US5722326A - Magnetic levitation system for moving objects - Google Patents
Magnetic levitation system for moving objects Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5722326A US5722326A US08/295,577 US29557794A US5722326A US 5722326 A US5722326 A US 5722326A US 29557794 A US29557794 A US 29557794A US 5722326 A US5722326 A US 5722326A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- circuit
- closed
- circuits
- train
- inductively loaded
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L13/00—Electric propulsion for monorail vehicles, suspension vehicles or rack railways; Magnetic suspension or levitation for vehicles
- B60L13/04—Magnetic suspension or levitation for vehicles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L2200/00—Type of vehicles
- B60L2200/26—Rail vehicles
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to magnetic levitation, and more specifically, to magnetic levitation systems for moving objects.
- Repelling magnetic forces are produced by the interaction of a flux-concentrated magnetic field (produced by permanent magnets or electromagnets) with an inductively loaded closed electric circuit. When one such element moves with respect to the other a current is induced in the circuit. This current then interacts back on the field to produce a repelling force. These repelling magnetic forces are applied to levitate a high-speed object such as a train.
- the power required to levitate a train is drawn from the motional energy of the train itself, and represents only a few percent of the several megawatts of power required to overcome aerodynamic drag at high speeds.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the levitating system of the invention.
- FIG. 2 depicts a pole-magnet array.
- FIG. 3 is a pole array made of electromagnets.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic of a levitated system.
- FIG. 5 depicts a section of track
- FIG. 6 shows runways for the touchdown wheels of the levitated car.
- FIG. 7 depicts dissipative/compliant dampers to increase the lateral stability of a levitated moving system.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the levitating system of the invention. It shows an end view of the pole arrays 5, mounted on the bottom of object 8 to be levitated, in close proximity to the inductively loaded circuits 6. These circuits carry on their lower sections the ferromagnetic collars 7, that provide inductive loading. Also shown schematically linking the circuits through the ferromagnetic collars 7, are the drive conductors 9, that can be sequentially pulsed to provide drive power to the levitated system comprising pole arrays 5 and object 8.
- the concavity of the upper portion of the circuits 6, when matched to the convexity of the pole assemblies 5, provides a centering force to overcome centrifugal and other de-centering influences in operation.
- the pole assemblies are excited either by permanent magnets or by electrical currents. Those pole assemblies that contain windings could be used to modify the levitation force in response to load changes, for example.
- the pole assemblies are attached to the train and the induction cells are stationary.
- the induction cells can comprise a closed induction circuit.
- On the order of 20 such magnet pole assemblies are on such a car (10 on a side), with each pole gap overlapping closely spaced induction cells in the track.
- the poles are mounted convexly transversely, while the induction cells have a matching concavity. This design thus provides an automatic centering action as the car traverses a curved section of track.
- the induction cells lying along the track have the primary function of providing levitating forces as the magnet pole assemblies move over them.
- these cells are constructed with a portion of their closed circuit covered by high-permeability ferrite (or laminated transformer iron), these same circuits could be used to transmit the driving force to the train.
- high-permeability ferrite or laminated transformer iron
- these same circuits could be used to transmit the driving force to the train.
- the magnetic fields produced by the pole assemblies should be adequate for the purpose.
- the conventional means i.e., a linear induction motor, could be used alongside the levitation system to drive the train.
- Length of train 33 meters.
- the guide rails of a maglev train comprise a linear array of inductively loaded circuits. These circuits are excited by an array of pole-faces on the moving levitated object.
- the magnetic field from this array is approximated by the equations:
- the starting point for the derivation of equation 2! was to derive the current induced in a circuit through which a time-varying flux ⁇ 0 is passed, when the time variation of that flux is defined by a repetitive sine-wave pulse, sin( ⁇ t).
- the angular frequency ⁇ is determined by the translational speed of the magnet array.
- Equation 3! was derived by calculating the time-averaged current flowing in a circuit. This current (in the limit defined above) is given by equation 4!: ##EQU4## From this equation, inserting the equations defining the flux and the inductance of the circuit, the time averaged power (during a current pulse) can be calculated. The result is given in equation 5!.
- R is the resistance of a circuit and I 2 is the time averaged value of the current given by equation 4!.
- the resistance can be calculated from the resistance per unit length, R 0 (ohms), of the conductor and the perimeter of the circuit. R can be calculated from equation 6!.
- x 1 -x 0 is the length of the conductors connecting the front and the rear legs of the inductive circuit.
- FIG. 2 depicts schematically a pole-magnet array 10, showing an end view of an array of permanent magnets with their directions of magnetization as shown.
- Field line 12 is typical of the pattern of field lines generated by this array. When this array moves horizontally it will induce currents in the circuits in the stationary track.
- Shown schematically is a sectioned end view of the conductors 11, that comprise the upper horizontal legs of closed circuits, the lower horizontal legs of which (not shown) are loaded with ferromagnetic material to increase the inductance of each circuit in accordance with the teachings of the invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic of an embodiment in which the pole array is made up of electromagnets.
- soft-iron pole pieces 20 energized by magnet coils 21.
- a typical field line 22 is shown below the pole faces.
- the conductors 23 In close proximity are the conductors 23, the upper elements of the inductive circuits which are shown in section (the rest of the circuits are not shown).
- FIG. 4 is a schematic of an alternative embodiment of a levitated system.
- centering forces are provided by constructing the pole arrays 30, with a tilted lower face. This tilt matches that of the inductive circuits 31, so that sidewise forces are countered as in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.
- Also shown are the ferromagnetic collars 32, the drive circuits 33, and a portion of the levitated body 34.
- FIG. 5 depicts a section of track having upper conductor sections 40 of the inductively loaded circuits. Runways 41 are provided for the touchdown wheels 3 (FIG. 6) of the levitated car. Track bed 42 (FIG. 5) supports the inductively loaded circuits and the runways.
- FIG. 7 depicts schematically the use of dissipative/compliant dampers to increase the lateral stability of a levitated moving system. It shows a portion of one side of a system such as shown in FIG. 4, including an end-on view of a pole assembly 100, located above a typical stationary conductor 102, in the track. Conductor 102 is coupled electrically, through flexible leads 104, to the lower circuit element passing through a ferromagnetic collar 106. Conductor 102 is supported through a support to dampers 108, which are supported by structures 110. Dampers 108 may utilize visco-elastic materials, as in commercial vibration dampers, or may include conventional hydraulic shock-absorbers, for example.
- the length of each pole assembly in the direction of motion of the train is assumed to be 1.0 meter.
- Several pole assemblies will be used to levitate the train cars.
- the circuits in the track are assumed to be spaced apart 0.01 meters between conductor centers, and to be made up of aluminum or copper conductors with a resistance, as calculated from equation 6!, of 6 ⁇ 10 -4 ohms/circuit. Using ferromagnetic material on the lower leg of each circuit, the inductance per circuit is adjusted to be 1.2 ⁇ 10 -4 henrys.
- the force per circuit is found to be 333 Newtons/circuit.
- To provide a levitating force of 5 ⁇ 10 5 Newtons therefore requires the energizing of 1500 circuits at a time. This implies a total length of pole-face "exciter" arrays (on the car) of 15 meters, i.e., 75 meters on each side for the two parallel arrays.
Abstract
Description
B.sub.x =B.sub.0 sin(kx)exp(-ky),
By=-B.sub.0 cos(kx)exp(-ky) 1!
P=RI.sup.2Watts 5!
R=R.sub.0 2w+2(x.sub.1 -x.sub.0)!ohms, 6!
Claims (5)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US08/295,577 US5722326A (en) | 1994-08-01 | 1994-08-01 | Magnetic levitation system for moving objects |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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US08/295,577 US5722326A (en) | 1994-08-01 | 1994-08-01 | Magnetic levitation system for moving objects |
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US5722326A true US5722326A (en) | 1998-03-03 |
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US08/295,577 Expired - Lifetime US5722326A (en) | 1994-08-01 | 1994-08-01 | Magnetic levitation system for moving objects |
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US6374746B1 (en) | 1999-06-21 | 2002-04-23 | Orlo James Fiske | Magnetic levitation transportation system and method |
US6418857B1 (en) * | 1999-08-31 | 2002-07-16 | Secretary Of Agency Of Industrial Science And Technology | Superconductive magnetic levitation transportation system |
US6450103B2 (en) | 1996-05-07 | 2002-09-17 | Einar Svensson | Monorail system |
WO2002099949A2 (en) * | 2001-06-07 | 2002-12-12 | Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc. | System to generate and control levitation, propulsion and guidance of linear switched reluctance machines |
US6510799B2 (en) | 2001-07-02 | 2003-01-28 | Magna Force, Inc. | Apparatus, systems and methods for levitating and moving objects |
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