WO2011028128A1 - Method to prevent oxidation of components in oil, and method to reduce the use of ethoxyquin to prevent oxidation of components in oil - Google Patents
Method to prevent oxidation of components in oil, and method to reduce the use of ethoxyquin to prevent oxidation of components in oil Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011028128A1 WO2011028128A1 PCT/NO2010/000323 NO2010000323W WO2011028128A1 WO 2011028128 A1 WO2011028128 A1 WO 2011028128A1 NO 2010000323 W NO2010000323 W NO 2010000323W WO 2011028128 A1 WO2011028128 A1 WO 2011028128A1
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- Prior art keywords
- oil
- press residue
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- amount
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Links
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 239000004258 Ethoxyquin Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 235000019285 ethoxyquin Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- DECIPOUIJURFOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxyquin Chemical compound N1C(C)(C)C=C(C)C2=CC(OCC)=CC=C21 DECIPOUIJURFOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 229940093500 ethoxyquin Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 235000021028 berry Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 235000011389 fruit/vegetable juice Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 57
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 claims description 57
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 46
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 42
- 235000003095 Vaccinium corymbosum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 40
- 235000017537 Vaccinium myrtillus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 40
- 235000021014 blueberries Nutrition 0.000 claims description 40
- 240000000851 Vaccinium corymbosum Species 0.000 claims description 39
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 38
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 37
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 240000001890 Ribes hudsonianum Species 0.000 claims description 17
- 235000016954 Ribes hudsonianum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 17
- 235000001466 Ribes nigrum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000003064 anti-oxidating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 claims description 5
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 claims description 5
- VEVZSMAEJFVWIL-UHFFFAOYSA-O cyanidin cation Chemical compound [O+]=1C2=CC(O)=CC(O)=C2C=C(O)C=1C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 VEVZSMAEJFVWIL-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HBQJTBXZMPSVBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanidine Natural products OC1=CC(=C2/Oc3cc(O)cc(O)c3C=C2O)C=CC1=O HBQJTBXZMPSVBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GCPYCNBGGPHOBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Delphinidin Natural products OC1=Cc2c(O)cc(O)cc2OC1=C3C=C(O)C(=O)C(=C3)O GCPYCNBGGPHOBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001814 pectin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010987 pectin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001277 pectin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FFNDMZIBVDSQFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N delphinidin chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[O+]=1C2=CC(O)=CC(O)=C2C=C(O)C=1C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 FFNDMZIBVDSQFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 abstract description 115
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 112
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 16
- 241000252203 Clupea harengus Species 0.000 description 14
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 14
- 235000021588 free fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000004322 Butylated hydroxytoluene Substances 0.000 description 11
- NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylhydroxytoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 235000010354 butylated hydroxytoluene Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 229940095259 butylated hydroxytoluene Drugs 0.000 description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 235000019514 herring Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 241000220225 Malus Species 0.000 description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 235000020660 omega-3 fatty acid Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- YTMNONATNXDQJF-UBNZBFALSA-N chrysanthemin Chemical compound [Cl-].O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1OC1=CC2=C(O)C=C(O)C=C2[O+]=C1C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 YTMNONATNXDQJF-UBNZBFALSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000021016 apples Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- BHAAPTBBJKJZER-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-anisidine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(N)C=C1 BHAAPTBBJKJZER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000020777 polyunsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003244 pro-oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 231100000673 dose–response relationship Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 235000019688 fish Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000020665 omega-6 fatty acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000011430 Malus pumila Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000015103 Malus silvestris Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013103 analytical ultracentrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013068 control sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000004626 essential fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000005313 fatty acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008821 health effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 2
- KZMACGJDUUWFCH-UHFFFAOYSA-O malvidin Chemical compound COC1=C(O)C(OC)=CC(C=2C(=CC=3C(O)=CC(O)=CC=3[O+]=2)O)=C1 KZMACGJDUUWFCH-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229940012843 omega-3 fatty acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000006014 omega-3 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940033080 omega-6 fatty acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003019 stabilising effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000353134 Arripis georgianus Species 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000077233 Vaccinium uliginosum Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000007336 cyanidin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000007242 delphinidin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- JKHRCGUTYDNCLE-UHFFFAOYSA-O delphinidin Chemical compound [O+]=1C2=CC(O)=CC(O)=C2C=C(O)C=1C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 JKHRCGUTYDNCLE-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003810 ethyl acetate extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021323 fish oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940013317 fish oils Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930182470 glycoside Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002338 glycosides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009584 malvidin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- VIKNJXKGJWUCNN-XGXHKTLJSA-N norethisterone Chemical compound O=C1CC[C@@H]2[C@H]3CC[C@](C)([C@](CC4)(O)C#C)[C@@H]4[C@@H]3CCC2=C1 VIKNJXKGJWUCNN-XGXHKTLJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036284 oxygen consumption Effects 0.000 description 1
- HKUHOPQRJKPJCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pelargonidin Natural products OC1=Cc2c(O)cc(O)cc2OC1c1ccc(O)cc1 HKUHOPQRJKPJCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000006251 pelargonidin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XVFMGWDSJLBXDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-O pelargonidin Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C(C(=C1)O)=[O+]C2=C1C(O)=CC(O)=C2 XVFMGWDSJLBXDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 229930015721 peonidin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000006404 peonidin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XFDQJKDGGOEYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-O peonidin Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC(C=2C(=CC=3C(O)=CC(O)=CC=3[O+]=2)O)=C1 XFDQJKDGGOEYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 229930015717 petunidin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000006384 petunidin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AFOLOMGWVXKIQL-UHFFFAOYSA-O petunidin Chemical compound OC1=C(O)C(OC)=CC(C=2C(=CC=3C(O)=CC(O)=CC=3[O+]=2)O)=C1 AFOLOMGWVXKIQL-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 150000008442 polyphenolic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000013824 polyphenols Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005070 ripening Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000003441 saturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009044 synergistic interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B5/00—Preserving by using additives, e.g. anti-oxidants
- C11B5/0085—Substances of natural origin of unknown constitution, f.i. plant extracts
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L19/00—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L19/09—Mashed or comminuted products, e.g. pulp, purée, sauce, or products made therefrom, e.g. snacks
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
- A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
- A23L3/3463—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
- A23L3/3472—Compounds of undetermined constitution obtained from animals or plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method to prevent oxidation of components in an oil, where a press residue from berries or fruits is added to the oil.
- the invention also relates to a method to reduce the amount of ethoxy- quin which is added to an oil to prevent oxidation of components in the oil where a press residue from berries or fruit is added to the oil.
- the invention comprises a composition to prevent oxidation of oil.
- the juice fraction is separated from the press residual fraction.
- mills are used to crush the berries and it is also normal to increase the yield of juice fraction by heating gently. After a thorough mixing and crushing of the berries, and after a certain incubation time, the mass is pressed and the two phases are separated.
- the juice fraction is used for the manufacture of, for example, diluting juices and pure juice, while the press residue is normally considered to be a waste product.
- antioxidants It is known that fruits and berries contain large amounts of antioxidants, but it has been shown that only a small proportion of these antioxidants can be found as active antioxidants in the finished diluting juice or pure juice. Either antioxidants are damaged by the processing steps that are necessary to give a high juice yield, or the antioxidants can be found in the solid fractions that are part of the press residue.
- the press residue can be processed to a dry material, preferably in powder form, for example by freeze drying, and that the press residue in its dry and preferably storage stable form maintains the activity of the antioxidants which originally are in the berry and fruit material.
- press residue that gives the best activity with respect to prevention of oxidation of the oxidation vulnerable components of an oil, preferably marine oil.
- the relationship between the amount of press residue and antioxidant effect is not linearly proportional. Normally one would expect that if one increases the addition of a press residue then the anti-oxidising activity also will increase correspondingly. However, tests have shown that if the amount exceeds a given size it will start an oxidation, i.e. that the anti-oxidising effect is reduced and countered.
- the press residue is a heterogeneous material, and in this material several anti-oxidants cooperate, and it is assumed, without being bound by theory, that some of these components will have an oxidising effect in certain amounts.
- a first aspect of the present invention relates to a method to prevent oxidation of components in an oil, where berries or fruit are crushed to a pulp of berries, and that the pulp of berries is thereafter pressed for separation into two phases, a juice phase and a press residue, after which the press residue is frozen or dried, characterised in that the press residue is thereafter added to said oil where the amount of press residue which is added to the oil is determined so that the amount is sufficient for the press residue to provide an anti- oxidising effect on one or more components of said oil and that the amount is below a level that brings about an oxidising effect on said oil.
- the pulp of berries is preferably incubated during and after crushing at a temperature of 20-40 °C for a period of 2-24 hours.
- enzymes are added during incubation, preferably pectin degrading enzymes.
- press residue is frozen
- the press residue is dried to a dry material, preferably in powder form.
- the press residue is freeze dried under vacuum, preferably under an inert atmosphere, preferably nitrogen or carbon dioxide.
- the press residue has a content of anti-oxidants in the range 400 to 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 600 to 1200 ppm, more
- said press residues prevent release (hydrolysis) of fatty acids from complex lipids, such as phospholipids and mono-, di- and triglycerides in said oil.
- said press residues prevent the oxidation of fatty acids, where said fatty acids are mono- or polyunsaturated.
- One preferred embodiment comprises prevention of oxidation of EPA or DHA.
- said oil is of marine origin.
- the press residue is from blackcurrant, blueberry or apple.
- the amount of press residue that is sufficient so that the press residue has an anti- oxidising effect on one or more components in said oil is determined and at the same time is below a level that brings about an, oxidising effect on said oil, in that the inhibited oxidation of different amounts of press residue in a given amount of marine oil under similar conditions (time, temperature) is determined to find the optimal amount of press residue for a given oil.
- the optimal range is measured using one parameter or method chosen from AUC (to be specified) , TOTOX and resistance index.
- the present invention relates to a method to reduce the amount of ethoxyquin which is added to an oil to prevent oxidation of components in the oil, characterised in that a press residue from berries or fruit is added to said oil.
- the quantity of press residue is in one amount sufficient for the press residue to inhibit the oxidation of one or more components in said oil, and that the quantity is below a level that brings about an oxidising effect on said oil.
- the amount of press residue in said oil is in the range 400 to 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 600 to 1200 ppm, more correspondingly in the range 800 to 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 900 to 1100 ppm, more preferably in the area around 1000 ppm, related to phenols and that the amount of ethoxyquin is in the range 0-400 ppm ethoxyquin.
- the amount of press residue in said oil is in the range 400 to 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 600 to 1200 ppm, more correspondingly in the range 800 to 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 900 to 1100 ppm, more preferably in the range about 1000 ppm, related to phenols and that the amount of ethoxyquin is in the range 0-400 ppm ethoxyquin, more preferably 0 to 300 ppm, and more preferably 0 to 200 ppm.
- the addition of press residue reduces the need for addition of ethoxyquin by 30%, more preferably 40% and more preferably 50%.
- said residues prevent the release (hydrolysis) of fatty acids from complex lipids, such as phospholipids and mono-, di-and triglycerides in said oil.
- the press residue prevents oxidation of fatty acids, preferably mono-or
- polyunsaturated fatty acids preferably polyunsaturated.
- the press residue prevents oxidation of EPA or DHA.
- said oil is of marine origin.
- said press residue is from blackcurrant, blueberry or apple.
- a third aspect of the present invention relates to a composition to prevent oxidation of an oil, characterised in that it contains;
- the amount of press residue is sufficient for the press residue to have an anti-oxidising effect on one or more components in said oil and that the amount is below a level that brings about an oxidising effect on said oil.
- the relative amount of press residue to ethoxyquin is approx. 1:1, more preferably approx. 2:1, more preferably 3:1, more preferably 4:1 , more preferably 5:1, more preferably more than 5:1 such that for example, 10:1 or 15:1 or 20:1 or ratios in between .
- the invention relates to a press residue from berries or fruit, where said berries or fruit are crushed to a pulp of berries and that the pulp of berries is then pressed for the separation into two phases, a juice phase and a press residue, characterised in that the press residue is thereafter freeze-dried or vacuum dried and has a content of antocyanidines as follows ;
- Delphinidine more than 1500, more preferably more than 1550, and most preferably more than 1650
- Cyanidine more than 1800, more preferably more than 1900, and most preferably more than 1950
- Petunidine more than 850, and more preferably more than 900
- Peonidine more than 150, and more preferably more than 190
- alvidine more than 1900, and more preferably more than 1950;
- the invention relates to a method for production of a press residue in accordance with claim 36, characterised in that berries or fruit are crushed to a pulp of berries and that the pulp of berries is then pressed for the separation into two phases, a juice phase and a press residue, characterised in that the press residue is thereafter freeze dried or vacuum dried.
- FIG 1 shows OxyConc analyses (0 2 consumption by
- Control samples are
- FIG. 1 shows OxyCOnc analyses (0 2 consumption during
- herring press cake (Baltic herring) with added blueberry press
- Control samples are without anti-oxidant (-OA) and FEQ500 (100 ppm) , respectively.
- Figure 3 shows the parallels from the respective fractions of the OxyConc analyses .
- Figure 4 shows a dose response curve for a measured
- Figure 5 shows the amount of free fatty acids in oil
- Figure 6 shows the reduction in fatty acid groups in oil samples to which measured amounts of freeze-dried
- Figure 7 shows the development of PV and AV, respectively, at the start and after 30 days.
- Figure 8 shows the consumption of oxygen for 50 hours at different concentrations of fBB in a press cake from the herring .
- Figure 9 shows the induction time of blackcurrant press residue at 65 degrees where 35 grams of powder is used as the raw material.
- Figure 10 shows the effect of press residue from apples corresponding to 1000 ppm phenols on the degradation of
- FIG 11 shows the induction time of an apple press
- Ripe blueberries are sorted free of any mildew, rot and leaves . Thereafter they are crushed in a mill and the pulp of berries is heated to 20-40 °C. Pectin degrading enzymes are added to the pulp of berries, stirring constantly.
- the juice yield is 75 2010/000323
- the amount of press residue varies from 12-25% .
- the press residue is produced as described above. After pressing in the rotary press, the press residue is frozen down to about -20 degrees C before further processing. The frozen press residue is thawed slowly, and then freeze dried. Nitrogen gas was added when the vacuum was removed.
- the powder was thereafter kept under a blanket of nitrogen before testing.
- the samples were stored in plastic boxes with about 125 grams per box and stored in a freezer at
- OxyCons analysis was conducted in five samples (two
- the dry material content (DM) in freeze-dried blueberry press residue (fBB) was 98.32%, while the analysis result showed that the DM content in the press residue of
- Figure 1 shows the results from the OxyConc analysis. The results of the parallels are acceptable (see below) . The results show that the sample that did not contain antioxidants (-AO) had the highest consumption of 0 2 . We also see that the second control sample that contained FEQ500 gave the lowest 0 2 consumption.
- the experimental results show that the press residue from blueberries contains active components that protect marine lipids against oxidation. This activity is maintained despite the press residue being freeze dried and finely ground, and that the sample is exposed to heat.
- Example 3 - fBB has an anti-oxidative effect on marine oil (brisling oil)
- Brisling is among the fattest industrial fish species and has a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA, DHA and DPA. Unsaturated fatty acids are easily oxidised and to preserve the oil's nutritional quality it must be protected against oxidation by the addition of anti-oxidants .
- 80 kg of fresh brisling of nutritional quality was bought from Norway Pelagic Bergen on 08.09.2009 and stored overnight in a refrigerator at 4 °C.
- the brisling was boiled for 15 min in water (1:1) in a total of 3 servings. The boiling water was reused. After the coarse sieving, the fish mass was fed into a twin screw extrusion press
- the press cake of fresh brislings was weighed, mixed in, and vacuum packed in portions of approximately 600 grams.
- the press cake portions were stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C.
- Freeze-dried blueberry press residue (fBB) was produced as described in example 1. The powder was kept cool at 4 °C prior to the test. The solids content was measured at the start of the experiment to check if the powder had absorbed water during the storage at 4 °C.
- Butylated hydroxytoluene is a synthetic anti-oxidant permitted for use in food. BHT is added to all fish oils. The threshold for maximum concentration of BHT in oils is 150 ppm on its own. BHT is registered with the CAS number 0000128370. In this study, BHT from Sigma-Aldrich (product No. 000000000000047168) was used.
- Accelerated oxidation of marine oil was simulated in an experimental setup comprising: a water bath, an air pump and air flow meters. The method was based on the protocol for Active Oxygen Method (AOCS Official Method Cd 12-57) .
- Test glasses with an oil sample were placed in a water bath set at 40 °C.
- the air speed was adjusted so that the through flow of air was similar in all tests, about 3 ml/sec ⁇ 10%.
- the air speed was slightly higher than recommended in the AOCS method.
- the air speed was
- AV - anisidine value (anidisine number) is a standard procedure, accredited according to international standard ISO 17025 and registered under the internal number A09 (edition 1.6). The method determines the amount of secondary products formed from free fatty acids in oil as a result of lipid oxidation.
- aldehydes especially 2-alkenales
- p-anisidine especially 2-alkenales
- PV - peroxide value (peroxide number) is a standard procedure, accredited according to international standard ISO 17025 and registered under the internal number A 10 (edition 1.3). The method determines the amount of primary oxidation products formed in the oil as a result of oxidation .
- FFA - free fatty acids a standard procedure, accredited according to international standard ISO 17025 and
- the method determines the amount of acid groups formed in the shape of secondary oxidation products.
- the oil samples were placed in a water bath and incubated at 40 °C for 166 hours (approximately 7 days) . Samples of 25 ml of oil were removed after 22, 70 and 166 hours.
- the yield from 80 kg brisling was 6 kg crude brisling oil and 19 kg brisling press cake.
- the brisling oil had a relatively low degree of oxidation
- TOTOX AV + 2xPV
- the results show that brisling oil without anti-oxidant was quickly oxidised.
- TOTOX kinetics in the remaining oil samples are described by third degree polynomials. It is common to compare
- the parameter the area under the curve (AUC)
- AUC area under the curve
- AUC is used to characterise the organism's ability to TNO2010/000323
- the AUC is calculated with the help of a trapezoidal model.
- the total AUC is first divided into trapezoids with a base limited by time intervals in the experiment and heights determined by TOTOX at time 1 and time 0.
- the area of each trapezoid is calculated according to the formula given below.
- AUC means more oxidation products in the sample and the highest degree of oxidation.
- Table 3 shows the AUC calculated for all samples.
- AUC for oils with added fBB was calculated for 1066 ppm phenols. Simultaneous stabilisation of the oil with 108,
- RI Resistance Index
- fBB has, to a significant extent, extended the resistance of brisling oil to oxidation from 33 hours (without fBB) to 55 hours (corresponding to 1066 ppm
- RI Resistance Index
- the results show that the anti-oxidant effect of fBB is dependant on the amount of fBB and that this correlation is not linearly proportional.
- FFA Free fatty acids
- the level of FFA is higher in oxidised samples than in fresh and stable samples.
- the level of FFA in brisling oil was 0.3% at the start.
- Figure 5 shows that the level of FFA in the oil without anti-oxidant has increased at least 6 times in the course of 166 hours.
- Two oil samples containing 100 ppm cyanidine 3-glucoside and 533 ppm phenols had higher levels of FFA than oil without antioxidant. This suggests that these amounts of anti-oxidants have provided the poorest protection against oxidation.
- the oils to which 107, 268, 804 and 1066 ppm phenols (fBB) and 100 ppm BHT were added had levels of FFA lower than the oil without any anti-oxidant. This indicates that the above amounts of fBB were sufficient to give anti-oxidant protection for the brisling oil.
- the observed anti-oxidant effect was not linearly proportional to the amount of fBB in the oil (which is also indicated above) .
- Unsaturated fatty acids such as omega-6 and especially omega-3 account for a range of health-promoting effects from marine oils and fish. These fatty acids are also the most susceptible to oxidation. This can be confirmed by the results described below. The effect of the added antioxidant to protect the oil against oxidation can be found by following the concentration of the essential fatty acids in the oil.
- Table 5 shows the fatty acid composition of samples before and after incubation at 40 °C for 166 hours.
- the total sum of all the fatty acids was 88.5 g/100 g oil at the start, of which 23.4% was saturated fatty acids, 23.4% was omega- 3, and 2.2% was omega-6 fatty acids.
- the lipid oxidation in oil without added anti-oxidant has resulted in moderate decreases in concentrations of saturated and monoene fatty acids of 1 and 6%, respectively.
- the concentrations of omega-6 and omega-3 have decreased by 32 and 68%, respectively.
- the original concentrations of omega-6 or omega-3 fatty acids (PUFA) were not preserved during the experiment in some of the samples.
- Figure 6 shows the reduction in fatty acid groups after
- fBB provides brisling oil with sufficient amounts of natural anti-oxidants to protect the oil against oxidation
- brisling oil to which fBB was added has a higher nutritional value than oil
- Example 4 anti-oxidant properties of press residues from berries and fruits
- plastic bag frozen at -20 °C and transported at about -9 °C.
- the press cake was stored at -20 °C for 5 days before the test began.
- Oxipres test were carried out. At the same time storage tests were started in that 50 g of sample was placed in a plastic container (not airtight) and stored at +40 °C for 30 days.
- Example 4a press residue from blueberries
- the added anti-oxidants shall remove peroxides so that the anisidine number does not rise.
- An addition of blueberry press residue corresponding to 800 ppm phenols provides the best protection .
- Table 6 shows the breakdown of two important fatty acids through 30 days of storage at 40 degrees. There is a relatively large degradation of fatty acids through the storage period. The table shows that the herring meal with 400 and 800 ppm blueberry phenols added comes out best together with the control of ethoxyquin (EQ) . Table 6
- BC hereafter as BC.
- Table 7 shows the effect of BC on the
- Blackcurrant seems to have better stabilising properties than blueberries with respect to oxidation of herring
- Figure 12 shows the effect of EQ alone and together with blueberry phenols on the breakdown of ⁇ and DHA during 101 days of storage at 40 °C.
- Table 8 shows the synergy effect of the EQ and fBB on the breakdown of fatty acids during 101 days of storage at 40 degrees
- Anti-oxidising effect Ability to prevent oxidation of a material.
- lipids such as unsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to oxidation, and an aim of the
- Unsaturated fatty acids can be in a free form, or they can be incorporated 10 000323
- lipids such as phospholipids or mono, di and triglycerides.
- Pro-oxidative effect In relation to the term “anti- oxidising effect” the term “pro-oxidative” describes an effect where the overall anti-oxidant effect is reduced and one sees a contribution of an opposite, i.e.,
- components in the marine oil shall cover all components that are prone to oxidation, and preferably
- hydrolysis for example, that fatty acids are hydrolysed from complex lipids.
Abstract
A method is described for the prevention of oxidation o components in an oil, where berries or fruit are crushe to a pulp of berries and that the pulp of berries is th pressed for the separation into two phases, a juice pha and a press residue, and that the press residue is adde to an oil exposed to oxidation. Also described is a met to reduce the use of ethoxyquin in marine oils or anima feed, and also a press residue with a high content of antocyanidines and a method for the production thereof.
Description
TITLE Method to prevent oxidation of components in oil, and method to reduce the use of ethoxyquin to prevent
oxidation of components in oil.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method to prevent oxidation of components in an oil, where a press residue from berries or fruits is added to the oil. The invention also relates to a method to reduce the amount of ethoxy- quin which is added to an oil to prevent oxidation of components in the oil where a press residue from berries or fruit is added to the oil. Furthermore, the invention comprises a composition to prevent oxidation of oil. BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART
In the production of diluting juices and pure juice from fruits .and berries the juice fraction is separated from the press residual fraction. In general, mills are used to crush the berries and it is also normal to increase the yield of juice fraction by heating gently. After a thorough mixing and crushing of the berries, and after a certain incubation time, the mass is pressed and the two phases are separated. The juice fraction is used for the manufacture of, for example, diluting juices and pure juice, while the press residue is normally considered to be a waste product.
It is known that fruits and berries contain large amounts of antioxidants, but it has been shown that only a small proportion of these antioxidants can be found as active
antioxidants in the finished diluting juice or pure juice. Either antioxidants are damaged by the processing steps that are necessary to give a high juice yield, or the antioxidants can be found in the solid fractions that are part of the press residue.
Thus it is an aim of the present invention to produce a fraction from berries and fruit that contains active antioxidants. In particular, it is an aim of the present invention to maintain any possible anti-oxidative
activities in the press residue, as it must today be considered to be a waste product.
It is also an aim of the present invention that the press residue can be processed to a dry material, preferably in powder form, for example by freeze drying, and that the press residue in its dry and preferably storage stable form maintains the activity of the antioxidants which originally are in the berry and fruit material.
It has surprisingly been found that different preparation of the press residue provides different proportions of antioxidants in the final product. This is measured by the amount of antocyanidines present after processing. Thus it is an aim of the present invention to improve the
processing methods after isolation of the press residue, and it is of particular interest to use the press residue that gives the best activity with respect to prevention of oxidation of the oxidation vulnerable components of an oil, preferably marine oil.
Furthermore, it has surprisingly been shown that the relationship between the amount of press residue and antioxidant effect is not linearly proportional. Normally one would expect that if one increases the addition of a press residue then the anti-oxidising activity also will
increase correspondingly. However, tests have shown that if the amount exceeds a given size it will start an oxidation, i.e. that the anti-oxidising effect is reduced and countered. The press residue is a heterogeneous material, and in this material several anti-oxidants cooperate, and it is assumed, without being bound by theory, that some of these components will have an oxidising effect in certain amounts. It is therefore important to determine the optimal concentration range for the effect of the press residue in relation to the material (oil) which shall be treated so that one adds sufficient amount until one achieves a good anti-oxidant effect, but at the same time one is outside the area, i.e. below the concentration, which gives a pro-oxidative effect.
Today artificial anti-oxidants are widely used to prevent oxidation of oils. In particular, marine oils which contain significant amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (incorporated in complex lipids) are very susceptible to oxidation. To reduce this oxidation the anti-oxidant ethoxyquin is usually added which is a quinoline-based anti-oxidant which is used for the preservation of food products as a special addition to prevent fats becoming rancid. There is currently some speculation regarding possible adverse health effects of ethoxyquin, and the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) has requested feed producers to use smaller amounts of ethoxyquin. Thus ethoxyquin is a problem in the food industry today, and there is therefore a wish to find other anti-oxidants that can reduce the level of, or make completely
redundant, ethoxyquin in feed products. Inventors of the present invention have conducted tests that show one can reduce the amount of ethoxyquin if one
adds a press residue from berries or fruit. There is reason to believe that the different anti-oxidants in the press residue will affect different components of the oil, and that this reduces the need for the addition of ethoxyquin. By a sufficient addition of press residue the amount of unwanted ethoxyquin can thus be reduced
significantly because of a synergistic interaction between ethoxyquin and the various components from the press residue .
SUMMARY
A first aspect of the present invention relates to a method to prevent oxidation of components in an oil, where berries or fruit are crushed to a pulp of berries, and that the pulp of berries is thereafter pressed for separation into two phases, a juice phase and a press residue, after which the press residue is frozen or dried, characterised in that the press residue is thereafter added to said oil where the amount of press residue which is added to the oil is determined so that the amount is sufficient for the press residue to provide an anti- oxidising effect on one or more components of said oil and that the amount is below a level that brings about an oxidising effect on said oil.
The pulp of berries is preferably incubated during and after crushing at a temperature of 20-40 °C for a period of 2-24 hours.
In a preferred embodiment enzymes are added during incubation, preferably pectin degrading enzymes.
It is preferred that the press residue is frozen,
preferably at a temperature of -20 °C, or that the press residue is dried to a dry material, preferably in powder
form. In a preferred embodiment the press residue is freeze dried under vacuum, preferably under an inert atmosphere, preferably nitrogen or carbon dioxide. In a preferred embodiment the press residue has a content of anti-oxidants in the range 400 to 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 600 to 1200 ppm, more
correspondingly in the range 800 to 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 900 to 1100 ppm, more preferably in the range about 1000 ppm, related to phenols.
In a preferred embodiment said press residues prevent release (hydrolysis) of fatty acids from complex lipids, such as phospholipids and mono-, di- and triglycerides in said oil.
In a preferred embodiment said press residues prevent the oxidation of fatty acids, where said fatty acids are mono- or polyunsaturated.
One preferred embodiment comprises prevention of oxidation of EPA or DHA.
In one embodiment said oil is of marine origin.
In preferred embodiments the press residue is from blackcurrant, blueberry or apple.
In a preferred embodiment the amount of press residue that is sufficient so that the press residue has an anti- oxidising effect on one or more components in said oil is determined and at the same time is below a level that brings about an, oxidising effect on said oil, in that the inhibited oxidation of different amounts of press residue in a given amount of marine oil under similar conditions (time, temperature) is determined to find the optimal
amount of press residue for a given oil.
Preferably the optimal range is measured using one parameter or method chosen from AUC (to be specified) , TOTOX and resistance index.
In a second aspect the present invention relates to a method to reduce the amount of ethoxyquin which is added to an oil to prevent oxidation of components in the oil, characterised in that a press residue from berries or fruit is added to said oil.
In a preferred embodiment the quantity of press residue is in one amount sufficient for the press residue to inhibit the oxidation of one or more components in said oil, and that the quantity is below a level that brings about an oxidising effect on said oil.
In a preferred embodiment the amount of press residue in said oil is in the range 400 to 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 600 to 1200 ppm, more correspondingly in the range 800 to 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 900 to 1100 ppm, more preferably in the area around 1000 ppm, related to phenols and that the amount of ethoxyquin is in the range 0-400 ppm ethoxyquin.
In a preferred embodiment the amount of press residue in said oil is in the range 400 to 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 600 to 1200 ppm, more correspondingly in the range 800 to 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 900 to 1100 ppm, more preferably in the range about 1000 ppm, related to phenols and that the amount of ethoxyquin is in the range 0-400 ppm ethoxyquin, more preferably 0 to 300 ppm, and more preferably 0 to 200 ppm.
In a preferred embodiment the addition of press residue reduces the need for addition of ethoxyquin by 30%, more preferably 40% and more preferably 50%. In a preferred embodiment said residues prevent the release (hydrolysis) of fatty acids from complex lipids, such as phospholipids and mono-, di-and triglycerides in said oil. In a preferred embodiment the press residue prevents oxidation of fatty acids, preferably mono-or
polyunsaturated fatty acids, preferably polyunsaturated.
In a preferred embodiment the press residue prevents oxidation of EPA or DHA.
In a preferred embodiment said oil is of marine origin.
In preferred embodiments said press residue is from blackcurrant, blueberry or apple.
A third aspect of the present invention relates to a composition to prevent oxidation of an oil, characterised in that it contains;
i) a press residue of berries or fruit and
ii) ethoxyquin.
In a preferred embodiment the amount of press residue is sufficient for the press residue to have an anti-oxidising effect on one or more components in said oil and that the amount is below a level that brings about an oxidising effect on said oil.
In a preferred embodiment the relative amount of press residue to ethoxyquin is approx. 1:1, more preferably approx. 2:1, more preferably 3:1, more preferably 4:1 ,
more preferably 5:1, more preferably more than 5:1 such that for example, 10:1 or 15:1 or 20:1 or ratios in between . In a further aspect the invention relates to a press residue from berries or fruit, where said berries or fruit are crushed to a pulp of berries and that the pulp of berries is then pressed for the separation into two phases, a juice phase and a press residue, characterised in that the press residue is thereafter freeze-dried or vacuum dried and has a content of antocyanidines as follows ;
Delphinidine, more than 1500, more preferably more than 1550, and most preferably more than 1650
Cyanidine, more than 1800, more preferably more than 1900, and most preferably more than 1950
Petunidine, more than 850, and more preferably more than 900
Peonidine, more than 150, and more preferably more than 190
alvidine, more than 1900, and more preferably more than 1950;
where all quantities are expressed as mg per 100 g of press residue.
In a further aspect the invention relates to a method for production of a press residue in accordance with claim 36, characterised in that berries or fruit are crushed to a pulp of berries and that the pulp of berries is then pressed for the separation into two phases, a juice phase and a press residue, characterised in that the press residue is thereafter freeze dried or vacuum dried.
P T/NO2010/000323
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying figures, where:
Figure 1 shows OxyConc analyses (02 consumption by
incubation for 40 min at 40 °C) of 100 grams of press cake (Baltic herring) to which freeze-dried blueberry powder
(fBB) (from example 1) has been added corresponding to
1000, 2000 or 4000 ppm phenols. Control samples are
"without anti-oxidant" ( -AO) and Ethoxyquin (FEQ) (100
ppm) , respectively.
Figure 2 shows OxyCOnc analyses (02 consumption during
incubation for 20 + 20 hours at 40 °C) of 100 g herring press cake (Baltic herring) with added blueberry press
residue corresponding to 1000, 2000 or 4000 ppm phenols.
Control samples are without anti-oxidant (-OA) and FEQ500 (100 ppm) , respectively.
Figure 3 shows the parallels from the respective fractions of the OxyConc analyses .
Figure 4 shows a dose response curve for a measured
amounts of freeze dried blueberry press residue (fBB)
containing brisling oil and incubated for 166 hours at 40 °C in an air flow.
Figure 5 shows the amount of free fatty acids in oil
samples to which measured amounts of freeze dried
blueberry press residue (fBB) is added and incubated for
166 hours at 40 °C in an air flow.
23
10
Figure 6 shows the reduction in fatty acid groups in oil samples to which measured amounts of freeze-dried
blueberry press residue (fBB) is added and incubated for
166 hours at 40 °C in an air flow.
Figure 7 shows the development of PV and AV, respectively, at the start and after 30 days.
Figure 8 shows the consumption of oxygen for 50 hours at different concentrations of fBB in a press cake from the herring .
Figure 9 shows the induction time of blackcurrant press residue at 65 degrees where 35 grams of powder is used as the raw material.
Figure 10 shows the effect of press residue from apples corresponding to 1000 ppm phenols on the degradation of
EPA and DHA through 101 days of storage at 40 °C.
Figure 11 shows the induction time of an apple press
residue at 65 degrees where 35 grams of powder is used as raw material. Experimental part
Example 1
Manufacture of press residues
Ripe blueberries are sorted free of any mildew, rot and leaves . Thereafter they are crushed in a mill and the pulp of berries is heated to 20-40 °C. Pectin degrading enzymes are added to the pulp of berries, stirring constantly.
After a reaction time of 2-24 hours, depending on the
temperature of the mass, the pulp is pressed. Rotary
presses of the type Bucker are used. The juice yield is 75
2010/000323
11
to 88% dependant on berry type and degree of ripening. The amount of press residue varies from 12-25% .
Manufacture of the press residue in powder form
The press residue is produced as described above. After pressing in the rotary press, the press residue is frozen down to about -20 degrees C before further processing. The frozen press residue is thawed slowly, and then freeze dried. Nitrogen gas was added when the vacuum was removed.
After drying, the products were finely ground into a
powder using a Retch-mill. The water content was
determined in the respective powders .
The powder was thereafter kept under a blanket of nitrogen before testing. The samples were stored in plastic boxes with about 125 grams per box and stored in a freezer at
-20 degrees C.
Analysis of the content of antocyanidine in different
preparations of blueberry
The content of antocyanidines in different preparations was determined using conventional methods, and the
different values are given in Table 1.
Table 1
The content of antocyanidines from different preparations of blueberry (mg/lOOmg)
Sample Delphinidin Cyanidin Petunidin Pelargonidin Peonidin Malvidin Total
Blueberry 121 154 68 0 17 168 527
Freeze 1682 1959 911 0 199 1961 6710 Dried
Vacuum 1570 1842 870 12.9 196 1904 6396 Dried
Raw 0
material?
Mill 1444 1725 812 25 183 1785 5972 Dried
Example 2
5 Effect of blueberry press residue in a press cake from
Baltic Sea herring
OxyCons analysis
10 It is measured that 1 gram of blueberry press residue
(fBB) contains 11.17 mg of phenols and 39.2% dry matter.
fBB was added in given amounts to a press cake (PC) made
from Baltic herring at Karmsund Fiskemel AS after
treatment in a screw press (portions of 600 grams) . The
15 amounts measured correspond to three different levels of
phenols from fBB; 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm and 4000 ppm (mg/kg
PC) . After mixing and homogenisation, the samples were
dried in a fluid-bed dryer (hot air blowing through at 105
°C) to a water content of 8%. The dried samples were
20 transferred to flasks for OxyCons analysis (measuring O2
consumption during incubation at 40 °C for 40 hours) . The
OxyCons analysis was conducted in five samples (two
parallels per sample), i.e. that besides the samples
containing fBB two control samples were run where
ethoxyquin (100 ppm FEQ500) containing 50% ethoxyquin (synthetic antioxidant) and 50% formic acid is added to one, and also a sample without the addition of antioxidant. Table 2, shown below, shows the total weight and water content of dried and ground press residues, produced as described above.
Table 2
The dry material content (DM) in freeze-dried blueberry press residue (fBB) was 98.32%, while the analysis result showed that the DM content in the press residue of
blueberries before freeze-drying was 40.5%.
Calculations showed that the phenol content in 1 gram of fBB was 27.12 mg. The DM content of the press cake made from Baltic herring was 33.6%. The amount of fBB which was added per 600 grams PC was
7.2, 14.8 and 29.6 grams, respectively, which corresponds to 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm phenols of dry substance in the PC, respectively. After drying in a fluid-bed dryer the OxyCons analysis was conducted in the respective samples. Atmospheric O2 content in the respective flasks was logged every 15 minute for 40 hours .
Figure 1 shows the results from the OxyConc analysis. The results of the parallels are acceptable (see below) . The
results show that the sample that did not contain antioxidants (-AO) had the highest consumption of 02. We also see that the second control sample that contained FEQ500 gave the lowest 02 consumption.
However, it was surprisingly found that the sample to "which an amount of fBB corresponding to 1000 ppm phenols was added had approximately the same 02 level as the sample to which FEQ500 was added after 40 hours incubation. This corresponds with the results of "non-freeze dried" blueberry (produced as described above) . These results are shown in Figure 2. The fact that the largest anti-oxidant effect is found in the sample that contains the least amount of press residue, i.e. equivalent to 1000 ppm phenols, is very surprising.
It is thus possible to determine the lowest amount of press residue that gives a high anti-oxidative activity with a relatively low consumption of press residue. The results show the same ratios for both freeze-dried and non freeze-dried press residue, i.e. the water activity of the press residue is not decisive for the anti-oxidative function. Conclusion
The experimental results show that the press residue from blueberries contains active components that protect marine lipids against oxidation. This activity is maintained despite the press residue being freeze dried and finely ground, and that the sample is exposed to heat.
The anti-oxidant activity improved as the amount of press residue used was reduced, i.e. as one went from the press residue corresponding to 2000 ppm and 4000 ppm phenols, respectively, to 1000 ppm phenols.
Furthermore, it can be seen in Figures 1 and 2 that the curves with low content of press residue, i.e. the sample corresponding to 1000 ppiri phenols, shows the anti- oxidative effect to last longer, and this is seen as a flattening out of the curve. This is particularly evident in Figure 2 where one sees that the curve for fBB
corresponding to 1000 ppm phenols actually cuts the curve for FEW500 at an incubation time of just less than 40 hours. The same effect can be seen in Figure 1, but here the point of intersection is later.
Example 3 - fBB has an anti-oxidative effect on marine oil (brisling oil)
Manufacture of fish press cake and fish oil
Press cake free of anti-oxidant and oil was produced from fresh brislings . Brisling is among the fattest industrial fish species and has a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA, DHA and DPA. Unsaturated fatty acids are easily oxidised and to preserve the oil's nutritional quality it must be protected against oxidation by the addition of anti-oxidants . 80 kg of fresh brisling of nutritional quality was bought from Norway Pelagic Bergen on 08.09.2009 and stored overnight in a refrigerator at 4 °C. The brisling was boiled for 15 min in water (1:1) in a total of 3 servings. The boiling water was reused. After the coarse sieving, the fish mass was fed into a twin screw extrusion press
(Stord Bartz Type P9, 5 screw speed: 2 rpm) . The sieve and press fluid were heated to 95 °C and run through a liquid strainer (Type Jesma) with an aperture of 100 microns before the oil was separated by a continuous self-cleaning separator (Westfalia type) . The oil was stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C prior to the test (14.09.2009) in a
nitrogen atmosphere.
The press cake of fresh brislings was weighed, mixed in, and vacuum packed in portions of approximately 600 grams. The press cake portions were stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C.
Freeze-dried blueberry press residue (fBB) was produced as described in example 1. The powder was kept cool at 4 °C prior to the test. The solids content was measured at the start of the experiment to check if the powder had absorbed water during the storage at 4 °C.
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a synthetic anti-oxidant permitted for use in food. BHT is added to all fish oils. The threshold for maximum concentration of BHT in oils is 150 ppm on its own. BHT is registered with the CAS number 0000128370. In this study, BHT from Sigma-Aldrich (product No. 000000000000047168) was used.
Pure standards of natural anti-oxidants isolated from fruits and berries, cyanidine 3-0-p-glucopyranoside from Polyphenols AS Hanaveien, 4-6, 4327 Sandnes, Norway 25 (Product No. 1201-3) were used.
Accelerated oxidation
Accelerated oxidation of marine oil was simulated in an experimental setup comprising: a water bath, an air pump and air flow meters. The method was based on the protocol for Active Oxygen Method (AOCS Official Method Cd 12-57) .
Test glasses with an oil sample were placed in a water bath set at 40 °C. The air speed was adjusted so that the through flow of air was similar in all tests, about 3 ml/sec ± 10%. The air speed was slightly higher than
recommended in the AOCS method. The air speed was
controlled at regular intervals. All the tests were run simultaneously, a total of 10 glasses. 25 ml oil was taken out at each sampling. One sample representing all the samples was taken at the start to characterise the oil quality prior to the test.
Chemical analysis
AV - anisidine value (anidisine number) is a standard procedure, accredited according to international standard ISO 17025 and registered under the internal number A09 (edition 1.6). The method determines the amount of secondary products formed from free fatty acids in oil as a result of lipid oxidation. The reaction between
aldehydes (especially 2-alkenales) and p-anisidine.
PV - peroxide value (peroxide number) is a standard procedure, accredited according to international standard ISO 17025 and registered under the internal number A 10 (edition 1.3). The method determines the amount of primary oxidation products formed in the oil as a result of oxidation .
TOTOX = AV+2*PV
FFA - free fatty acids, a standard procedure, accredited according to international standard ISO 17025 and
registered under the internal number A07 (edition 1.6). The method determines the amount of acid groups formed in the shape of secondary oxidation products.
Fatty acid composition - a standard procedure, accredited according to international standard ISO 17025 and
registered under the internal number Ά68 (edition 1.4). The result is used to get an overview of the relative
P T/NO2010/000323
18
amounts of each class of fatty acid and can be related to the nutritional value of the oil product. -
Antioxidant effect of fBB in marine oil
The test was started on 14.9.2009 and finished on
21.9.2009. The test for accelerated oxidation in marine oils described above was used. Measured amounts of fBB were added to 200 ml of brisling oil so that the concentration of phenols from fBB in the oil was about 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm.
The oil samples were placed in a water bath and incubated at 40 °C for 166 hours (approximately 7 days) . Samples of 25 ml of oil were removed after 22, 70 and 166 hours.
Lipid oxidation in brisling oil to which was added
measured amounts of fBB was compared to brisling oil
without anti-oxidant or added 100 ppm BHT, or added 100 ppm cyanidine 3-glucoside (section 2.1.4) and with the oil sample taken prior to the incubation (0 hours).
Results The following quality parameters were measured in the raw material (fresh brisling) : total volatile nitrogen - 11.5 mg N/100 g, tri-methylamine-N-0 mg/100 g; tri- methylaminoxide-N - mg N/100 g, total dry matter - 29.9% and total fat (ethyl acetate extraction) - 12.2%. The
results confirm that the raw material was fresh and of
nutritional quality. The yield from 80 kg brisling was 6 kg crude brisling oil and 19 kg brisling press cake. The brisling oil had a relatively low degree of oxidation
TOTOX = 31. In this experiment anti-oxidants could not
have been added during the production because the effect of these should be examined in an oil free of anti-
P T/NO2010/000323
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oxidant. The sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids was 26.3 g per 100 g oil, and 25 fatty acid profiles, as shown in
table 5. Parameters for the oxidation were measured with different methods i) area under the curve (AUC)
Fresh brisling oil had 0.3% free fatty acids, low levels of primary (9.5 m.eq. peroxide/kg oil) and secondary (12.0 units) lipid oxidation products which is reflected in a relatively low oxidation coefficient, TOTOX (= AV + 2xPV) of 31 units. The results show that brisling oil without anti-oxidant was quickly oxidised. The TOTOX kinetics during the 166 hour incubation period can be described by a third degree polynomial function, y = -O.OOlx3 + 0.26x2 - 5.30x + 31 and a corresponding correlation coefficient of R" = 1. The
TOTOX kinetics in the remaining oil samples are described by third degree polynomials. It is common to compare
regression curves with the help of their characteristic values (for example, slopes) . In cases where the curves were described with different types of equations or
nonlinear functions the basis for comparison is more
complicated. In such cases, the parameter, the area under the curve (AUC), is a way to compare results. The extent of oxidation can be interpreted visually with a value for the amount of oxidation products formed during the
specified time and calculated as the area under the curve (AUC) for TOTOX.
This parameter is central to the pharmacokinetics where it is used for a characterisation of the kinetics of
different foreign substances (medicines) in the body. AUC is used to characterise the organism's ability to
TNO2010/000323
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metabolise the material and thus form a basis to compare different materials. In this study, the AUC is calculated with the help of a trapezoidal model. For this, the total AUC is first divided into trapezoids with a base limited by time intervals in the experiment and heights determined by TOTOX at time 1 and time 0. The area of each trapezoid is calculated according to the formula given below.
Finally, the individual AUCs are added together. Larger
AUC means more oxidation products in the sample and the highest degree of oxidation.
Table 3 shows the AUC calculated for all samples. The
lowest AUC was calculated for the oil stabilised with 111 ppm BHT. This was half of the AUC for the oil without
anti-oxidant or stabilised with 533 ppm phenols in the
form of fBB or 107 ppm of cyanidine 3-glucoside. A trend for the inversely proportional correlation between the
amount of fBB (phenols) and AUC is seen in the
concentration range 533 to 1066 ppm phenols. The lowest
AUC for oils with added fBB was calculated for 1066 ppm phenols. Simultaneous stabilisation of the oil with 108,
268 and 804 ppm fBB phenols results in almost similar
AUCs, i.e. gives almost the same protection and better
than 107 ppm cyanidine 3-glucoside alone or without the anti-oxidant.
Table 3
AUC calculated for TOTOX curves for the tested oils
Antioxidant AUC
BHT 914
3.8% fBB 1076
2.8% fBB 1480
0.4% fBB 1517
1.0% fBB 1548
Cyanidine 3-glucoside 1680
0 1683
1.9% fBB 1857
These findings confirm that the correlation between the amount of added fBB and AUG as a measure of the antioxidant effect is not of a linear character. A possible explanation for this phenomenon may be that the antioxidants that are present in the fBB material have a two- sided character, i.e. they function as both pro-and antioxidants. Therefore, the results obtained show that it is important that the concentration of added anti-oxidants , i.e. the number of ppm anti-oxidants in the fBB material is optimised. The amount must be above a certain level to achieve sufficient activity, but at the same time the amount must also be below a certain level to prevent a pro-oxidative effect. ii) resistance index (index of resistance to rancidity, RI) is a parameter which is used to characterise the potential of the samples to resist oxidation. RI describes how long it took before the sample was oxidised to a selected PV value.
P T/NO2010/000323
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Table 4a
Resistance Index (RI) , i.e. the number of hours before the oil was oxidised to PV = 100 milli equivalents.
The addition of fBB has, to a significant extent, extended the resistance of brisling oil to oxidation from 33 hours (without fBB) to 55 hours (corresponding to 1066 ppm
phenols as fBB) . The correlation between resistance index and the amount of added fBB was not linear as the oil with 533 ppm of phenols in the form of fBB had a lower RI than oil with 108 ppm. The highest resistance to oxidation was measured in the sample with an addition of 1066 ppm.
Table 4b
Resistance Index (RI) , i.e. number of hours before the oil was oxidised to TOTOX = 100
The results show that the anti-oxidant effect of fBB is dependant on the amount of fBB and that this correlation is not linearly proportional. The dose response curve in figure 4 is based on TOTOX values after 166 hours. The curve is described by a third degree polynomial (R2 = 0.8) . The curve shows that for the given configuration, it is fBB equivalent to 500 ppm phenols that provides the least protection. The oil sample was most oxidised (the highest TOTOX) and highest concentration of free fatty acids (data not shown) .
Free fatty acids (FFA)
The level of FFA is higher in oxidised samples than in fresh and stable samples. The level of FFA in brisling oil
was 0.3% at the start. Figure 5 shows that the level of FFA in the oil without anti-oxidant has increased at least 6 times in the course of 166 hours. Two oil samples containing 100 ppm cyanidine 3-glucoside and 533 ppm phenols had higher levels of FFA than oil without antioxidant. This suggests that these amounts of anti-oxidants have provided the poorest protection against oxidation. The oils to which 107, 268, 804 and 1066 ppm phenols (fBB) and 100 ppm BHT were added had levels of FFA lower than the oil without any anti-oxidant. This indicates that the above amounts of fBB were sufficient to give anti-oxidant protection for the brisling oil. The observed anti-oxidant effect was not linearly proportional to the amount of fBB in the oil (which is also indicated above) .
Fatty acid composition
Unsaturated fatty acids such as omega-6 and especially omega-3 account for a range of health-promoting effects from marine oils and fish. These fatty acids are also the most susceptible to oxidation. This can be confirmed by the results described below. The effect of the added antioxidant to protect the oil against oxidation can be found by following the concentration of the essential fatty acids in the oil.
Table 5 shows the fatty acid composition of samples before and after incubation at 40 °C for 166 hours. The total sum of all the fatty acids was 88.5 g/100 g oil at the start, of which 23.4% was saturated fatty acids, 23.4% was omega- 3, and 2.2% was omega-6 fatty acids. The lipid oxidation in oil without added anti-oxidant has resulted in moderate decreases in concentrations of saturated and monoene fatty acids of 1 and 6%, respectively. In the same sample the concentrations of omega-6 and omega-3 have decreased by 32 and 68%, respectively. The original concentrations of
omega-6 or omega-3 fatty acids (PUFA) were not preserved during the experiment in some of the samples. The results show that the omega-3 fatty acids were dramatically broken down in the oil without anti-oxidant : about 1/3 of the original amount was left after 166 hours. Approximately 60% of the original amount of omega-3 was retained in the oil containing 107 and 804 ppm phenols as fBB and about 66% of the original amount was retained in the oil containing 1066 ppm phenols as fBB.
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Table 5
Fatty acid composition of brisling oil (weight/weight percent) with different anti-oxidants added and a control sample without anti-oxidant before and after incubation
for 166 hours at 40 °C in a through flow of air.
0 hours 166 hrs
Without Without 100 ppm 0.4% 1.0% 1.9% 2.8% 3,8% lOOppm
AO AOX Cyanid-3- £BB fBB fBB fBB fBB BHT
glycoside n=2 n=2
4: 0 8. 0 8. 0 7. 8 7. 8 8. 0 8.4 8.0 7. 5 8.1 6: 0 13 .7 13 .5 13 .2 13 .2 13 .5 14.1 13.6 12 .9 13.7
18: :0 1. 5 1. 4 1. 3 1. 4 1. 4 1.5 1.4 1. 4 1.4 0: :0 0. 2 0. 2 0. 1 0. 1 0. 2 0.2 0.2 0. 1 0.2 2: : 0 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0. 0 0.1
16: ; 1 n7 3. 8 3. 6 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 3.9 3.8 3. 6 3.9
18: :1 9. 9 9. 2 8. 8 9. 1 9. 2 9.6 9.5 9. 2 9.6
20: : 1 8. 2 7. 6 7. 5 7. 6 7. 6 7.8 7.7 7. 6 7.9
22: : 1 16 ;.3 15.4 15.O 15.4 15.O 15.4 15.3 15.5 15.9
24: : 1 n9 0. 7 0. 7 0. 7 0. 7 0. 6 0.7 0.7 0. 7 0.7
16: :2 n4 0. 4 0. 3 0. 3 0. 3 0. 2 0.3 0.3 0. 3 0.3
16: :3 n4 0. 3 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0.2 0.2 0. 2 0.3
18: :2 n6 1. 6 1. 2 1. 2 1. 3 1. 3 1.3 1.4 1. 5 1.5
20: :2 n6 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0.2 0.1 0. 2 0.2
20: : 4 n6 0. 2 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0. 2 0.2
18: :3 n3 1. 7 0. 9 1. 0 1. 1 1. 0 1.0 1.2 1. 4 1.4
18: : 4 n3 3. 7 1. 5 1. 6 2. 0 1. 6 1.6 2.0 2. 4 2.7
20: :3 n3 0. 2 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.2
20: :4 n3 0. 8 0. 3 0. 3 0. 4 0. 3 0.3 0.4 0. 5 0.5
20: :5 n3 5. 7 1. 9 2. 0 2. 7 1. 9 1.9 2.7 3. 4 3.8
21: :5 n3 0. 3 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0.2
22: :5 n3 0. 7 0. 2 0. 2 0. 3 0. 3 0.2 0.3 0. 4 0.5
22: :6 n3 1C 1.4 2. 6 3. 0 4. 3 2. 9 2.7 4.2 5. 9 6.4
Figure 6 shows the reduction in fatty acid groups after
166 hours oxidation with respect to phenols in the oil
added in the form of fBB. Approximately 60% of the
original amount of omega-3 was retained in the oil with
107 and 804 ppm phenols added as fBB and about 66% of the original amount was retained in the oil with 1066 ppm
T N 2010/000323
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phenols added as fBB.
The same trend was observed for omega-6. The smallest
decrease was about 10% in oil to which 1066 ppm phenols were added in the form of fBB (Figure 6) . The
concentration of omega-6 PUFA in the oil containing with about 107, 268 and 804 ppm phenols added as fBB was higher than in the oil without anti-oxidant . This shows that fBB provides brisling oil with sufficient amounts of natural anti-oxidants to protect the oil against oxidation and
with this preserves the most valuable lipid components - essential fatty acids. Therefore, brisling oil to which fBB was added has a higher nutritional value than oil
without added anti-oxidant. The observed effect was linear to the amount of fBB in the oil in the concentration range 533-1066 ppm phenols.
Example 4 - anti-oxidant properties of press residues from berries and fruits
Production of press residues from fruit and berries
Press residues were produced as given in example 1. The freeze drying was conducted in a vacuum plate freeze drier of the type .Christ gamma 1-16. Martin Christ
Gefriertrocknungsanlagen GmbH, 37507 Osterode am Harz,
Germany. Frozen press residues were stored at -20 °C until processing. The freeze drying took place at an ambient
temperature of +25 °C for two days and +28 °C during the last two days, a total of 4 days. The sample was ground in a Retsch mill with a 0.5 mm sieve. The freeze dried
product was sealed in a plastic bag, cooled and stored at -20 °C.
Production of press cake from herring
The press cake of herring was taken directly from the
press at Karmsund Fiskemel AS on 2.23.2010. The press cake
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was taken out right after the press and before the
addition of the greaves . The material was packed in a
plastic bag, frozen at -20 °C and transported at about -9 °C. The press cake was stored at -20 °C for 5 days before the test began.
At the start of the test, press cake from herring was
thawed and immediately ground in a meat grinder with a 6 mm hole disc. The amount of added freeze dried press
residue was calculated from the dry material content in the press residue and the press cake and converted to
amount of phenols. For press residues from blueberry and blackcurrant it is estimated 27.12 mg of phenols per gram of dry material. Mixtures of press cake from herring and press residues from blackcurrants, blueberries and apples, respectively, were dried in a fluid-bed dryer at 105 °C to a water content of about 8%. Dried press cake with added press residues was then ground up in a coffee grinder and distributed into sealed plastic containers. The samples were stored at -20 °C until chemical analysis and the
Oxipres test were carried out. At the same time storage tests were started in that 50 g of sample was placed in a plastic container (not airtight) and stored at +40 °C for 30 days.
Example 4a - press residue from blueberries
One finds an effect of press residue from blueberries as an anti-oxidant with respect to the peroxide value (PV) and anisidine value (AV) through storage at 40 degrees for 30 days. Figure 7 shows the development of PV and AV,
respectively, throughout the storage period. In this
figure the anisidine number is most important as it will rise with the passage of time because of components that develop PV will be converted to components that develop
AV. This means that the oxidation has a high rate because of high peroxide value and that none of the antioxidants
tested works completely optimally, and has become
overloaded because of the time and temperature. The added anti-oxidants shall remove peroxides so that the anisidine number does not rise. An addition of blueberry press residue corresponding to 800 ppm phenols provides the best protection .
Table 6 shows the breakdown of two important fatty acids through 30 days of storage at 40 degrees. There is a relatively large degradation of fatty acids through the storage period. The table shows that the herring meal with 400 and 800 ppm blueberry phenols added comes out best together with the control of ethoxyquin (EQ) . Table 6
Effect of anti-oxidants from fBB (blueberries) on the breakdown of fatty acids after 30 days
storage at 40 °C
In figure 8 we see the consumption of oxygen during 50 hours. We see a clear effect of the amount of added blueberry press residues. There is very little oxygen consumption in the tests with added 800 and 1000 ppm blueberry phenols, respectively. There is a clear positive effect of the addition of blueberry phenols.
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Example 4b
Effect of press residue from blackcurrant (FBC) on
oxidation in the press cake from herring
Press residue from blackcurrant was produced in a way
corresponding to that for blueberries, and is given
hereafter as BC. Table 7 shows the effect of BC on the
breakdown of fatty acids after 30 days of storage at 40
°C.
Table 7
Effect of anti-oxidants from BC (blackcurrant) on the
degradation of fatty acids after 30 days
storage at 40 °C
Without the addition of BC there is relatively large
degradation of the two fatty acids tested. It appears that BC is very effective in preventing this degradation and the press residue from the blackcurrant is far more
efficient than the corresponding press residue from the blueberries .
In figure 9 we see the consumption of oxygen during 100 hours. We see a clear effect of the amount of added
blackcurrant phenols. There is very little oxygen
consumption in all the samples and it is approximately
similar. A magnification of the picture shows that the
stability increases with increasing addition of
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31
blackcurrant phenols . There is a clear positive effect
from the addition of press residue from the blackcurrant.
Blackcurrant seems to have better stabilising properties than blueberries with respect to oxidation of herring
powder.
Example 4c
Press residue from apples Freeze dried press residue from apples was produced in a way corresponding to the one used for blueberry and
blackcurrant, and is expressed hereafter as "apple". The effect on the fatty acids is shown in Figure 10, and
consumption of oxygen is shown in Figure 11
Example 5
Synergistic effect of ethoxyquin (EQ) and press residue from blueberries to inhibit degradation of fatty acids. Herring meal with an added mixture of blueberries and
ethoxyquin was stored for 101 days at 40 degrees, as
opposed to blackcurrant and blueberry which were stored for 30 days. Figure 12 shows the effect of EQ alone and together with blueberry phenols on the breakdown of ΕΡΔ and DHA during 101 days of storage at 40 °C. Table 8 shows the synergy effect of the EQ and fBB on the breakdown of fatty acids during 101 days of storage at 40 degrees
Celsius
N 2010/000323
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Table 8
Synergy effect of EQ and fBB on the breakdown of fatty
acids during 101 days of storage at 40 degrees Celsius
We see from Figure 12 and Table 8 that a mixture of 100 ppm EQ and 400 ppm fBB corresponds to between 200 and 300 ppm EQ. It appears from the present data that there is a good synergy effect between the anti-oxidants . Thus, it is possible to replace part of the EQ with blueberry press residue without compromising the anti-oxidant properties . In figure 13 we see the consumption of oxygen during 50 hours. We see from the curves that EQ-100 and EQ 75 mixed with 400 ppm fBB has a better effect than EQ-300. This synergy between the anti-oxidants confirms the results shown in Table 5. Therefore, a mix of EQ and blueberry press residue appears to have a very good stabilising
effect .
Definition of terms Anti-oxidising effect: Ability to prevent oxidation of a material. In particular, lipids such as unsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to oxidation, and an aim of the
invention is to prevent such oxidation. Unsaturated fatty acids can be in a free form, or they can be incorporated
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into more complex lipids such as phospholipids or mono, di and triglycerides.
Pro-oxidative effect: In relation to the term "anti- oxidising effect" the term "pro-oxidative" describes an effect where the overall anti-oxidant effect is reduced and one sees a contribution of an opposite, i.e.,
oxidising, effect on the material. The term "components" in the marine oil shall cover all components that are prone to oxidation, and preferably
(but not limited to) fatty acids that may be in a free
form, or they can be incorporated into more complex lipids such as phospholipids or mono-, di- and triglycerides. The term also covers other components (i.e., not just fatty acids or fatty acid units) such as phospholipids, mono-, di-and triglycerides and other complex chemical compounds . In some cases, the anti-oxidising effect prevents
hydrolysis, for example, that fatty acids are hydrolysed from complex lipids.
Claims
1. Method to prevent oxidation of components in an oil, where berries or fruit are crushed to a pulp of berries and that the pulp of berries is then pressed to be separated into two phases, a juice phase and a press residue, c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the press residue is frozen or dried, and that the press residue is thereafter added to said oil, where the amount of press residue which is added to the oil is determined such that the amount is sufficient for the press residue to cause an anti-oxidising effect on one or more components of said oil and that the amount is below a level that brings about an oxidising effect on said oil.
2. Method according to claim 1,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the pulp of berries during and after crushing is incubated at a temperature of 20-40 °C for a period of 2-24 hours.
3. Method according to claim 1,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that enzymes are added during the incubation, preferably pectin degrading enzymes.
4. Method according to one or more of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the press residue is frozen, preferably at a temperature of
-20 °C.
5. Method according to one or more of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the press residue is dried to a dry material, preferably in powder form.
6. Method according to claim 5,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the press residue is freeze dried under vacuum, preferably in an inert
atmosphere, preferably nitrogen or carbon dioxide.
7. Method according to one or more of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the press residue has a content of anti-oxidants in the range 400 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 600 to 1200 ppm, more correspondingly in the range 800 to 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 900 to 1100 ppm, more preferably in the area about 1000 ppm, related to phenols.
8. Method according one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said press residues prevent release (hydrolysis) of fatty acids from complex lipids, such as phospholipids and mono-, di-and
triglycerides in said oil.
9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said press residues prevent oxidation of fatty acids.
10. Method according to claim 9,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said fatty acids are mono- or polyunsaturated.
11. Method according to claim 10,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said fatty acids are polyunsaturated.
12. Method according to claim 11,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said fatty acids are EPA or DHA.
13. Method according to claim 1,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said oil is of marine origin.
14. Method according to claim 1,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said press residue is from blackcurrants.
15. Method according to claim 1,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said press residue is from blueberries.
16. Method according to claim 1,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said press residue is from apple.
17. Method according to one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the amount of press residue which is sufficient for the press residue to cause an anti-oxidising effect on one or more components of said oil and at the same time below a level that brings about an oxidising effect on said oil is determined in that an inhibited oxidation of different amounts of press residue in a given amount of marine oil under similar conditions (time, temperature) is determined to find the optimal amount of press residue for a given oil.
18. Method according to claim 17,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the amount range for optimal anti-oxidant effect is measured by a parameter or method chosen from AUC (is described in more detail) , TOTOX, resistance index. 37
19. Method to reduce the amount of ethoxyquin which is added to an oil to prevent oxidation of components in the oil, c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that to said oil is added a press residue of berries or fruit.
20. Method according to claim 19,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the amount of press residue is in a quantity sufficient for the press residue to inhibit the oxidation of one or more components of said oil, and that the amount is below a level that brings about an oxidising effect in said oil.
21. Method according to claim 19,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the amount of press residue in said oil is in the range 400 to 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 600 to 1200 ppm, more
correspondingly in the range 800 to 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 900 to 1100 ppm, more preferably in the area about 1000 ppm, related to phenols, and that the amount of ethoxyquin is in the range 0 - 400 ppm ethoxyquin .
22. Method according to claim 19,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the amount of press residue in said oil is in the range 400 to 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 600 to 1200 ppm, more
correspondingly in the range 800 to 1200 ppm, more preferably in the range 900 to 1100 ppm, more preferably in the area about 1000 ppm, related to phenols, and that the amount of ethoxyquin is in the range 0 - 400 ppm ethoxyquin, more preferably 0 to 300 ppm, and more preferably 0 to 200 ppm.
23. Method according to claim 19,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the addition of press residue reduces the need for the addition of ethoxyquin by 30%, more preferably 40% and more preferably 50%.
24. Method according to one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said press residues prevent release (hydrolysis) of fatty acids from complex lipids, such as phospholipids and mono-, di-and
triglycerides in said oil.
25. Method according to one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said press residue prevents oxidation of fatty acids .
26. Method according to claim 25,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said fatty acids are mono-or polyunsaturated.
27. Method according to claim 25,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said fatty acids are polyunsaturated.
28. Method according to claim 27,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said fatty acids are EPA or DHA.
29. Method according to claim 1,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said oil is of mar origin .
30. Method according to claim 1,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said press residue from blackcurrant.
31. Method according to claim 1,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said press residue is from blueberries .
32. Method according to claim 1,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that said press residue is from apple.
33. Composition for preventing oxidation of an oil, C h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that it contains;
i) a press residue of berries or fruit and
ii) ethoxyquin.
34. Composition according to claim 33,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the amount of press residue is sufficient for the press residue to cause an anti-oxidant effect on one or more components of said oil and that the amount is below a level that brings about an oxidising effect on said oil.
35. Composition according to claim 33,
c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the ratio of press residue relative to ethoxyquin is approximately 1:1, more preferably approx. 2:1, more preferably 3:1, more
preferably 4:1, more preferably 5:1, more preferably more than 5:1 such as, for example, 10:1 or 15:1 or 20:1 or ratios in between.
36. Press residue from berries or fruit, where said berries or fruit are crushed to a pulp of berries and that the pulp of berries is then pressed for the separation into two phases, a juice phase and a press residue, c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the press residue is then freeze dried or vacuum dried and has the following content of antocyanidines ;
Delphinidine, more than 1500, more preferably more than 1550, and most preferably more than 1650
Cyanidine, more than 1800, more preferably more than 1900, and most preferably more than 1950
Petunidine, more than 850, and more preferably more than 900
Peonidine, more than 150, and more preferably more than 190
Malvidine, more than 1900, and more preferably more than 1950;
where all the quantities are expressed as mg per 100 g of press residue.
37. Method for the production of a press residue
according to claim 36, c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the berry or fruit is crushed to a pulp of berries and that the pulp of berries is then pressed for the
separation into two phases, a juice phase and a press residue, c h a r a c t e r i s e d i n that the press residue is thereafter freeze dried or vacuum dried.
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