In order to overcome this problem it is known that for some time so called "angular " toothbrushes have been available commercially, said toothbrushes having in fact a head which is bent at an angle with respect to the axes of the handle. This angle - which to a certain extent imitates the shape of a dental mirror - is intended to facilitate cleaning of the convex parts of the teeth and of the zones located behind the molars and the incisors. These toothbrushes, however, are less suitable for cleaning the front part of the teeth and in fact are generally unsuitable for cleaning the concave zones of the teeth.
  • More recently so called "flexible" toothbrushes have also been proposed, i.e. toothbrushes having the handle, or at least a part of the handle, which is able to flex in the direction of its length. Toothbrushes of this type are described for example in DE-C1-39 23 495, DE-C2-42 23 697, DE-C1-42 22 931, DE-GM-89 03 911 and EP-A2-0.371.293. This flexibility, however, is intended - as clearly stated in DE-C1-39 23 495 - to allow the cleaning pressure on the teeth to be controlled more easily so as avoid damaging the latter. For this reason, the flexing or hinging zone is located at a middle point along the handle and in particular in a zone where the thumb of the hand rests during use, i.e. in a zone situated outside the mouth during use of the brush: only in this way, in fact, is the user able to sense exactly how much the brush is flexing and consequently how great the cleaning pressure is.
  • All of these known brushes, therefore, do not achieve the aim which is that of the invention, namely that of facilitating cleaning of all the parts of the teeth. This problem, however, is dealt with in the document WO-92/17092, which proposes a brush consisting of a handle and a bristle-carrying head, the latter being mounted in a flexible and yielding manner on an end-piece of the handle which surrounds or respectively is surrounded by the head, the latter therefore being able to perform an oscillating movement with respect to the end-piece.
  • This brush, however, has at least the following drawbacks:
    • on the one hand its functional capability is limited; in fact, in view of the type of assembly proposed, the bristle-carrying head is able to perform a very limited oscillating movement with respect to the end-piece of the handle. If this were not so, there would be the risk that the tip of the end-piece of the handle (in particular in variants where this end-piece is surrounded by the body of the head) could, in certain conditions, project outside the head such that it risks bruising the teeth and the gums. Consequently, as this oscillating movement is limited, the brush is unsuitable for cleaning the deeper-lying zones of the teeth, located behind the molars;
    • on the other hand, during use, it does not guarantee very hygienic conditions; in fact, it has interstices between the rigid end-piece and the oscillating head where undesirable and not easily removable deposits may form, giving rise to drawbacks from the hygiene point of view;
    • finally it is complicated and hence costly to manufacture and, moreover, its life is limited on account of the use of a delicate component such as the oscillating pivot of the bristle-carrying head.
  • The aim of the present invention is to propose a toothbrush which overcomes the drawbacks of all the known brushes mentioned above and which, in particular, via a structure which is simple and economic to manufacture and practical and perfectly hygienic to use, makes it possible to perform cleaning of any part of the teeth, i.e. both the concave and convex front part and internal parts as well as the deeper-lying parts located behind the molars. This aim is achieved via the characteristic features indicated in the characterising part of Claim 1.
  • More particularly, said hinge is formed by an assembly of two flexible, thin, side bridge-pieces, made as one piece with the handle and the head and constituting the main element for joining and connecting together the latter, and by a mass of elastomeric filling material injected into the space between said bridge-pieces and constituting the secondary joining element.
  • Via this structure, therefore, a brush is obtained, in which the bristle-carrying head is elastically yielding, at a variable angle with respect to the handle, about said hinging ax s, while it remains perfectly rigid with respect to the handle in a direction perpendicular to said axis.
  • Further characteristic features and advantages of the brush according to the invention, however, will emerge more clearly from the detailed description which follows of a preferred embodiment thereof provided by way of example and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:
    • Figures 1 and 2 are two plan views of the brush according to the invention, from the front side, where the bristles are mounted, and rear side, respectively;
    • Figure 3 is a side view, on a larger scale, of the head of the said brush with the associated hinging point on the handle; and
    • Figure 4 is a view similar to that of Figure 3 showing different angles of the bristle-carrying head.
  • As shown, the brush comprises in a known manner a handle 1 and a head 2 on which the bristles 3 are mounted. According to the present invention, the head 2 and the handle 1 are made of a relatively rigid plastic material and are joined together via a flexible hinge.
  • The axis of this hinge is arranged in a plane parallel to the plane of the head on which the bristles are fixed and is oriented perpendicularly with respect to the longitudinal axis of the brush. In this way the head has in practice a variable angle with respect to the handle.
  • Such a flexible hinge consists, according to the preferred embodiment shown in the drawings, of an assembly of two moderately flexible, thin, side bridge-pieces 1a - formed as one piece with the handle 1 and the head 2 and constituting the main element for joining and connecting together the latter - and of a mass 4 of elastomeric filling material injected into the space between the bridge-pieces (indicated by a broken line in the drawings).
  • According to the invention the assembly consisting of handle, head and bridge-pieces is made of a relatively rigid plastic material; consequently, the handle and the head are rigid and only the bridge-pieces, owing to their thin cross-section, are flexible. This flexibility is then controlled via the greater or lesser yielding capability of the mass 4 of elastomeric filling material.
  • With this structure, in fact, an easy and correct brush action is obtained, owing to the fact that:
    • the handle is rigid and allows a good gripping action, and the head is rigid and provides a good bearing surface;
    • as a result of the flexible hinge it is possible, on the one hand, and in particular during the movement of the brush in a horizontal direction along the arch of the teeth, to vary the angle of the head so as to follow the curvature of the teeth, while on the other hand, during the vertical movement of the brush parallel to the length of the teeth, the head is able to closely follow the movement of the handle.
  • More precisely, as shown in Figure 4, the head 2 of the brush is able to assume different angles I, II, III, with respect to the handle, during use, so as to facilitate cleaning of both the concave surfaces and convex surfaces of the teeth. Moreover, since the rest position of the head 2, indicated by I, is naturally angled, the brush according to the invention is particularly suitable also for cleaning of the deep-lying zones located behind the molars.
  • According to an additional feature of the invention, the handle 1 and the head 2, as well as the bridge-pieces 1a, are made of a material having a chemical affinity with the material constituting the filling mass 4, such that it is possible to provide a lasting and stable bond between these elements by means of simple two-stage injection moulding, without the addition of any binder. For example, it is possible to use polypropylene for the handle part 1, head 2 and bridge-pieces la, while the filling mass 4 will consist of a polyolefin-based elastomeric material. Other suitable materials may readily occur to a person skilled in the art.
  • Preferably moreover, by appropriately choosing the hardness of the elastomeric material of the mass 4, it will be possible to grade the rigidity of the "hinge" according to the intended use of the brush (soft, medium or hard; for adults or for children).
  • It is understood, however, that the particular configuration illustrated above represents only one example of the present invention and that any other technically equivalent constructional variant, which may occur to a person skilled in the art, in particular as regards the constitution of the hinge and the materials with which it is made, must be regarded as falling within the protective scope of the invention itself.

Claims (5)

1) Brush for cleaning teeth, of the type comprising a rigid support handle and a bristle-carrying head in the form of a flat body from which the bristles project perpendicularly, said head being mounted so as to oscillate with respect to the handle,
   characterised in that
said head is joined to the handle via a flexible hinge, the axis of which is arranged in a plane essentially parallel to the plane of the bristle-carrying head and oriented perpendicularly with respect to the longitudinal axis of the brush.
2) Brush according to Claim 1, in which said flexible hinge is formed by an assembly
- of two flexible, thin, side bridge-pieces made of semi-rigid plastic material, formed as one piece with the handle and the flat body of the head and constituting the main element for joining and connecting together the latter, and
- of a filling mass of soft elastomeric material injected into the space between said bridge-pieces and constituting the secondary joining element.
3) Brush according to Claim 2, in which the handle, the head and the bridge-pieces are made of a material having a chemical affinity with the material constituting the filling mass of elastomeric material.
4) Brush according to Claim 2, in which the rigidity of the hinge, depending on the intended use of the brush (soft, medium or hard; for adults or for children), is determined mainly by the hardness of the elastomeric material of the filling mass.
5) Brush according to any one of Claims 2 to 4, in which the assembly consisting of handle, head and bridge-pieces is made of polypropylene, while the filling mass consists of a polyolefin-based elastomeric material.
EP94116102A 1993-10-14 1994-10-12 Tooth-brush having a head with a variable bending angle Expired - Lifetime EP0648448B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ITMI932179 1993-10-14
ITMI932179A IT1271530B (en) 1993-10-14 1993-10-14 TOOTHBRUSH WITH VARIABLE ANGLE HEAD

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0648448A1 true EP0648448A1 (en) 1995-04-19
EP0648448B1 EP0648448B1 (en) 1998-09-02

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EP94116102A Expired - Lifetime EP0648448B1 (en) 1993-10-14 1994-10-12 Tooth-brush having a head with a variable bending angle

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EP (1) EP0648448B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE170369T1 (en)
DE (1) DE69412958T2 (en)
IT (1) IT1271530B (en)

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19608226A1 (en) * 1996-03-04 1997-09-11 Kurt Dipl Ing Kessler Toothbrush with elastically articulated interchangeable brush head
WO1998012948A1 (en) * 1996-09-26 1998-04-02 Unilever Plc A brush and method for producing same
US5758383A (en) * 1995-12-29 1998-06-02 Colgate-Palmolive Company Contouring toothbrush head
WO1998037788A1 (en) 1997-02-24 1998-09-03 Smithkline Beecham Consumer Healthcare Gmbh Toothbrush
US5863102A (en) * 1997-06-24 1999-01-26 Colgate-Palmolive Company Method and apparatus to permit attachment of bristles to toothbrushes with resiliently flexible heads and to thereafter permit the trimming and end rounding of such bristles
US5946758A (en) * 1997-06-24 1999-09-07 Colgate-Palmolive Company Toothbrush having contouring multi-component head with peel-resistant joint and limited flexibility
WO2007016066A1 (en) * 2005-07-27 2007-02-08 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care implement comprising an elastomeric polypropylene-ethylene copolymer
WO2008017996A2 (en) 2006-08-10 2008-02-14 Ponzini S.P.A. Toothbrush with a head able to swing under torsion
EP2229841A1 (en) 2009-03-18 2010-09-22 Braun GmbH Toothbrush
US9603441B2 (en) 2002-08-09 2017-03-28 Colgate-Palmolive Company Toothbrush
US10512323B2 (en) 2002-08-09 2019-12-24 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care implement

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6996870B2 (en) 1995-12-29 2006-02-14 Colgate-Palmolive Company Contouring toothbrush head
US6408476B1 (en) 1996-01-18 2002-06-25 The Procter & Gamble Company Toothbrush with elastomer filled flexible head
US7908699B2 (en) 2001-07-03 2011-03-22 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care implement
US7721376B2 (en) 2002-09-20 2010-05-25 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care implement
US7614111B2 (en) 2002-08-09 2009-11-10 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care implement
US8806695B2 (en) 2002-08-09 2014-08-19 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care implement having flexibly supported cleaning elements extending in opposite directions
US20060026784A1 (en) 2002-08-09 2006-02-09 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care implement
US8876221B2 (en) 2002-08-09 2014-11-04 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care implement
AU2008100507A4 (en) * 2008-06-03 2008-07-03 McCusker, Robert Martin Mr Toothbrush

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4520526A (en) * 1984-06-22 1985-06-04 Peters Charles W Resiliently flexible toothbrush
EP0281017A1 (en) * 1987-02-27 1988-09-07 Blendax GmbH Toothbrush
DE3923495C1 (en) * 1989-07-15 1991-01-24 M + C Schiffer Gmbh, 5466 Neustadt, De

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4520526A (en) * 1984-06-22 1985-06-04 Peters Charles W Resiliently flexible toothbrush
EP0281017A1 (en) * 1987-02-27 1988-09-07 Blendax GmbH Toothbrush
DE3923495C1 (en) * 1989-07-15 1991-01-24 M + C Schiffer Gmbh, 5466 Neustadt, De

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6073299A (en) * 1995-12-29 2000-06-13 Colgate-Palmolive Company Contouring toothbrush head
US5758383A (en) * 1995-12-29 1998-06-02 Colgate-Palmolive Company Contouring toothbrush head
US6442787B2 (en) 1995-12-29 2002-09-03 Colgate-Palmolive Company Contouring toothbrush head
US6314606B1 (en) 1995-12-29 2001-11-13 Colgate-Palmolive Company Contouring toothbrush head
DE19608226A1 (en) * 1996-03-04 1997-09-11 Kurt Dipl Ing Kessler Toothbrush with elastically articulated interchangeable brush head
US5970564A (en) * 1996-09-26 1999-10-26 Chesebrough-Pond's Usa Co., Division Of Conopco, Inc. Brush having an elastomeric bridge
WO1998012948A1 (en) * 1996-09-26 1998-04-02 Unilever Plc A brush and method for producing same
AU737732B2 (en) * 1997-02-24 2001-08-30 Smithkline Beecham Consumer Healthcare Gmbh Toothbrush
US6327735B1 (en) 1997-02-24 2001-12-11 Smithkline Beecham Consumer Healthcare, Gmbh Power tip toothbrush with ball joint
WO1998037788A1 (en) 1997-02-24 1998-09-03 Smithkline Beecham Consumer Healthcare Gmbh Toothbrush
US5946758A (en) * 1997-06-24 1999-09-07 Colgate-Palmolive Company Toothbrush having contouring multi-component head with peel-resistant joint and limited flexibility
US5863102A (en) * 1997-06-24 1999-01-26 Colgate-Palmolive Company Method and apparatus to permit attachment of bristles to toothbrushes with resiliently flexible heads and to thereafter permit the trimming and end rounding of such bristles
US9603441B2 (en) 2002-08-09 2017-03-28 Colgate-Palmolive Company Toothbrush
US10512323B2 (en) 2002-08-09 2019-12-24 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care implement
WO2007016066A1 (en) * 2005-07-27 2007-02-08 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care implement comprising an elastomeric polypropylene-ethylene copolymer
WO2008017996A2 (en) 2006-08-10 2008-02-14 Ponzini S.P.A. Toothbrush with a head able to swing under torsion
WO2010106523A1 (en) * 2009-03-18 2010-09-23 Braun Gmbh Toothbrush
CN102355834A (en) * 2009-03-18 2012-02-15 博朗有限公司 Toothbrush
RU2488329C2 (en) * 2009-03-18 2013-07-27 БРАУН ГмбХ Toothbrush
KR101398283B1 (en) * 2009-03-18 2014-05-22 브라운 게엠베하 Toothbrush
US8739351B2 (en) 2009-03-18 2014-06-03 Braun Gmbh Toothbrush
AU2010224515B2 (en) * 2009-03-18 2014-10-09 Braun Gmbh Toothbrush
CN102355834B (en) * 2009-03-18 2015-03-04 博朗有限公司 Toothbrush
EP2229841A1 (en) 2009-03-18 2010-09-22 Braun GmbH Toothbrush

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69412958D1 (en) 1998-10-08
ITMI932179A1 (en) 1995-04-14
ATE170369T1 (en) 1998-09-15
EP0648448B1 (en) 1998-09-02
IT1271530B (en) 1997-05-30
DE69412958T2 (en) 1999-02-11
ITMI932179A0 (en) 1993-10-14

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